RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2018-SC-0078-DG
DARRYL ISAACS AND THERESA ISAACS APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. CASE NO. 2017-CA-0204 JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 16-CI-000250
SENTINAL INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED APPELLEE D/B/A THE HARTFORD
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT
AFFIRMING
I. BACKGROUND
In January 2015, Michael Baumann struck Appellant, personal injury
attorney Darryl Isaacs, with his truck while Isaacs rode his bicycle on River
Road in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Isaacs and his wife Theresa sued
Baumann, and that claim was settled for Baumann’s liability insurance limits.
Because Baumann’s policy limits did not cover the amount of Isaacs’s injuries,
Baumann was an underinsured motorist pursuant to Kentucky Revised
Statute (KRS) 304.39-320.
Since Baumann was an underinsured motorist, the Isaacses filed claims
for underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage under their personal car insurance
policy and the commercial insurance policy that covered vehicles owned by and
used in the course of business at Isaacs’s law firm (Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C.).
The couple’s personal automobile insurance policies paid UIM benefits; however, Appellee, Sentinel Insurance Company, denied the UIM claims under
its commercial policy.
The Sentinel policy in this case included a section entitled “B. Who Is An
Insured.” That section provides:
If the Named Insured is designated in the Declarations as:
1. An individual, then the following are “insureds”:
The Named Insured and any “family members.”
a. Anyone else “occupying” a covered “auto” or a temporary substitute for a covered “auto.” . . . . b. Anyone for damages he or she is entitled to recover because of “bodily injury” sustained by another “insured.”
2. A partnership, limited liability company, corporation or any other form of organization, then the following are “insureds”:
a. Anyone “occupying” a covered “auto” or a temporary substitute for a covered “auto.” . . . .
The Sentinel commercial policy listed “Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C.” as the named
insured on its declarations page—not Darryl Isaacs. Isaacs did not purchase
the Sentinel policy and had no direct involvement on matters related to his
firm’s commercial insurance policy, as those matters were delegated to other
law firm employees. The vehicles covered by the Sentinel policy were kept at
the law firm for its use except for the car Isaacs drove to and from work. The
automobiles were an accounting asset and expense of the firm and employees
were only permitted to use them for business purposes. Isaacs was not
operating one of the automobiles covered by the Sentinel policy at the time
Baumann struck Isaacs’s bicycle with a motor vehicle.
2 After Sentinel denied the Isaacses’ UIM claim under the commercial
policy held by the law firm, the Isaacses filed a motion for declaratory judgment
in Jefferson Circuit Court, asking the trial court declare that Sentinel was
obligated to provide UIM benefits under the terms of the commercial policy.
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Sentinel, finding that
Isaacs did not qualify as an insured under the Sentinel policy under the facts
of the case. The Isaacses appealed to the Court of Appeals, which unanimously
affirmed the trial court. The Isaacses sought discretionary review from this
Court, which we granted. We now affirm.
I. ANALYSIS
It has long been the law in this Commonwealth that summary judgment
“should only be used ‘to terminate litigation when, as a matter of law, it
appears that it would be impossible for the respondent to produce evidence at
the trial warranting a judgment in his favor and against the movant.’”
Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 483 (Ky. 1991)
(quoting Paintsville Hosp. Co. v. Rose, 683 S.W.2d 255, 256 (Ky. 1985)).
Furthermore, Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03 states that summary
judgment should be granted if the evidence shows that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law. “The record must be viewed in a light
most favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment and all
doubts are to be resolved in his favor.” Steelvest, 807 S.W.2d at 480.
3 “Because summary judgments involve no fact finding, this Court will
review the circuit court’s decision de novo.” 3D Enters. Contracting Corp. v.
Louisville & Jefferson Cnty. Metro. Sewer Dist., 174 S.W.3d 440, 445 (Ky. 2005).
On appeal, “[t]he standard of review . . . of a summary judgment is whether
the circuit judge correctly found that there were no issues as to any material
fact and that the moving party was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
Summary judgment is appropriate where the movant shows that the adverse
party could not prevail under any circumstances.” Pearson ex rel. Trent v. Nat'l
Feeding Sys., Inc., 90 S.W.3d 46, 49 (Ky. 2002).
Because the trial court granted Sentinel’s motion for summary judgment,
and because “[i]nterpretation and construction of an insurance contract is a
matter of law,” Kemper Nat’l Ins. Cos. v. Heaven Hill Distilleries, Inc., 82 S.W.3d
869, 871 (Ky. 2002), we review the raised issues de novo, giving no deference to
the trial court.
The Isaacses first argue the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment in favor of Sentinel because Isaacs and his law firm are synonymous
for terms of the policy. We disagree. Darryl Isaacs formed Isaacs & Isaacs,
P.S.C., a professional service corporation of which he is the sole shareholder.
The Sentinel commercial insurance policy names Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C. as the
named inured on the policy’s declarations page. The terms of the policy make
clear that if the named insured is a “corporation” or “any other form of
organization,” insureds under the UIM coverage are limited to those individuals
occupying a covered automobile at the time of the motor vehicle accident.
4 Professional service corporations are—as the name implies—corporate
entities. KRS 274.015(2) provides: “A professional service corporation formed
under the provisions of this chapter, except as this chapter may otherwise
provide, shall have the same powers, authority, duties, and liabilities as a
corporation formed under, and shall be otherwise governed by, KRS Chapter
271B.” If Isaacs and his P.S.C. were, as he argues, one and the same, he
would have had no reason to form the P.S.C.
Isaacs makes much ado of the fact that he is the sole shareholder of his
P.S.C. However, the Isaacses merely present the argument without providing
any supporting authority. The fact that he is the entity’s lone shareholder has
no bearing on our analysis. In a case in which the sole owner of an LLC made
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RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2018-SC-0078-DG
DARRYL ISAACS AND THERESA ISAACS APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. CASE NO. 2017-CA-0204 JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 16-CI-000250
SENTINAL INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED APPELLEE D/B/A THE HARTFORD
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT
AFFIRMING
I. BACKGROUND
In January 2015, Michael Baumann struck Appellant, personal injury
attorney Darryl Isaacs, with his truck while Isaacs rode his bicycle on River
Road in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Isaacs and his wife Theresa sued
Baumann, and that claim was settled for Baumann’s liability insurance limits.
Because Baumann’s policy limits did not cover the amount of Isaacs’s injuries,
Baumann was an underinsured motorist pursuant to Kentucky Revised
Statute (KRS) 304.39-320.
Since Baumann was an underinsured motorist, the Isaacses filed claims
for underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage under their personal car insurance
policy and the commercial insurance policy that covered vehicles owned by and
used in the course of business at Isaacs’s law firm (Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C.).
The couple’s personal automobile insurance policies paid UIM benefits; however, Appellee, Sentinel Insurance Company, denied the UIM claims under
its commercial policy.
The Sentinel policy in this case included a section entitled “B. Who Is An
Insured.” That section provides:
If the Named Insured is designated in the Declarations as:
1. An individual, then the following are “insureds”:
The Named Insured and any “family members.”
a. Anyone else “occupying” a covered “auto” or a temporary substitute for a covered “auto.” . . . . b. Anyone for damages he or she is entitled to recover because of “bodily injury” sustained by another “insured.”
2. A partnership, limited liability company, corporation or any other form of organization, then the following are “insureds”:
a. Anyone “occupying” a covered “auto” or a temporary substitute for a covered “auto.” . . . .
The Sentinel commercial policy listed “Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C.” as the named
insured on its declarations page—not Darryl Isaacs. Isaacs did not purchase
the Sentinel policy and had no direct involvement on matters related to his
firm’s commercial insurance policy, as those matters were delegated to other
law firm employees. The vehicles covered by the Sentinel policy were kept at
the law firm for its use except for the car Isaacs drove to and from work. The
automobiles were an accounting asset and expense of the firm and employees
were only permitted to use them for business purposes. Isaacs was not
operating one of the automobiles covered by the Sentinel policy at the time
Baumann struck Isaacs’s bicycle with a motor vehicle.
2 After Sentinel denied the Isaacses’ UIM claim under the commercial
policy held by the law firm, the Isaacses filed a motion for declaratory judgment
in Jefferson Circuit Court, asking the trial court declare that Sentinel was
obligated to provide UIM benefits under the terms of the commercial policy.
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Sentinel, finding that
Isaacs did not qualify as an insured under the Sentinel policy under the facts
of the case. The Isaacses appealed to the Court of Appeals, which unanimously
affirmed the trial court. The Isaacses sought discretionary review from this
Court, which we granted. We now affirm.
I. ANALYSIS
It has long been the law in this Commonwealth that summary judgment
“should only be used ‘to terminate litigation when, as a matter of law, it
appears that it would be impossible for the respondent to produce evidence at
the trial warranting a judgment in his favor and against the movant.’”
Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 483 (Ky. 1991)
(quoting Paintsville Hosp. Co. v. Rose, 683 S.W.2d 255, 256 (Ky. 1985)).
Furthermore, Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03 states that summary
judgment should be granted if the evidence shows that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law. “The record must be viewed in a light
most favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment and all
doubts are to be resolved in his favor.” Steelvest, 807 S.W.2d at 480.
3 “Because summary judgments involve no fact finding, this Court will
review the circuit court’s decision de novo.” 3D Enters. Contracting Corp. v.
Louisville & Jefferson Cnty. Metro. Sewer Dist., 174 S.W.3d 440, 445 (Ky. 2005).
On appeal, “[t]he standard of review . . . of a summary judgment is whether
the circuit judge correctly found that there were no issues as to any material
fact and that the moving party was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
Summary judgment is appropriate where the movant shows that the adverse
party could not prevail under any circumstances.” Pearson ex rel. Trent v. Nat'l
Feeding Sys., Inc., 90 S.W.3d 46, 49 (Ky. 2002).
Because the trial court granted Sentinel’s motion for summary judgment,
and because “[i]nterpretation and construction of an insurance contract is a
matter of law,” Kemper Nat’l Ins. Cos. v. Heaven Hill Distilleries, Inc., 82 S.W.3d
869, 871 (Ky. 2002), we review the raised issues de novo, giving no deference to
the trial court.
The Isaacses first argue the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment in favor of Sentinel because Isaacs and his law firm are synonymous
for terms of the policy. We disagree. Darryl Isaacs formed Isaacs & Isaacs,
P.S.C., a professional service corporation of which he is the sole shareholder.
The Sentinel commercial insurance policy names Isaacs & Isaacs, P.S.C. as the
named inured on the policy’s declarations page. The terms of the policy make
clear that if the named insured is a “corporation” or “any other form of
organization,” insureds under the UIM coverage are limited to those individuals
occupying a covered automobile at the time of the motor vehicle accident.
4 Professional service corporations are—as the name implies—corporate
entities. KRS 274.015(2) provides: “A professional service corporation formed
under the provisions of this chapter, except as this chapter may otherwise
provide, shall have the same powers, authority, duties, and liabilities as a
corporation formed under, and shall be otherwise governed by, KRS Chapter
271B.” If Isaacs and his P.S.C. were, as he argues, one and the same, he
would have had no reason to form the P.S.C.
Isaacs makes much ado of the fact that he is the sole shareholder of his
P.S.C. However, the Isaacses merely present the argument without providing
any supporting authority. The fact that he is the entity’s lone shareholder has
no bearing on our analysis. In a case in which the sole owner of an LLC made
a similar argument, this Court explained:
The theory of interchangeability underpinning this position was explicitly rejected by this Court in Miller v. Paducah Airport Corp., 551 S.W.2d 241 (Ky. 1977) in the context of a solely-owned corporation. In Miller, the president of a corporation that operated a cab service brought suit in his individual capacity against an airport challenging the legality of a lease. Id. at 242. The Court held that the corporation was “an entity, separate, apart and distinct from [Mr. Miller] himself,” despite the fact that Mr. Miller owned the entirety of the corporation's stock. Id. This Court concluded that the corporation, and not Mr. Miller in his personal capacity as the corporation’s president, was the real party in interest to the claim, declaring that such a distinction “is not trivial nor supertechnical.” Id. at 243. The same conclusion is mandated here.
Turner v. Andrew, 413 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Ky. 2013). Just as the sole owner in
Turner could not “slip[] on” the “legal coat” of the LLC “to protect the owner
from liability but then discard[] or ignore[] [it] altogether when it is time to
5 pursue a damage claim,” neither can Isaacs slip the P.S.C. coat on and off to
his benefit.
Here, Sentinel did not inquire as to the identity—or even the number—of
the P.S.C.’s shareholders. If the policy were intended to provide UIM coverage
to shareholders when they were not driving the P.S.C.’s vehicles covered by the
commercial policy, then knowledge of how many people to whom Sentinel was
providing UIM coverage would be necessary information for Sentinel to assess
the risk and set the amount of the premiums. Isaacs argues he was the sole
shareholder in this case, but some P.S.C.s have a large number of
shareholders.
The Isaacses also argue they are entitled to UIM benefits under the
Sentinel commercial policy because “UIM coverage is personal to the person
who purchased the coverage.” However, as previously discussed, Isaacs was
not the named insured. He did not purchase the coverage, nor did his name
appear on the policy’s declarations page. The policy’s terms unambiguously
distinguished between policies written to individuals and those written to
corporations.
Recently we held “Kentucky public policy does not bar reasonable UIM
exclusion provisions.” Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co. v. Tryon, 502 S.W.3d 585,
592 (Ky. 2016). In reaching that holding, we stated, “there is nothing either in
the MVRA or our public policy prohibiting enforcement of exclusion of UIM
coverage in certain scenarios. The reasonable expectations of coverage are
satisfied so long as the plain meanings of the terms of the underlying policies
6 are clear and unambiguous.” Id. Here, no ambiguity existed. Isaacs & Isaacs,
P.S.C., is a type of corporation—and the policy explicitly defines the class of
covered persons when the named insured is a corporation.
Finally, the Isaacses contend this Court should reverse the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment based on the doctrines of illusory coverage and
reasonable expectations and because it violates the “spirit of Kentucky
Underinsured Motorist Statute.” The coverage herein is not illusory. Rather, it
simply does not apply to Isaacs under the facts of this case. Had he been the
named insured under the policy or had he been an occupant of a covered auto
at the time of the accident, Sentinel’s UIM policy would have covered him.
However, those are simply not the facts of this case.
As to the doctrine of reasonable expectations, it “applies only to policies
with ambiguous terms.” True v. Raines, 99 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Ky. 2003).
Finally, we have held “UIM coverage exclusions are not impermissible under
Kentucky public policy and parties are at liberty to negotiate and customize
policies to fit their own needs and desired levels of coverage.” Id. This is a
reasonable UIM exclusion provision and we will not disturb the parties’
contractual rights in the absence of an ambiguity.
II. CONCLUSION
Viewing the record in a light most favorable to the Isaacses, we affirm the
Court of Appeals’ opinion affirming the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment. Here, the trial court correctly found there were no issues as to any
material fact and that Sentinel was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
7 Because Isaacs was not covered under the terms of the Sentinel commercial
UIM policy, Isaacs could not prevail under any circumstances.
Minton, C.J., Hughes, Keller, Nickell, and VanMeter, JJ., concur.
Lambert, J., not sitting.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Leroy E. Sitlinger Jr. Sitlinger & Theiler
Carolyn Christine Ely Isaacs & Isaacs PSC
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Douglas Loy Hoots Miller, Griffin & Marks, PSC
Samuel Smith Porter Landrum & Shouse LLP