David Allen Gardner v. Gary L. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division

247 F.3d 551

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
• Decided: May 1, 2001
• Docket: 98-11014
• Status: Published

Opinions

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

Petitioner-Appellant David Allen Gardner appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He was convicted of capital murder in the course of a kidnaping and was sentenced to death. After exhausting his remedies at the state level, Gardner applied for a writ of habeas corpus which the district court denied. We granted a Certificate of Appealability (COA) limited to determining whether the State’s psychiatrists’ pre-examination warnings to Gardner were sufficient to ensure that his consent to be examined was “informed,” thereby negating any potential violation of his Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination that might otherwise have resulted from the punishment phase admission — over timely objection — of the assertedly prejudicial testimony of the psychiatrist who conducted that exam. As we conclude that this constitutional right was violated by the sentencing-phase admission of the testimony of the psychiatrist who examined Gardner on behalf of the State of Texas and that Gardner suffered prejudice from that violation, we reverse the decision of the district court, grant Gardner’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus, and remand for entry of an appropriate judgment vacating his sentence and allowing the State a reasonable time within which to conduct a new, constitutionally valid sentencing proceeding or, alternatively, to resentence Gardner to life imprisonment in conformity with Texas law.

I. Facts and Proceedings

The facts of Gardner’s crime of conviction are set forth in the opinion of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) disposing of Gardner’s direct appeal.¹ Gardner stopped and picked up a pair of fourteen-year old runaway hitchhikers, turned down a gravel road, and pulled off beside a bridge. After he told the teenagers to get out of the car, the three walked down an embankment where Gardner stabbed the male numerous times and left him for dead, then took the female to a nearby lake where he stabbed her numerous times, hit her in the head with a rock, and abandoned her as well. The male lived but the female died.

The state procedural history of Gardner’s case is highly significant to our consideration today, so we review it in detail. During the sentencing phase of Gardner’s murder trial, the State introduced only two evidentiary matters: (1) evidence that, some years prior to committing the instant crime, Gardner had fled the state of Kentucky after being released on bond while awaiting trial on two charges of theft and (2) testimony of Dr. Clay Griffith, who had, pursuant to a court order, conducted a pre-trial psychiatric evaluation of Gardner. After telling the jury that he had testified in “[pjrobably three thousand” criminal trials,² Dr. Griffith stated with “one hundred percent certainty” that, in his professional opinion, Gardner would “commit violent acts in the future,” he was “super dangerous, and [he would] kill [again] given any chance at all.” Dr. Griffith’s testimony also included his professional opinion that Gardner would “continue to be violent even if placed in incarceration; and this would not prevent his violence and his brutality.” And, added Dr. Griffith, Gardner “showed absolutely no remorse through the interview” and his tearful in-court confession of the murder was not credible because Gardner could “turn tears on and off’ at will.

After his objection to the admission of Dr. Griffith’s testimony was overruled and the psychiatrist was allowed to testify, defense counsel cross-examined Dr. Griffith extensively and also presented three favorable character witnesses on Gardner’s behalf. Two of Gardner’s former co-workers testified that he was a good employee and that they had never seen him exhibit any improper or violent conduct. The chief jailer of the Parker County Sheriffs Office, where Gardner was held while awaiting trial, testified that Gardner was a model prisoner who had never caused any problems.

The record shows that, even though Gardner was already represented by defense counsel, his attorney was not present either when Gardner consented to the psychiatric examination or at any time during the course of the examination itself. In fact, it is clear from the record that defense counsel had no knowledge that his client was to be examined and that the State made little or no effort to inform counsel in advance.³

During his testimony at the punishment phase of Gardner’s trial, Dr. Griffith stated that he informed

the Defendant ... what he was coming for, for a psychiatric examination; that this was ordered by Judge Hopkins. We informed him that [1] a report would have to be sent to the Court stating our findings so far as whether he was competent to stand trial, whether he, in our opinion, was sane or insane at the time of the alleged offense; [2] that in the State of Texas, there is no confidentiality so that anything that he might say could be used against him, or could be used for him at some later date in the courtroom (emphasis added).

Counsel for Gardner timely objected to the admission of Dr. Griffith’s testimony at the punishment phase. In Gardner’s direct appeal, counsel contested the admission of Dr. Griffith’s testimony on the grounds that he had unlawfully induced Gardner’s consent by telling him that the examination “could be used against him or could be used for him at some later date in the courtroom.” Unpersuaded, the CCA affirmed Gardner’s conviction and death sentence.

Gardner petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in state court. He reiterated his objection to the admission of Dr. Griffith’s testimony, this time emphasizing that the warnings given prior to the examination were constitutionally deficient under Estelle v. Smith⁴ because he was not adequately informed that the results of the exam could be used against him (1) during the punishment phase of the trial (2) to secure the death penalty.⁵ The state trial court, after entering its findings of fact and conclusions of law, recommended that habeas relief be denied. The CCA denied relief, stating that Gardner had already raised his Estelle v. Smith claim on direct appeal.

Gardner filed a second state habeas petition, stressing that he had not raised his Estelle v. Smith claim on direct appeal and that the earlier decision of the CCA was therefore erroneous. As a result, the CCA ordered a state trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to clarify the content of the warnings given to Gardner by Dr. Griffith prior to the psychiatric examination. At the hearing (held in 1995, fifteen years after Dr. Griffith’s psychiatric examination of Gardner), Dr. James P. Grigson,⁶ who had aided Dr. Griffith in conducting the examination of Gardner, testified to what he (Grigson) had told Gardner before the examination:

Prior to the beginning of the examination I introduced myself, my name, explained that I was a medical doctor, a psychiatrist. Introduced Dr. Griffith. Also explained that he was a medical doctor, also a psychiatrist. I did read him the court order signed by Judge Hopkins. And then I explained to him that it was not confidential because we would be sending back a report discussing it. I explained to him that the motion had been filed by the district attorney ... to have the examination. And the purpose was to examine him in three areas, competency, sanity, and dangerousness. And I explained to him at that time that competency did mean whether or not he had sufficient present mental ability to consult with his attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and whether he had a factual as well as a rational understanding regarding the proceedings against him. He told me he understood that. And then I explained sanity or insanity was defined as whether or not he was suffering from a severe mental disease or defect that prevented him from knowing the difference between right and wrong. And he understood that. I told him dangerousness meant whether or not he represented a continuing threat to society (emphasis added).

In denying Gardner’s habeas petition for a second time, the CCA ruled that his Estelle v. Smith claim was proeedurally barred and, in the alternative, that it was without merit.⁷ Gardner filed a motion for rehearing, pointing out that the CCA had again incorrectly recounted the procedural history to come up with the conclusion of procedural bar. In apparent recognition of its mistake, the CCA granted Gardner’s motion and issued a new opinion which corrected the factual errors of the previous opinion; the court did not, however, formally withdraw its earlier opinion, instead leaving it “on the books.”

The CCA’s new opinion reaffirmed its prior ruling that Gardner’s Estelle v. Smith claim was proeedurally barred, but the court failed to address the merits of his constitutional claim at all. Inasmuch as (1) all parties to the case agree that the procedural bar rule used by the CCA was novel and thus inapplicable on federal ha-beas review, and (2) the perfunctory discussion of the merits of Gardner’s Estelle v. Smith complaint was never withdrawn, the CCA’s scant reasoning and ruling on the merits is what is before us today.

Having exhausted the remedies available at the state level, Gardner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court, which was denied. He appealed that decision to this court, and we granted Gardner’s application for a COA on his Fifth Amendment Estelle v. Smith claim.

II. Analysis

A. Standard of Review

As Gardner filed his federal petition for habeas review in 1998, well after the effective date of the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), we review his petition under the standards specified in that act.⁸ The AEDPA forbids us to issue a writ of habeas corpus with respect to “any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings” unless the state court’s adjudication of that claim resulted in “a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States ...; or resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”⁹ A decision is contrary to clearly established federal law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.”¹⁰ A decision is an unreasonable application of federal law “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle ... but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.”¹¹ Factual findings of the state court are presumed to be correct, so we defer to them “unless they were ‘based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.’ ”¹²

B. The Estelle v. Smith Claim

Gardner claims that his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Estelle v. Smith, was violated by the introduction of Dr. Griffith’s testimony at the punishment phase of his trial. In Smith, the Supreme Court “held that a capital defendant’s right against compelled self-incrimination precludes the state from subjecting him to a psychiatric examination concerning future dangerousness without first informing the defendant that he has a right to remain silent and that anything he says can be used against him at the sentencing 'proceeding.”¹³ The warnings required under Miranda v. Arizona,14 — “including that [the defendant] has ‘a right to remain silent’ and that ‘anything said can and will be used against the individual in court’ ”¹⁵ — are not sufficient to satisfy the more stringent requirements set forth in Estelle.¹⁶ To apprise a capital defendant fully of his Fifth Amendment rights before subjecting him to a court-ordered psychiatric examination, the defendant must be told that it will “be used to gather evidence necessary to decide whether, if convicted, he should be sentenced to death.”¹⁷ We conclude that the warnings provided by Drs. Griffith and Grigson, whether viewed separately or in combination, were insufficient fully to apprise Gardner of his constitutional rights; moreover, we conclude that the CCA decision that held those warnings to be sufficient was an “unreasonable application of existing federal law.”

The CCA made a factual determination that Dr. Griffith had made the warning in 1980 that he testified to during Gardner’s 1981 trial, and that Dr. Grigson had made his warning in 1980 that he testified at the 1995 evidentiary hearing to having made. Although, given the vast number of trials at which Dr. Grigson testified, we find remarkable his ability to remember his specific warning to Gardner some fifteen years after the fact, we are constrained by the AEDPA to conclude that the CCA’s factual findings that the doctors “said what they said they said” are not unreasonable and thus must be accorded the specified deference.

On the strength of these factual findings, the CCA made two rulings on the merits of Gardner’s Smith claim. In the first, the CCA held that Dr. Griffith’s warnings to Gardner that statements he would make in the course of the examination “could be used against him ... at some later date in the courtroom” “sufficiently informed [Gardner] that his statements could be used against him at the punishment stage of his capital murder trial since that went on ‘in the courtroom’ ” and that “a warning that a statement ‘may be used against’ a defendant conveys that the statement could be used at the punishment stage of a capital murder trial.” ¹⁸ The CCA’s second ruling added that Dr. Grigson’s warnings, in combination with those given by Dr. Griffith, were clearly sufficient under Estelle v. Smith19 At the 1995 evidentiary hearing, Dr. Grigson testified that in 1980 he had informed Gardner that he was being examined for “dangerousness” which, Grigson explained to Gardner, meant “whether or not he represented a continuing threat to society.” The CCA concluded that, in conjunction with Dr. Griffith’s statement, “this more than complies with Estelle v. Smith.”20

As noted, the AEDPA mandates that habeas petitions be granted only if the State court adjudication of the claim either “resulted in a decision that [1] was contrary to, or [2] involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”²¹ Being disjunctive, each of these two prongs is to be accorded independent meaning, so habeas relief can be granted if the prisoner prevails on either prong.²² Although we cannot say that the decision of the CCA was “contrary to” the law as established in Estelle v. Smith because the CCA clearly did apply the correct legal rule to the pertinent facts, the CCA’s application of that rule obviously produced an incorrect result. Thus our relevant inquiry is whether the CCA’s application “of clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States”²³ produced a result that is not merely wrong but is so wrong that it is “unreasonable.” We conclude that it did.

The Supreme Court, in the recent case of Williams v. Taylor,²⁴ clarified the standard of review of habeas petitions under the AEDPA. In her majority opinion, Justice O’Connor does not purport to define the term “reasonable” but does offer useful guidance. Her opinion first makes clear that the standard is an objective one, specifically rejecting²⁵ our previously employed, subjective “all reasonable jurists” standard.²⁶ She then describes a relatively broad range along the “reasonableness” continuum at any point on which a state court decision might be held to be an “unreasonable application of Federal law”: To be unreasonable, the state decision must be more than merely incorrect but can be something less than the stringent “all reasonable jurists” standard (under which the mere fact that reasonable jurists may disagree about the result requires the state court decision to be upheld).²⁷

Although we have addressed Williams’s “unreasonable application” rule on several occasions, we have done little to clarify the Supreme Court’s standard in that case.²⁸ Other circuits have addressed the issue too and in several instances have offered helpful clarifications of the Williams standard. For instance, the Tenth Circuit, after noting the importance of the objective nature of the standard, held that “the fact that one court or even a few courts have applied the precedent in the same manner to close facts does not make the state court decision ‘reasonable.’ ”²⁹

The Ninth Circuit in Van Tran v. Lindsey,³⁰ held that the Williams “unreasonable application” standard “generally allows for reversals only where the court of appeals is left with a ‘definite and firm conviction’ that an error has been committed.” ³¹ As the Van Tran court went on to explain,

we must reverse a state court’s decision as involving an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law when our independent review of the legal question does not merely allow us ultimately to conclude that the petitioner has the better of two reasonable legal arguments, but rather leaves us with a “firm conviction” that one answer, the one rejected by the [state] court, was correct and the other, the application of the federal law that the court adopted, was erroneous.³²

We also note another insightful observation made in Van Tran: The Ninth Circuit emphasized that in Williams the Supreme Court

rejected the interpretation, adopted in various forms by the Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Eleventh Circuits, that defines reasonableness on the basis of whether “reasonable jurists” could disagree about the result reached by the state court. Instead, the Court adopted an “objectively unreasonable” standard, employing language used in decisions by the Third and Eight Circuits.³³

This is doubly significant when viewed in the context of the Third and Eighth Circuits’ adoption of the same test as Williams because both circuits found the “reasonable jurists” standard to be too deferential to state courts, clearly implying that the Supreme Court preferred a more stringent habeas review of state court decisions.

Although Williams teaches that state court decisions should not be reversed merely because they are incorrect — i.e., just because we would have reached a different conclusion — Justice O’Connor’s opinion makes equally clear that neither should such decisions be upheld when we conclude that the state court has not just misapplied the law to the facts but has done so in an objectively unreasonable manner. Stated another way, even though the AEDPA requires the federal courts to show more deference to state court decisions than they would in a de novo review, this cannot be interpreted to mean that an “objectively unreasonable” application of federal law should be allowed to stand. Even though we cannot reverse a decision merely because we would reach a different outcome, we must reverse when we conclude that the state court decision applies the correct legal rule to a given set of facts in a manner that is so patently incorrect as to be “unreasonable.”

That is clearly the case here. The CCA first held that Dr. Griffith’s warning to Gardner that his statements during the examination “could be used against him ... at some later date in the courtroom” “sufficiently informed [Gardner] that his statements could be used against him at the punishment stage of his capital murder trial since that went on ‘in the courtroom.’ ”³⁴ This warning — given well in advance of trial, to a layman with no legal training, out of the presence of his counsel — simply cannot be stretched to the point of having “apprise[d] [Gardner] of his rights” and allowed him “knowingly [to] decide to waive them.”³⁵ Not, at least, when the rights in question are those recognized in Estelle v. Smith as clearly requiring warnings to the defendant that the adverse use in question means use (1) at the 'punishment stage (2) to accomplish the state’s goal of obtaining the death penalty.

Many events take place in a courtroom during the protracted course of a criminal proceeding — the arraignment, various evi-dentiary hearings, the guilt/innocence phase of the trial — before and in addition to the sentencing phase of the trial. Such a vague reference — “in the courtroom”— cannot possibly suffice to fulfill Estelle v. Smith’s strict requirement that the defendant be informed that his words and the results of the psychiatric examination can and will be used against him at the sentencing phase to secure the death penalty. In like manner, the general phrase “may be used against him” in no way narrows or identifies the point in the criminal proceeding at which Gardner’s statements and the results of the examination could and would be used against him or for what specific purpose.

We repeat for emphasis that Dr. Griffith’s vague and ambiguous words could reasonably be interpreted by an uninitiated layman to mean that (1) the results of the examination could be used (a) by the court (no mention of the prosecution) (b) to determine mental competency to stand trial; and (2) the defendant’s own statements (no mention of the test results or the examining psychiatrist’s opinions) could be used against him in court.³⁶ The CCA then supplemented its holding with an alternative conclusion: When taken together, the warnings given by Drs. Griffith and Grigson gave Gardner adequate notice of his rights under Estelle v. Smith. Although Dr. Grigson’s warnings — specifically his reference to determining Gardner’s “dangerousness,” as explained to mean whether Gardner “represented a continuing threat to society” — might be viewed by some as slightly more informative than those given by Dr. Griffith, it is patently unreasonable to say that they meet the standards of Estelle v. Smith. As Dr. Grigson testified, his warnings were gleaned from the language of opinions authored by a Texas state court judge and this court. An experienced defense counsel or even, perhaps, a career criminal well-versed in “jailhouse legalese,” might recognize this language as a reference, however oblique, to the arcane terms of art in the Texas special issue of “future dangerousness” which in turn signal reference to the penalty phase of a capital trial. To most laymen, however, particularly unsophisticated and undereducated members of society with no legal training or experience,³⁷ and unaccompanied by counsel, this language cannot reasonably be read to satisfy even minimally the strictures of Estelle v. Smith. Indeed, if layman such as Gardner could be expected to grasp the hidden significance of such legal “buzz words” and thus be deemed to have been adequately informed of their constitutional rights in such settings, then prophylactic warnings such as that mandated by Estelle v. Smith would be wholly unnecessary. We can only speculate that the CCA’s extensive treatment of procedural bar, coupled with the relatively short shrift that it gave the Estelle v. Smith issue, might account for that court’s otherwise inexplicable conclusion that the “warnings” given by Drs. Griffith and Grigson, long before the commencement of even the guilt/innocence phase of Gardner’s trial, were sufficient under Estelle v. Smith even though neither doctor mentioned or even hinted at the possibility of the introduction of the results of the examination at the punishment phase of the trial to secure a sentence of death. Those elements are so clearly required by the Supreme Court in Estelle v. Smith and its progeny that they are indispensable elements to a conclusion of informed consent, itself an indispensable requisite for the waiver of such a basic constitutional right.

C. Prejudice

The State nevertheless contends that, even if the warnings given by Drs. Griffith and Grigson were inadequate to meet the Estelle v. Smith standard, Gardner was not prejudiced by the admission of Dr. Griffith’s testimony at sentencing. We are well aware that we cannot grant habeas relief to a petitioner unless he can show that he suffered “actual prejudice” from the trial error at issue.³⁸ Actual prejudice results when “the error had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”³⁹ Texas argues that Gardner was not prejudiced by the introduction of Dr. Griffith’s testimony because (1) Dr. Griffith was thoroughly cross-examined at the sentencing phase of the trial, and (2) the evidence demonstrated that Gardner’s crime was such a heinous and brutal one that the jury undoubtedly would have sentenced him to death, even if they had not been exposed to the testimony of Dr. Griffith. We disagree entirely.

Dr. Griffith’s testimony was the centerpiece of the evidence presented by the State during the punishment phase of Gardner’s trial. After being introduced to the jury as a medical expert with extensive experience in evaluating the future dangerousness of criminal defendants, Dr. Griffith testified, with “one hundred percent certainty,” that Gardner would “commit violent acts in the future”; that he was “super dangerous, and [would] kill [again] given any chance at all”; and that he would be a danger to others even if incarcerated. “Would”: not “might,” not likely “would,” but absolutely “would.” Dr. Griffith further testified that Gardner exhibited no remorse for his crimes and that any behavior to the contrary should not to be believed.

Those words, spoken by a highly credentialed and experienced expert bearing the imprimatur of the State, constitute as great if not greater prejudice to Gardner than that suffered by the criminal defendants in Satterwhite v. Texas⁴⁰ and Vanderbilt v. Collins,⁴¹ both cases in which Estelle v. Smith violations were found to have actually prejudiced the habeas petitioner. In each of those cases, the State bolstered the testimony of the psychiatric examiner by presenting many witnesses who testified to the bad character of the defendant. Here, Dr. Griffith was the one and only character witness presented by the State at the punishment phase. In addition, the substance of Dr. Griffith’s testimony and the vehemence with which he presented it were at least as damaging, if not more so, than that of the psychiatric examiners in Satterwhite and Vanderbilt. In the words of our opinion in Vanderbilt, “it would strain credulity to conclude that Dr. [Griffithj’s testimony, which was quite lengthy and bore the imprimatur of an expert’s opinion, did not have substantial, injurious effect on the outcome of [Gardner’s] penalty phase.”⁴² We are satisfied that this prejudice was in no way diminished, much less eliminated, by the valiant efforts of Gardner’s trial counsel to mitigate through cross-examination the devastating effects of the expert testimony of the experienced and clearly biased psychiatrist for the State.

Likewise, the State’s stereotypical fall-back argument — that the heinous and egregious nature of the crime would have ensured assessment of the death penalty even absent the psychiatric testimony about future dangerousness — cannot carry the day here. First, that argument cannot prevail without eviscerating the Supreme Court-approved Texas “special issues” scheme. To permit a jury to impose the death sentence solely because the facts are heinous and egregious would be to return to the days of inflicting capital punishment based on emotion and revenge, supplanting altogether the questions of deliberateness and future dangerousness which make the Texas scheme constitutional. Second, in this particular case, the details of the crime, as horrific as they are on an absolute scale, are not significantly more egregious than those in, for example, Vanderbilt.43 Except for there being a second teenage victim here (who survived), the crimes aré amazingly parallel; yet the equally heinous facts in Vanderbilt were insufficient to negate prejudice. Finally, our decades of experience with scores of § 2254 habeas cases from the death row of Texas teach an obvious lesson that is frequently overlooked: Almost without exception, the cases we see in which conviction of a capital crime has produced a death sentence arise from extremely egregious, heinous, and shocking facts. But, if that were all that is required to offset prejudicial legal error and convert it to harmless error, habeas relief based on evidentiary error in the punishment phase would virtually never be available, so testing for it would amount to a hollow judicial act. We are satisfied that here, Dr. Griffith’s testimony cannot conceivably be said to have had no substantial, injurious effect on the outcome of the penalty phase of this case: There was Estelle v. Smith error and it was legally prejudicial.

III. Conclusion

As Estelle v. Smith teaches, the Fifth Amendment requires that the defendant in a capital trial who is subjected to a court-ordered psychiatric examination be informed that he is free to refuse to participate in that examination because its results can be used against him at the sentencing phase of the trial to secure the death penalty. Even though no magic words are required to be incanted talis-manically, we nevertheless conclude that the “warnings” given here were so vague and ambiguous that it would not merely be erroneous but indisputably would be unreasonable to conclude that they could possibly have informed Gardner adequately, for purposes of satisfying Estelle v. Smith, that the psychiatric examination to be conducted by Dr. Griffith could and would be so used. We are thus satisfied that the CCA’s conclusion — that the warnings given by Drs. Griffith and Grigson were sufficient under Estelle v. Smith— constitutes an “unreasonable application of federal law” to the facts that out of deference we are constrained to accept. We therefore reverse the decision of the district court and grant Gardner’s petition for the writ of habeas corpus. Inherent in this holding is our conclusion that Gardner was actually prejudiced by this violation of his Fifth Amendment rights. The judgment of the district court is reversed and the case remanded to that court with instructions to enter an order granting Gardner a writ of habeas corpus unless, within a reasonable time specified by the district court, the State of Texas either (1) conducts a new constitutionally permissible, sentencing proceeding or (2) vacates Gardner’s death sentence and imposes the automatic life sentence specified by Texas law for a defendant who is convicted of capital murder but not sentenced to death.

REVERSED and REMANDED with INSTRUCTIONS.

1 . Gardner v. State, 733 S.W.2d 195, 197-98 (Tex.Crim.App.1987).

2 . Recently, a "brief search of the cases” revealed that, "in those cases which have produced published opinions, Dr. Griffith has testified 'yes' to the ... special issue [of future dangerousness] on twenty-two occasions, and 'no' on zero occasions.” Flores v. Johnson, 210 F.3d 456, 461 n. 6 (5th Cir.2000) (Emilio M. Garza, J., concurring).

3 .In its opinion regarding Gardner's direct appeal, the CCA stated that:

On September 29, 1980, pursuant to a motion by the State, the trial court signed an order for appellant to be examined by Dr. Griffith and Dr. Grigson. [Gardner’s defense counsel, Ed] Todd received a copy of this order around 10 a.m. on September 30, 1980. He immediately called the Parker County Jail and was informed that appellant had already left for Dallas. Gardner v. State, 733 S.W.2d at 198-99.

Todd was thus not able to be present at the time of the psychiatric examinations or at the time when Drs. Griffith and Grigson made their warnings to Gardner.

4 . 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981).

5 . Dr. Griffith’s warning to Gardner can reasonably be interpreted as having a bifurcated meaning. He first told Gardner that “a report would have to be sent to the Court” regarding whether Gardner was “competent to stand trial.” That statement is reasonably susceptible of advising Gardner that the trial judge alone could use the examination report and then only to determine competency to stand trial. Dr. Griffith then went on to tell Gardner that "anything he might say could be used against him ... at some later date in the courtroom." That statement is reasonably susceptible of advising Gardner that his statements only — and not the examination results or Dr. Griffith’s testimony — could be used for or against Gardner in court. Nowhere in Dr. Griffith's warnings is it even implied that the results of the psychiatric examination or the psychiatrist's testimony could be used against Gardner at trial, let alone (1) at the sentencing phase (2) to secure the death penalty.

6 . Dr. Grigson's extensive participation in capital punishment cases has earned him notoriety, including the titles "Dr. Death” and "the hanging psychiatrist.” See, generally, Ron Rosenbaum, Travels With Dr. Death, Vanity Fair, May 1990, at 206 (recounting the author’s travels with Dr. Grigson over the course of three days during which Dr. Grig-son testified at three sentencing phase hearings; all three men were sentenced to death). "Grigson’s fame began with his testimony in the trial of Randall Dale Adams, where Grig-son testified that he was one hundred percent certain Adams would kill again, and after it was revealed that the evidence against Adams was falsified by the police, Adams was released as innocent. (Emphasis added). After Grigson testified in hundreds of capital sentencing hearings, the [American Psychiatric Association] and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians ousted him from their organizations for 'arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without examining the individuals in question and for indicating, while testifying as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 percent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts.' ” Flores, 210 F.3d at 467 n. 16 (citing Laura Beil, Groups Expel Psychiatrist Known for Murder Cases, The Dallas Morning News, July 26, 1995, at 21 A; Dr. Death Loses 2 Memberships Over Ethics Accusations, The FortWorth Star-Telegram, July 27, 1995, at A25).

7 . Ex parte Gardner, 959 S.W.2d 189 (Tex.Crim.App.1996).

8 .Gardner contends that the second CCA opinion addressing his habeas petition super-ceded the first opinion and withdrew that earlier opinion. Thus, as the second opinion did not address the merits of his Estelle v. Smith claim, we should review that claim de novo. We disagree. The second opinion supplemented and did not replace the first opinion, leaving in place that opinion’s merits ruling. Thus, that portion of the first opinion that addresses Gardner's Estelle v. Smith claim remains a valid "decision on the merits” issued by a state court for the purposes of AEDPA. As such, we must review Gardner's claim under the standard set forth in that statute.

9 . 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

10 . Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000).

11 . Id.

12 . Chambers v. Johnson, 218 F.3d 360, 363 (5th Cir.2000) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2)).

13 . Powell v. Texas, 492 U.S. 680, 681, 109 S.Ct. 3146, 106 L.Ed.2d 551 (1989) (citing Estelle, 451 U.S. at 461-469, 101 S.Ct. 1866) (emphasis added).

14 . 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

15 . Estelle, 451 U.S. at 467, 101 S.Ct. 1866 (quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-469, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)).

16 .Id. at 466-67, 101 S.Ct. 1866.

¹⁷

18 . Ex parte Gardner, 959 S.W.2d at 192.

19 . The CCA did not evaluate Dr. Grigson's warning for its stand-alone sufficiency; only what it added in combination with Dr. Griffith's warning.

²⁰

21 . 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

22 . Williams, 529 U.S. at 404-05, 120 S.Ct. 1495.

²³

24 . 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000)

25 . Williams, 529 U.S. at 409-10, 120 S.Ct. 1495.

26 . We expressed this standard in Drinkard v. Johnson, 97 F.3d 751, 769 (5th Cir.1996).

²⁷

28 . See, e.g., Chambers, 218 F.3d at 362; Penry v. Johnson, 215 F.3d 504, 507 (2000); Hill v. Johnson, 210 F.3d 481, 485 (2000).

29 . Valdez v. Ward, 219 F.3d 1222, 1230 (10th Cir.2000).

30 . 212 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir.2000)

31 . Id. at 1153 (citation omitted). We note that this 9th Circuit language is identical to our definition of clear error — next to de novo, our least deferential standard of review. Adams v. Unions Mediterranea Di Sicurta, 220 F.3d 659, 670 (5th Cir.2000) (citing Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573-74, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985)).

32 .Van Tran, 212 F.3d at 1153-54 (citation omitted).

33 . Id. at 1150-51 (citations omitted).

³⁴

35 . Estelle, 451 U.S. at 469, 101 S.Ct. 1866.

36 . See supra note 4.

37 . There is no indication in the record that Gardner possessed even a minimal jailhouse grasp of criminal or constitutional law.

38 . Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993); Woods v. Johnson, 75 F.3d 1017, 1019 (5th Cir.1996) (applying the Brecht standard for harmless error to an Estelle v. Smith claim).

39 . Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946).

40 . 486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988). Dr. Grigson was the state’s psychiatric expert in that case and his testimony, found by the Supreme Court to have actually prejudiced the defendant, was remarkably similar to that of Dr. Griffith in this case, both in its content and in its prejudicial effect on the jury. He testified that "in his expert opinion, Satterwhite 'will present a continuing threat to society by continuing acts of violence.' He [further] explained that Satter-white has 'a lack of a conscience.' " In like manner, Dr. Griffith testified that Gardner would “commit violent acts in the future;'' that he was "super dangerous, and [would] kill [again] given any chance at all”; that he would be a danger to others even if incarcerated; that he exhibited no remorse for his crimes; and that any behavior indicating to the contrary should not to be believed.

41 . 994 F.2d 189 (5th Cir.1993).

42 . Id. at 199.

43 . Vanderbilt, 994 F.2d at 191.