David Christopher Baeza v. Officer Grundowicz, Chief of Police Kedrick Sadler, Sergeant Justin Pecchia, Councilman Peter Weiss, City Attorney Nelson Candelario, Risk Management Manager Denise Gallegos, City of Oceanside

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: October 14, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-00999
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 Case No.: 24-cv-00999-DMS-BJW DAVID CHRISTOPHER BAEZA,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 13 v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS 14 OFFICER GRUNDOWICZ, CHIEF OF

POLICE KEDRICK SADLER, 15 SERGEANT JUSTIN PECCHIA, 16 COUNCILMAN PETER WEISS, CITY ATTORNEY NELSON CANDELARIO, 17 RISK MANAGEMENT MANAGER 18 DENISE GALLEGOS, CITY OF OCEANSIDE, 19 Defendants. 20

21 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Second 22 Amended Complaint (“SAC”), (Second Am. Compl. (“SAC”), ECF No. 33), pursuant to 23 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Mot., ECF No. 34). Plaintiff, proceeding pro 24 se, filed a response in opposition, (Opp’n, ECF No. 35), and Defendants filed a reply, 25 26 27 28 1 (Reply, ECF No. 37). The matter is suitable for resolution without oral argument pursuant 2 to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). (ECF No. 38). For the following reasons, the Court grants 3 in part and denies in part Defendants’ motion. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations 6 This case arises out of a traffic stop involving Plaintiff and Defendant Oceanside 7 City Police Officer Eugene Gruntowicz (spelled “Grundowicz” in the SAC). (SAC 2). On 8 June 8, 2022, Plaintiff alleges he was pulled over by Officer Gruntowicz for “driving in 9 the Bike Lane [while] preparing to make a right turn at the next intersection.” (Id.). Officer 10 Gruntowicz cited Plaintiff for a violation of California Vehicle Code (“Vehicle Code”) 11 section 21755 (unsafe passing of another vehicle on the right), and wrote on the citation 12 the letter “B” in the “race field of the ticket.” (Id.). Plaintiff noticed the “B” on the citation 13 and asked Officer Gruntowicz if he was trained by his employer on how to identify the race 14 of an individual. (Id.). Officer Gruntowicz responded in the negative and noted that he 15 was required “to complete [Racial Identity and Profiling Act] forms back at the office when 16 he returns.” (Id.). 17 On September 28, 2022, Plaintiff made a formal complaint to the Oceanside Police 18 Department (“OPD”) regarding “two separate instances of racial profiling”: the June 8, 19 2022 traffic stop and an earlier, separate interaction with another OPD officer who asked 20 Plaintiff “if he was on ‘Parole or Probation.’” (Id. at 3). Plaintiff believes the officer in 21 the earlier interaction viewed him “as a criminal based on his dark skin color and/or 22 perceived race.” (Id.). On September 29, 2022, Sergeant Justin Pecchia emailed Plaintiff 23 to confirm that his complaint was received. (Id. at 4). Plaintiff conveyed to Pecchia his 24 prior two experiences with OPD officers. (Id.). Plaintiff then requested the training 25 26 27 1 Plaintiff also filed a notice of opposition, wherein he requested leave to amend his SAC if the Court granted the present motion. (ECF No. 36, at 3). The Clerk’s Office construed the notice to be a separate 28 1 document relevant to how an officer would complete the “race field” on a traffic citation. 2 (Id.). Pecchia sent Plaintiff a document called “Volume III section 200,” which made no 3 specific reference to the race field. (Id.). Plaintiff’s formal complaint to OPD was not 4 resolved in his favor. (Id.). 5 On January 20, 2023, Deputy City Attorney Nelson Candelario called Plaintiff, 6 informing him that “he would speak with the Chief of Police regarding” Plaintiff’s 7 complaint; however, the Chief of Police, Defendant Kendrick Sadler, never contacted 8 Plaintiff. (Id.). During the call, Candelario asked Plaintiff his occupation, which Plaintiff 9 found to be irrelevant and an invasion of his privacy. (Id.). Plaintiff then requested that 10 Candelario “document [his] actions with written entries into the City of Oceanside web 11 portal ticketing system.” (Id.). At some point, more than six months after the June 8, 2022 12 incident, Candelario put Plaintiff in contact with Risk Management Manager Denise 13 Gallegos to file a claim with the City of Oceanside (“the City”). (Id.). On February 1, 14 2023, Gallegos provided Plaintiff with a claim form that “is not available to the public[.]” 15 (Id. at 5). Because the form is not available to the public, “it was not feasible for [Plaintiff] 16 to complete a claim form within [six] months” of the June 8, 2022 incident. (Id.). On 17 February 22, 2023, Gallegos left a comment on the City’s web portal ticketing system 18 stating “[a]t the direction of . . . City Attorney, Risk Management will refrain from 19 engaging in communications with this individual.” (Id. at 4). On April 14, 2023, Plaintiff 20 asked Gallegos for “Leave to Present a Late Claim” to avoid the six-month deadline, but 21 “that request went unanswered.” (Id. at 5). Plaintiff alleges “[n]o corrective action was 22 taken [regarding his complaint,] and the conditions remain to allow for continued racial 23 profiling.” (Id. at 3). 24 B. Procedural Posture 25 Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on April 7, 2024, alleging claims under 42 U.S.C. 26 § 1983 for violations of his Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights as well 27 as his rights under 5 U.S.C. § 552a (Privacy Act). (Compl., ECF No. 1). Defendants filed 28 a motion to dismiss, (ECF No. 15), which was granted with leave to amend except for the 1 § 552a claim. (ECF No. 20). Plaintiff thereafter filed his First Amended Complaint 2 (“FAC”) adding among other allegations that he “suffered mental and emotional distress 3 from being racially profiled and having his rights violated by the defendants.” (First Am. 4 Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 21, at 14–15). Defendants again moved to dismiss. (ECF No. 5 25). The Court granted the motion to dismiss, but granted leave to amend claims related 6 to the Fourth Amendment and Civil Rights Act of 1964. (ECF No. 30, at 16). 7 Plaintiff now alleges three claims that appear to be based upon theories of improper 8 race identification, profiling, unjustified traffic stop, failure to take corrective action, 9 retaliation, and municipal liability for ratification and failure to train. The SAC asserts the 10 following claims: (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against all Defendants for violations of the Fourth 11 Amendment right against unreasonable seizures and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Claim 12 1”); (2) § 1983 against Officer Gruntowicz for violations of the Fourth Amendment right 13 against unreasonable seizures (“Claim 2”); and (3) § 1983 against all Defendants for 14 violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Claim 3”). 15 II. LEGAL STANDARD 16 Under Rule 12(b)(6), a party may file a motion to dismiss on the grounds that a 17 complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 18 12(b)(6). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.” 19 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). To survive a motion to dismiss, “a 20 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief 21 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell 22 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when 23 the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference 24 that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “Determining whether a 25 complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires 26 the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. 27 “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” 28 1 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. If Plaintiff “ha[s] not nudged [his] claims across the line from 2 conceivable to plausible,” the complaint “must be dismissed.” Id. at 570. 3 In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint on a motion to dismiss, a court must 4 “accept factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light 5 most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins., 519 6 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). “[I]n general, courts must construe pro se pleadings 7 liberally.” Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). But courts are not 8 “required to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions 9 of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 10 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 11 2001)). 12 III. DISCUSSION 13 A. Omitted Defendants 14 Plaintiff originally sued Pecchia, Candelario, Gallegos, and Councilman Peter Weiss, 15 in addition to Officer Gruntowicz, Chief Sadler, and the City. (Compl.); (FAC). While 16 factual allegations against these persons remain in the SAC, the caption and the “Parties” 17 section only list Officer Gruntowicz, Chief Sadler, and the City as Defendants. (SAC 1). 18 Defendants argue that because the SAC “seemingly abandoned claims” against Pecchia, 19 Candelario, Gallegos, and Weiss, claims against these individuals should be dismissed with 20 prejudice. (Mot. 5). Plaintiff does not argue in his Opposition that these individual 21 Defendants should remain parties to this lawsuit. Plaintiff’s SAC supersedes all previous 22 complaints, and because no claim in the SAC is stated against Pecchia, Candelario, 23 Gallegos, and Weiss, these individuals are hereby DISMISSED. See, e.g., Hendrix v. 24 Neighbors, No. 13-cv-01527-JAD-CWH, 2015 WL 4548722, at *2 (D. Nev. July 27, 25 2015). 26 B. Official Capacity 27 Under the Eleventh Amendment, state officials cannot typically be sued in their 28 official capacity. Doe v. Lawrence Livermore Nat’l Lab’y, 131 F.3d 836, 839 (9th Cir. 1 1997) (stating “state officials sued in their official capacities are not ‘persons’ within the 2 meaning of § 1983”). There are three exceptions to this general rule: “First, a state may 3 waive its Eleventh Amendment defense. Second, Congress may abrogate the States’ 4 sovereign immunity by acting pursuant to a grant of constitutional authority. Third, under 5 the Ex parte Young doctrine, the Eleventh Amendment does not bar a ‘suit against a state 6 official when that suit seeks . . . prospective injunctive relief.’” Douglas v. Cal. Dep’t of 7 Youth Auth., 271 F.3d 812, 817 (9th Cir. 2001), amended, 285 F.3d 1226 (9th Cir. 2001) 8 (citations omitted). 9 Plaintiff is suing Officer Gruntowicz and Chief Sadler in their official capacities, 10 and requests injunctive relief and damages. (SAC 5–7). Thus, the Eleventh Amendment 11 bars Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims as to these Defendants unless any of the three exceptions 12 apply. The Court explained in its prior Order why the first two exceptions are inapplicable. 13 (ECF No. 20, at 4–5). Plaintiff was afforded leave to amend to allege facts sufficient to 14 meet the third exception. (Id. at 5–6). To bring a claim for prospective relief, Plaintiff 15 needs to demonstrate “that he has suffered or is threatened with a concrete and 16 particularized legal harm, coupled with a sufficient likelihood that he will again be 17 wronged in a similar way.” Fellowship of Christian Athletes v. San Jose Unified Sch. Dist. 18 Bd. of Educ., 82 F.4th 664, 680–81 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted). Plaintiff “may 19 demonstrate that an injury is likely to recur by showing that the defendant[s] had . . . a 20 written policy, and that the injury ‘stems from’ that policy. Where the harm alleged is 21 directly traceable to a written policy[,] there is an implicit likelihood of its repetition in the 22 immediate future.” Id. at 681 (quoting Truth v. Kent Sch. Dist., 542 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 23 2008)). Plaintiff alleges that his injury stemmed from a failure to train law enforcement 24 officers on race identification, not that a written policy allowed his injury to occur. (SAC 25 2–5). Plaintiff fails to otherwise allege a likelihood of repeated harm. Thus, the third 26 exception to Defendants’ Eleventh Amendment immunity does not apply to Plaintiff’s 27 claims. Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s § 1983 official capacity claims 28 against Officer Gruntowicz and Chief Sadler. 1 C. Individual Capacity 2 To state a claim for relief under § 1983 against individuals, Plaintiff must sufficiently 3 allege: “(1) a violation of rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute, 4 (2) proximately caused (3) by conduct of a ‘person’ (4) acting under color of state law.” 5 Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991). Plaintiff asserts violations of the 6 Fourth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as the basis for his § 1983 claims. 7 (SAC 5–6). 8 1. Fourth Amendment – Unreasonable Seizure2 9 Plaintiff alleges in Claims 1 and 2 that Officer Gruntowicz unreasonably seized 10 Plaintiff by conducting a traffic stop for a violation that Plaintiff did not commit. (Id. at 11 5). It appears Chief Sadler is also sued under Claim 1 via supervisor liability. (Id.). The 12 Fourth Amendment protects against “unreasonable . . . seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. 13 “[S]topping an automobile and detaining its occupants, ‘even if only for a brief period and 14 for a limited purpose,’ constitutes a ‘seizure’ under the Fourth Amendment[.]” Tarabochia 15 v. Adkins, 766 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 16 806, 809–10 (1996)). “[A]n official must have individualized ‘reasonable suspicion’ of 17 unlawful conduct to carry out such a stop.” Id. “To be lawful, a traffic stop must be limited 18 in its scope: an officer may address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, make 19 ordinary inquiries incident to the traffic stop, and attend to related safety concerns. The 20 stop may last no longer than is necessary to effectuate these purposes and complete the 21 traffic mission safely.” United States v. Taylor, 60 F.4th 1233, 1239 (9th Cir. 2023) 22 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 23 Plaintiff argues that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated because Officer 24 Gruntowicz had no lawful basis to conduct a traffic stop. (SAC 5). Plaintiff contends that 25 he did not violate Vehicle Code section 21755, as cited by Officer Gruntowicz, but instead 26 27 28 1 was “legally driving in a bike lane preparing to make a right turn,” as permitted by Vehicle 2 Code section 21209. (Id. at 2, 5). Section 2109 permits driving in a bicycle lane “[t]o 3 prepare for a turn within a distance of 200 feet from the intersection.” Cal. Veh. Code § 4 21209. Defendants argue that because Plaintiff admits driving in a bicycle lane, 5 Defendants meet the “low burden for an investigatory traffic stop.” (Mot. 15–16). 6 Defendants also argue that Plaintiff does not allege that Officer Gruntowicz made 7 “unrelated inquiries that prolonged the traffic stop or otherwise acted improperly and 8 therefore he fails to state a claim that he was unlawfully detained.” (Id. at 16). 9 The Court agrees that Plaintiff does not allege that Officer Gruntowicz improperly 10 prolonged traffic stop. In fact, Plaintiff alleges that Officer Gruntowicz did not ask him 11 questions (specifically regarding his race), and it was Plaintiff who initiated the brief 12 conversation with Officer Gruntowicz about whether the officer received training on 13 identifying people’s race. (SAC 2). Plaintiff, however, sufficiently alleges that Officer 14 Gruntowicz lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him. Plaintiff alleges he was pulled over 15 and cited for driving in the bicycle lane despite lawfully being in the lane under Vehicle 16 Code section 21209. Thus, accepting Plaintiff’s factual allegations as true and construing 17 the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party—as this Court is required 18 to do—it is plausible that Officer Gruntowicz did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct 19 the traffic stop. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Fourth Amendment related claims 20 against Officer Gruntowicz is therefore DENIED. 21 Plaintiff alleges that Chief Sadler took no corrective action after Plaintiff filed a 22 formal complaint about two separate instances of racial profiling. (Id. at 3). “Supervisory 23 officials ‘may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their subordinates under 24 a theory of respondeat superior.’” Doe v. City of San Diego, 35 F. Supp. 3d 1214, 1225 25 (S.D. Cal. 2014) (italics in original) (quoting Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 676). “[S]upervisory 26 liability can be imposed only if (1) the supervisor was personally involved in the 27 constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal connection between the 28 supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Id. (citation omitted). 1 Plaintiff’s allegations against Chief Sadler, such as “[n]o corrective action was taken,” are 2 conclusory. Further, the allegations do not sufficiently establish that Chief Sadler was 3 personally involved in the traffic stop or that there is a sufficient causal link between Chief 4 Sadler’s reported conduct and the Fourth Amendment violation. Defendants’ motion to 5 dismiss the Fourth Amendment related claim against Chief Sadler is therefore GRANTED. 6 2. Racial Profiling under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 7 Plaintiff alleges in Claims 1 and 3 that Officer Gruntowicz and Chief Sadler violated 8 his right to be free from racial profiling under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (SAC 5–6). 9 Plaintiff alleges Officer Gruntowicz violated the Civil Rights Act by subjecting him “to 10 racial profiling” when he identified Plaintiff as Black during a traffic stop. (Id. at 6). He 11 alleges that Chief Sadler “allow(ed)” officers to profile Plaintiff and “failed to provide 12 instructions on how to determine the race of a driver when completing traffic tickets.” (Id.). 13 Plaintiff still fails to identify what provisions of the Civil Rights Act Defendants allegedly 14 violated. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations remain untethered to a cognizable legal 15 theory—i.e., to specific provisions of the Civil Rights Act that proscribe racial profiling by 16 a government entity or otherwise address the conduct attributed to Defendants. Therefore, 17 Plaintiff fails to state a claim for violation of the Civil Rights Act and hence a violation of 18 § 1983. Plaintiff’s claims against these Defendants on this theory are DISMISSED. 19 3. Qualified Immunity—Officer Gruntowicz3 20 Officer Gruntowicz is entitled to qualified immunity if (1) “the officer’s conduct 21 violated a statutory or constitutional right”; and (2) “that right was ‘clearly established’ at 22 the time of the incident.” Shane v. County of San Diego, 677 F. Supp. 3d 1127, 1134 (S.D. 23 Cal. 2023). Because this Court concludes that Plaintiff’s SAC sufficiently alleges 24 violations of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful seizures (i.e., unlawful 25 26

27 3 Because the claims against Chief Sadler are dismissed for the reasons set out above, the Court declines 28 1 traffic stops), the only question that remains is whether those rights were “clearly 2 established” at the time of the incident. 3 “For the purposes of qualified immunity, a right is clearly established if ‘a reasonable 4 officer would recognize that his or her conduct violates that right under the circumstances 5 faced, and in light of the law that existed at that time.’” Id. (quoting Kennedy v. City of 6 Ridgefield, 439 F.3d 1055, 1065 (9th Cir. 2006)). “The right must be settled law, meaning 7 that it must be clearly established by controlling authority or a robust consensus of cases 8 of persuasive authority.” Id. (citation omitted). Plaintiff “bears the burden of showing that 9 the rights allegedly violated were clearly established.” Shafer v. Cnty. of Santa Barbara, 10 868 F.3d 1110, 1118 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). Plaintiff “must either explain why 11 [his] case is obvious under existing general principles or, more commonly, show specific 12 cases that control or reflect a consensus of non-binding authorities in similar situations.” 13 Waid v. Cnty. of Lyon, 87 F.4th 383, 388 (9th Cir. 2023). 14 “If a right is not clearly established, the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity. 15 If the right is clearly established, the court determines ‘whether the defendant’s conduct 16 was objectively legally reasonable given the information possessed by the defendant at the 17 time of his or her conduct.’” Shane, 677 F. Supp. 3d at 1134 (quoting Lawerence v. U.S., 18 340 F.3d 952, 956 (9th Cir. 2003)). “When defendants assert qualified immunity in a 19 motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), dismissal is not appropriate unless the court can 20 determine, based on the complaint itself, that qualified immunity applies.” Id. 21 The Court finds that Plaintiff has met his burden to demonstrate that his alleged 22 violated rights were clearly established at the time of the traffic stop. It is well established 23 that if a police officer pulls over a driver without reasonable suspicion, there is a Fourth 24 Amendment violation. Bingham v. City of Manhattan Beach, 341 F.3d 939, 948 (9th Cir. 25 2003), abrogated on other grounds by Virginia v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164 (2008); U.S. v. 26 Colin, 314 F.3d 439, 442 (9th Cir. 2002); Price v. Kramer, 200 F.3d 1237, 1248 (9th Cir 27 2000). Therefore, Plaintiff’s unlawful seizure claim against Officer Gruntowicz, as 28 currently pled, is an “obvious case” under general Fourth Amendment principles. At this 1 stage and on the present record, the Court declines to apply qualified immunity to the claim 2 against Officer Gruntowicz. 3 D. Monell Claims 4 Plaintiff appears to allege Monell claims against the City (Claims 1 and 3). (SAC 5 5–6). Defendants argue that “there are . . . no properly alleged constitutional violations 6 against” the City, (Mot. 7), but do not explicitly argue that Plaintiff failed to sufficiently 7 allege Monell claims against the City. Nonetheless, the Court considers whether Plaintiff 8 sufficiently pled Monell claims. 9 A municipality cannot be vicariously liable under § 1983 for the acts of its 10 employees, but a municipality can be liable for deprivations of constitutional rights 11 deriving from the execution of a municipality’s policies or customs. Monell v. Dep’t of 12 Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). To state a Monell claim under 13 § 1983, a plaintiff must sufficiently allege “(1) he was deprived of a constitutional right; 14 (2) the [local government] had a policy; (3) the policy amounted to deliberate indifference 15 to [the plaintiff’s] constitutional right; and (4) the policy was the moving force behind the 16 constitutional violation.” Lockett v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 977 F.3d 737, 741 (9th Cir. 17 2020). The plaintiff must show a “direct causal link” between the policy and the 18 constitutional deprivation. Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1075 (9th Cir. 19 2016) (en banc). 20 Plaintiff also appears to allege “failure to train” municipal liability under § 1983. To 21 state a claim under that theory a plaintiff must allege: (1) the City had “an inadequate 22 training program”; (2) “deliberate indifference on the part of the [City] to adequately 23 training its law enforcement officers”; and (3) that the inadequate training caused a 24 deprivation of the plaintiff’s constitutional or statutory rights. See Merritt v. Cnty. of Los 25 Angeles, 875 F.2d 765, 770 (9th Cir. 1989); Ninth Cir. Model Jury Instrs. Civil 9.8 (2017). 26 Lastly, to establish municipal liability under a “ratification” theory, the plaintiff must 27 establish the existence of an unconstitutional or statutorily unlawful policy and that the 28 municipal policymaker’s decision was the product of a “conscious, affirmative choice” to 1 ratify the conduct in question. Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1347 (9th Cir. 1992). 2 Ratification requires “both knowledge of the alleged constitutional violation, and proof that 3 the policymaker specifically approved of the subordinate’s act.” Lytle v. Carl, 382 F.3d 4 978, 988 n.2 (9th Cir. 2004). 5 Plaintiff’s allegations in the SAC are too sparse and conclusory to adequately allege 6 Plaintiff’s “injury resulted from a ‘permanent and well settled’ practice” arising from a 7 “local government custom.” Thompson v. City of Los Angeles, 885 F.2d 1439, 1444 (9th 8 Cir. 1989) (citation omitted). For example, Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation that “[n]o 9 corrective action was taken and the conditions remain to allow for continued racial 10 profiling” is insufficient. (SAC 3). Further, Claim 3 is dismissed because Plaintiff has 11 failed to adequately allege that he was deprived a statutory right under the Civil Rights Act. 12 See Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 916 (9th Cir. 1994) (“While the liability of 13 municipalities doesn’t turn on the liability of individual officers, it is contingent on a 14 violation of constitutional rights.”). Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s 15 Monell claims under all the alleged theories against the City (Claims 1 and 3). 16 E. Leave to Amend 17 “A district court may deny a plaintiff leave to amend if it determines that . . . the 18 plaintiff had several opportunities to amend its complaint and repeatedly failed to cure 19 deficiencies.” Telesaurus VPC, LLC v. Power, 623 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 2010); see 20 also Swallow v. Torngren, 789 F. App’x 610, 612 (9th Cir. 2020) (affirming dismissal 21 without leave to amend after Plaintiff “amended his Complaint once as a matter of right”). 22 “[W]here the plaintiff has previously been granted leave to amend and has subsequently 23 failed to add the requisite particularity to its claims, the district court's discretion to deny 24 leave to amend is particularly broad.” Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 25 981, 1007 (9th Cir. 2009). 26 In its prior Orders, the Court provided Plaintiff leave to amend to cure deficiencies 27 related to: (1) suing Officer Gruntowicz and Chief Sadler in their official capacity, (ECF 28 No. 20, at 4–6, 9); (2) the § 1983 claim predicated on a violation of the Civil Rights Act, 1 || ECF No. 30, at 12, 15-16); and (3) the claims against the City, (id. at 13-16). Plaintiff 2 ||has failed to cure these deficiencies in his SAC. The Court finds it would be futile under 3 || the circumstances to permit another round of amendments for these issues. 4 IV. CONCLUSION 5 Based on the foregoing, the County’s motion to dismiss is: (1) DENIED as to 6 || Plaintiff's Fourth Amendment claims against Officer Gruntowicz in his individual 7 capacity; and (2) GRANTED without leave to amend as to the remainder of the SAC. 8 || Because there are no surviving claims against Chief Sadler and the City, Chief Sadler and 9 ||the City are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice, and because claims against Pecchia, 10 || Candelario, Gallegos, and Weiss have been abandoned, these Defendants are DISMISSED 11 || with prejudice. Officer Gruntowicz will answer the Complaint within 14 days of the filing 12 || of this Order. 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 || Dated: October 14, 2025 2» J ) \ 15 Jn Yn « 16 Hon. Dana M. Sabraw 7 United States District Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28