MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 13 2019, 10:26 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Kimberly A. Jackson Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Benjamin J. Shoptaw Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
David Johnson, November 13, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-1158 v. Appeal from the Noble Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Michael J. Kramer, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 57C01-1510-F4-9
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 1 of 7 [1] After David Johnson (“Johnson”) admitted to violating the terms of his
probation for his conviction for Level 4 felony child molesting,1 the trial court
revoked Johnson’s probation and ordered him to serve his previously suspended
four-year sentence. Johnson raises one issue, which we restate as whether the
trial court abused its discretion in ordering Johnson to serve his previously-
suspended sentence because Johnson’s failure to comply with the terms of his
probation was the result of a serious foot injury, which eventually resulted in his
homelessness.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] Between August 1, 2014, and November 1, 2014, Johnson engaged in fondling
and touching with B.F., a twelve-year-old child. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 16.
Johnson and B.F. both masturbated together in a bedroom, Johnson touched
B.F.’s penis, and B.F. touched Johnson’s penis. Id. at 15-17. On October 6,
2015, Johnson was charged with Level 4 felony child molesting. Id. at 15. On
March 3, 2016, Johnson pleaded guilty to the offense as charged and was
sentenced to eight years with four years suspended to probation. Id. at 45-46.
Johnson began his probation on October 23, 2018, and, within four months, he
began violating the terms of his probation. Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 80.
On January 24, 2019, Johnson failed to attend his sex offender treatment
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 2 of 7 program, and at the time of the March 5, 2019 probation violation report he still
had not attended any sessions. Id.; Tr. Vol. 2 at 13. Johnson also missed an
appointment with his probation officer and failed to advise the probation officer
about his change of address or provide a current phone number. Id. at 12-13.
On March 5, 2019, the State filed a probation violation report, alleging that
Johnson failed to: 1) report to probation; 2) register a new address within
seventy-two hours of changing his residence; 3) provide a current phone
number; and 4) attend sex offender treatment. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 78-79;
Tr. Vol. 2 at 12-13.
[4] On April 29, 2019, Johnson admitted to violating the terms of his probation.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 10-15; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 6. He asked the trial court for a
lenient sanction because he claimed unusual circumstances beyond his control
made it difficult to follow all terms of his probation. Tr. Vol. 2 at 13.
Specifically, he explained that he had broken his foot at work, and that the
injury caused him to lose his job, and without a source of income, he eventually
became homeless. Id. Thus, Johnson claimed he was not “snubbing his nose at
the court” by failing to meet his probation obligations. Id.
[5] The trial court reviewed Johnson’s criminal history, which included informal
juvenile probation for criminal mischief and the following adult convictions and
probation offenses: Class A misdemeanor theft; Class A misdemeanor
residential entry; Class B misdemeanor criminal recklessness; Class D felony
theft; Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass; Class B misdemeanor public
intoxication; and three probation violations. Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 36-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 3 of 7 37. After also considering the nature of Johnson’s probation violations and the
nature of his underlying conviction for child molesting, the trial court revoked
Johnson’s probation and ordered him to serve his previously suspended four-
year sentence. Tr. Vol. 2 at 14; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 6. Johnson now
appeals. Johnson now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [6] Johnson argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering him to serve
the previously suspended four years of his initial eight-year sentence. In
support, he makes three arguments. First, he contends that his injury prevented
him from working, which eventually resulted in his homelessness. These
circumstances, he argues, “rendered difficult his compliance with the myriad of
probation conditions” and that such “challenging circumstances are unlikely to
be repeated.” Appellant’s Amended Br. at 9. As to his delay in reporting a new
address, Johnson argues that he could not provide a new address until he found
a new home. Once he found a new home, he reported the new address to
Noble County authorities before the State filed its probation violation report.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 13. Second, Johnson argues that his criminal history did not justify
the trial court’s sentence because his offenses occurred many years ago, noting
that the last conviction and last probation violation occurred at least fifteen
years before the trial court imposed the probation violation sanction here.
Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 37. “Such a chronologically distant criminal
history does not support imposition of the maximum sanction in this case.”
Appellant’s Amended Br. at 10. Third, Johnson argues that the trial court abused
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 4 of 7 its discretion in finding that the nature of Johnson’s underlying offense – child
molesting – was a basis for the maximum sanction for Johnson’s probation
violations. Johnson contends there is no legal basis to impose the maximum
sanction based on the nature of the underlying offense.
[7] We review Johnson’s claims under the following standard:
Probation is a matter of grace left to trial court discretion, not a right to which a criminal defendant is entitled. The trial court determines the conditions of probation and may revoke probation if the conditions are violated. Once a trial court has exercised its grace by ordering probation rather than incarceration, the judge should have considerable leeway in deciding how to proceed. If this discretion were not afforded to trial courts and sentences were scrutinized too severely on appeal, trial judges might be less inclined to order probation to future defendants. Accordingly, a trial court’s sentencing decisions for probation violations are reviewable using the abuse of discretion standard. An abuse of discretion occurs where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.
Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 13 2019, 10:26 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Kimberly A. Jackson Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Benjamin J. Shoptaw Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
David Johnson, November 13, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-1158 v. Appeal from the Noble Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Michael J. Kramer, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 57C01-1510-F4-9
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 1 of 7 [1] After David Johnson (“Johnson”) admitted to violating the terms of his
probation for his conviction for Level 4 felony child molesting,1 the trial court
revoked Johnson’s probation and ordered him to serve his previously suspended
four-year sentence. Johnson raises one issue, which we restate as whether the
trial court abused its discretion in ordering Johnson to serve his previously-
suspended sentence because Johnson’s failure to comply with the terms of his
probation was the result of a serious foot injury, which eventually resulted in his
homelessness.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] Between August 1, 2014, and November 1, 2014, Johnson engaged in fondling
and touching with B.F., a twelve-year-old child. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 16.
Johnson and B.F. both masturbated together in a bedroom, Johnson touched
B.F.’s penis, and B.F. touched Johnson’s penis. Id. at 15-17. On October 6,
2015, Johnson was charged with Level 4 felony child molesting. Id. at 15. On
March 3, 2016, Johnson pleaded guilty to the offense as charged and was
sentenced to eight years with four years suspended to probation. Id. at 45-46.
Johnson began his probation on October 23, 2018, and, within four months, he
began violating the terms of his probation. Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 80.
On January 24, 2019, Johnson failed to attend his sex offender treatment
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 2 of 7 program, and at the time of the March 5, 2019 probation violation report he still
had not attended any sessions. Id.; Tr. Vol. 2 at 13. Johnson also missed an
appointment with his probation officer and failed to advise the probation officer
about his change of address or provide a current phone number. Id. at 12-13.
On March 5, 2019, the State filed a probation violation report, alleging that
Johnson failed to: 1) report to probation; 2) register a new address within
seventy-two hours of changing his residence; 3) provide a current phone
number; and 4) attend sex offender treatment. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 78-79;
Tr. Vol. 2 at 12-13.
[4] On April 29, 2019, Johnson admitted to violating the terms of his probation.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 10-15; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 6. He asked the trial court for a
lenient sanction because he claimed unusual circumstances beyond his control
made it difficult to follow all terms of his probation. Tr. Vol. 2 at 13.
Specifically, he explained that he had broken his foot at work, and that the
injury caused him to lose his job, and without a source of income, he eventually
became homeless. Id. Thus, Johnson claimed he was not “snubbing his nose at
the court” by failing to meet his probation obligations. Id.
[5] The trial court reviewed Johnson’s criminal history, which included informal
juvenile probation for criminal mischief and the following adult convictions and
probation offenses: Class A misdemeanor theft; Class A misdemeanor
residential entry; Class B misdemeanor criminal recklessness; Class D felony
theft; Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass; Class B misdemeanor public
intoxication; and three probation violations. Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 36-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 3 of 7 37. After also considering the nature of Johnson’s probation violations and the
nature of his underlying conviction for child molesting, the trial court revoked
Johnson’s probation and ordered him to serve his previously suspended four-
year sentence. Tr. Vol. 2 at 14; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 6. Johnson now
appeals. Johnson now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [6] Johnson argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering him to serve
the previously suspended four years of his initial eight-year sentence. In
support, he makes three arguments. First, he contends that his injury prevented
him from working, which eventually resulted in his homelessness. These
circumstances, he argues, “rendered difficult his compliance with the myriad of
probation conditions” and that such “challenging circumstances are unlikely to
be repeated.” Appellant’s Amended Br. at 9. As to his delay in reporting a new
address, Johnson argues that he could not provide a new address until he found
a new home. Once he found a new home, he reported the new address to
Noble County authorities before the State filed its probation violation report.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 13. Second, Johnson argues that his criminal history did not justify
the trial court’s sentence because his offenses occurred many years ago, noting
that the last conviction and last probation violation occurred at least fifteen
years before the trial court imposed the probation violation sanction here.
Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. II at 37. “Such a chronologically distant criminal
history does not support imposition of the maximum sanction in this case.”
Appellant’s Amended Br. at 10. Third, Johnson argues that the trial court abused
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 4 of 7 its discretion in finding that the nature of Johnson’s underlying offense – child
molesting – was a basis for the maximum sanction for Johnson’s probation
violations. Johnson contends there is no legal basis to impose the maximum
sanction based on the nature of the underlying offense.
[7] We review Johnson’s claims under the following standard:
Probation is a matter of grace left to trial court discretion, not a right to which a criminal defendant is entitled. The trial court determines the conditions of probation and may revoke probation if the conditions are violated. Once a trial court has exercised its grace by ordering probation rather than incarceration, the judge should have considerable leeway in deciding how to proceed. If this discretion were not afforded to trial courts and sentences were scrutinized too severely on appeal, trial judges might be less inclined to order probation to future defendants. Accordingly, a trial court’s sentencing decisions for probation violations are reviewable using the abuse of discretion standard. An abuse of discretion occurs where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.
Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind. 2007) (internal citations omitted).
[8] Upon determining that a probationer has violated a condition of probation, a
trial court may:
(1) Continue the person on probation, with or without modifying or enlarging the conditions.
(2) Extend the person’s probationary period for not more than one (1) year beyond the original probationary period.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 5 of 7 (3) Order execution of all or part of the sentence that was suspended at the time of initial sentencing.
Ind. Code § 35-38-2-3(h) (emphasis added). Thus, the imposition of an entire
suspended sentence lies within the trial court’s discretion. Sanders v. State, 825
N.E.2d 952, 958 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.
[9] Here, the initial sentencing court suspended four years, or fifty percent, of
Johnson’s sentence for child molesting. Because probation is a matter of grace,
not right, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Johnson to serve
the suspended part of his sentence, see Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d at 188,
because Indiana Code section 35-38-2-3(h)(3) expressly allowed the trial court
to do so: “[T]he trial court may . . . [o]rder execution of all or part of the
sentence that was suspended at the time of initial sentencing.” Thus, the trial
court acted within its discretion when it ordered Johnson to serve his entire
suspended sentence as explicitly authorized by statute. See Sanders, 825 N.E.2d
at 958. Johnson’s substantial criminal record -- convictions for one felony and
five misdemeanors -- buttresses our conclusion that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in ordering Johnson to serve the suspended portion of his
sentence. Whether to minimize the importance of that criminal record because
most of the offenses were old, or “chronologically distant” to use Johnson’s
words, was a matter for the trial court to weigh, not this court. As to Johnson’s
claim this his misfortunes minimize his culpability for his probation violations,
we find that the trial court was in a better position than this court to determine
whether to credit such testimony and what bearing, if any, it should have on
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 6 of 7 determining the sanction for Johnson’s probation violations. That said, we take
note of the State’s argument that Johnson might have avoided these violations
had he simply made one phone call to the probation department. At the March
5, 2019 initial hearing on the probation violation, Johnson testified that he had
access to a phone. Tr. Vol. 2 at 6. At the April 29, 2019 sentencing hearing on
the probation violation, Johnson did not testify that he did not have access to a
phone. Tr. Vol. 2 at 11-14. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
ordering Johnson to serve the previously suspended four years of his initial
sentence.2
[10] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Crone, J., concur.
2 Because we find ample grounds to affirm the trial court’s sentencing decision, we need not address Johnson’s claim that the trial court should not have cited the nature of Johnson’s underlying crime – Level 4 felony child molesting – in explaining the sentence it imposed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1158 | November 13, 2019 Page 7 of 7