McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.
In appeal No. 85-5298 the state of South Dakota appeals from an order entered in the District Court for the District of South Dakota granting Darrell Martin’s request for release on bail from the state penitentiary pending disposition of his petition for writ of habeas corpus. In appeal No. 86-5014 the state of South Dakota appeals from a final order entered in the District Court for the District of South Dakota granting Martin’s habeas petition.
For reversal the state argues that the district court erred in (1) granting Martin’s request for release on bail pending disposition of his habeas petition, (2) holding Martin had exhausted available state remedies on his first habeas claim, and (3) holding the state courts’ findings about why Martin did not make combined restitution and fine payments were not supported by the record. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the release order in appeal No. 85-5298 and reverse the order granting habeas relief in appeal No. 86-5014.
FACTS
The following statement of facts is taken in large part from State v. Martin, 368 N.W.2d 37 (S.D.1985) (Wollman, J.).1 In 1979 Martin was convicted of third-degree burglary and sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and a $7,000 fine. The state trial court later suspended 3 years of the sentence and $4,000 of the fine on the condition that Martin make restitution to the burglary victim, reimburse the county for the cost of his court-appointed defense attorney, and pay the defense attorney the difference between the total amount of attorney’s fees and the amount paid by the county. Martin’s conviction was affirmed on direct appeal by the South Dakota Supreme Court. State v. Martin, 287 N.W.2d 102 (S.D.1980).
Martin was paroled in September 1980 and remained under parole supervision until December 14, 1982. Martin and the state disagreed about Martin’s obligations under the suspended sentence. In July 1982 a state parole officer had notified Martin by letter that, under the terms of his suspended sentence, he was required to make a combined restitution and fine payment of $30 per month and he would be “under supervision” until the suspended sentence expired on December 14, 1985. On January 3,1983, the state parole officer again notified Martin by letter that supervision of the suspended sentence would continue until December 1985, reminded Martin that he was required to report every month to the state parole office, and enclosed a copy of the certificate issued by the warden of the state penitentiary discharging Martin from parole.
Martin failed to submit a parole report for the month of December 1982. The state parole officer scheduled a meeting for a date in January 1983. Martin failed to appear for the meeting. On January 26, 1983, the state parole officer received a letter from an attorney on behalf of Martin. In this letter the attorney stated that [327]*327Martin believed that as of December 14, 1982, he was no longer subject to state supervision because he had received a certificate of discharge from parole. The state parole officer then unsuccessfully attempted to inform Martin that Martin’s interpretation of the certificate of discharge and the suspended sentence was incorrect.
In February 1983 the state parole officer by letter notified the county prosecuting attorney that Martin had failed to comply with the conditions of his suspended sentence. In March 1983 the county prosecuting attorney filed a petition for revocation of probation in state trial court on the ground of failure to make the combined restitution and fine payments as required. The revocation hearing was delayed when Martin failed to appear but was eventually held in August 1984. Martin was represented by counsel. The state trial court found Martin had failed to make the combined restitution and fine payments and had also failed to remain in contact with his parole officer as required. The state trial court specifically found that although there was some evidence of disability, Martin was not totally disabled, was able to work and could have made partial payments. In addition, the state trial court found Martin had intentionally refused to make any additional payments. Id. at 38. The state trial court then revoked the suspended sentence and fine and ordered Martin to be returned to the state penitentiary.
Martin challenged the reinstatement of the suspended sentence and fine in the South Dakota Supreme Court on three grounds: (1) the state trial court lacked jurisdiction to revoke probation because no probation had been imposed, (2) if probation had been imposed, the state trial court could not lawfully reinstate the suspended sentence and reincarcerate him because he had received a certificate of discharge from parole, and (3) revocation of probation was based solely upon his indigency in violation of due process, citing Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 103 S.Ct. 2064, 76 L.Ed.2d 221 (1983) (Bearden).
The state supreme court held that the first two arguments had been conclusively resolved against Martin in its recent prior decisions. State v. Martin, 368 N.W.2d at 39 (citing state supreme court decisions). The state supreme court then addressed Martin’s principal argument that the state trial court unlawfully revoked his probation on the basis of his indigency. The state supreme court held the record supported the state trial court’s findings that although Martin was able to work and was able to make partial payments, he had intentionally refused to make any additional payments because he had unilaterally decided that he was no longer bound by the terms and conditions of the suspended sentence.2 Two state supreme court justices dissented, holding, each on slightly different grounds, the state trial court could not lawfully revoke probation and reinstate the suspended sentence. Id. at 40 (Fosheim, C.J., dissenting); id. (Henderson, J., dissenting).
In May 1985 Martin filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. In July 1985 he filed a request for release on bail from the state penitentiary pending disposition of his habeas petition and an amended habeas petition in which he claimed (1) the imposition of the suspended sentence violated due process because the state trial court did not have jurisdiction to revoke his probation and (2) the record did not establish that he had failed to make bona fide efforts to pay or that alternatives to imprisonment were inadequate to satisfy the state’s interests in punishment and deterrence.
[328]*328In August 1985 the district court granted Martin’s request for release on bail pending disposition of his habeas petition and ordered his release from the penitentiary subject to certain conditions. Martin v. Solem, No. CIV-85-5089 (D.S.D. Aug. 22, 1985) (release order); id. (Aug. 12, 1985) (memorandum decision). The district court found that the habeas petition raised a substantial question about the enforceability of suspended sentences following release from parole and that exceptional circumstances existed because Martin had already served his sentence and had received a certificate of discharge from parole. Id. (Aug. 12,1985) (memorandum decision), citing Aronson v. May, 85 S.Ct. 3, 13 L.Ed.2d 6 (1964) (Douglas, J.) (chambers opinion). The state filed a notice of appeal (No. 85-5298) and motion for stay pending appeal. The motion for stay pending appeal was denied on August 30, 1985.
The district court subsequently granted Martin’s habeas petition. Martin v. Solem, No. CIV-85-5093 (D.S.D. Dec. 13, 1985). The district court held Martin had fairly presented the substance of his first claim to the state courts and therefore had exhausted available state remedies, the record did not support the state courts’ findings about Martin’s ability to make the combined restitution and fine payments, and the state trial court did not correctly follow Bearden. Slip op. at 6, 10. The state filed a notice of appeal (No. 86-5014) and a motion for stay pending appeal. On January 27, 1986, we granted the state’s motion to consolidate the two appeals, denied the state’s motion for stay pending appeal, and denied without prejudice Martin’s motion to dismiss appeal No. 85-5298 as moot.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
The existence of two district court docket numbers has caused some confusion on appeal. For reasons which do not appear in the record, the original habeas petition was docketed in the district court as No. CIV-85-5089, but the amended habeas petition was later docketed separately as No. CIV-85-5093. After examining the district court files in both actions, we conclude the amended habeas petition was mistakenly docketed as a separate action. The designation of a second docket number may have occurred in October 1985 when the case was reassigned to another district judge. The request for release on bail pending disposition of the habeas petition was filed and the order granting release on bail was entered in No. CIV-85-5089, and the order granting habeas relief was entered in No. CIV-85-5093. The state filed a notice of appeal in each action.
With respect to appeal No. 86-5014 involving the order granting habeas relief, that order is the “final decision” of the district court which terminated the underlying habeas action. Thus, we have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253.
However, in appeal No. 85-5298 we are presented with two interesting jurisdictional problems. The first question is whether the release order is final and therefore appealable. The state argues the release order is final and appealable under the collateral order exception, see Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949), and draws an analogy to cases holding denials of pre-trial bail reviewable on appeal, see Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 72 S.Ct. 1, 96 L.Ed. 3 (1951). The state also argues the release order raises a serious and unsettled issue that may become moot, and thus evade effective appellate review, once the underlying habeas action is decided on the merits.
Martin argues the release order is interlocutory because it did not dispose of the habeas petition and not collateral because it is intertwined with the merits of the underlying habeas action.
We conclude the release order, even though interlocutory, is final, and thus appealable, because it is a collateral order. See Cherek v. United States, 767 F.2d 335, 336-37 (7th Cir.1985); Iuteri v. Nardoza, 662 F.2d 159, 161 (2d Cir.1981); cf. Luther v. Molina, 627 F.2d 71, 73 n. 1 (7th Cir.[329]*3291980) (release pending revocation proceedings). Martin sought only release on bail pending disposition of his habeas petition and he was awarded the relief he sought. No further action on the request for release was contemplated by the parties or by the district court. Moreover,
[t]here are compelling reasons to entertain appeals by the Government from orders granting bail in habeas corpus proceedings where, as here, incarceration has resulted from a conviction. Because of the conviction, the Government has a justified interest in [the habeas] petitioner’s continued incarceration, and [the] petitioner has the burden of showing why bail is warranted.
The object of habeas corpus proceedings is freedom from incarceration. Release on bail supplies [at least in part] the sought-after remedy before the merits of [the] petitioner’s application are determined. If review of the grant of bail must await the district court’s decision on the habeas corpus application, the review will be substantially meaningless.
Iuteri v. Nardoza, 662 F.2d at 161 (citation omitted).3
The second jurisdictional problem is that of mootness. As noted above, when the district court granted habeas relief in December 1985, the release order was in effect superseded by and “merged” into the order granting relief on the merits. Martin was then free because the district court had granted habeas relief, not because the district court had granted his request for bail. The state argues that even if the release order is technically moot as to Martin, it is “capable of repetition, yet evading review,” and therefore can be reviewed on appeal. “To come within this rule the challenged action must be too short in duration to be fully litigated prior to its cessation and there must be an expectation that the complaining party will again be subjected to the protested action.” Luther v. Molina, 627 F.2d at 74 (citation omitted). We believe the release order falls within this exception. It is extremely likely that in most cases the district court will have decided the habeas petition before this court, and possibly the Supreme Court, can review the release order on appeal. It is also extremely likely that other habeas petitioners will seek release on bail pending disposition of their habeas petitions.
APPEAL No. 85-5298 — RELEASE ORDER
“In spite of the lack of specific statutory authorization, it is within the inherent power of a District Court of the United States to enlarge a state prisoner on bond pending hearing and decision on his [or her] application for a writ of habeas corpus.” In re Wainwright, 518 F.2d 173, 174 (5th Cir.1975) (per curiam) (petition for rehearing) (citations omitted). Release on bail pending disposition of the habeas petition, or pending appeal, requires the habeas petitioner to show not only a substantial federal constitutional claim that “presents not merely a clear case on the law, but a clear, and readily evident, case on the facts,” Glynn v. Donnelly, 470 F.2d 95, 98 (1st Cir.1972) (citation omitted), but also the existence of “some circumstance making [the request] exceptional and deserving of special treatment in the interests of justice.” Aronson v. May, 85 S.Ct. at 5. See e.g., Iuteri v. Nardoza, 662 F.2d at 161; Ostrer v. United States, 584 F.2d 594, 599 (2d Cir.1978). Habeas petitioners are rarely granted release on bail pending disposition or pending appeal. See Johnston v. Marsh, 227 F.2d 528, 529 (3d Cir.1955) (medical emergency); cf. Boyer v. City of Orlando, 402 F.2d 966, 967-68 (5th Cir.1968) (extraordinary attempt to accommo[330]*330date exhaustion of available state remedies with petitioner’s clearly meritorious constitutional claim).
The state argues the district court erred in granting Martin’s release on bail pending disposition of his habeas petition. The state argues Martin failed to raise a substantial federal constitutional question or establish the existence of extraordinary circumstances. We agree.
First, the district court erred in holding a substantial federal constitutional question existed because the members of the state supreme court disagreed about whether, as a matter of state law, the state could enforce a suspended sentence by revocation of probation following a prisoner’s release from parole. As discussed further below, this question is a matter of state law and does not raise a substantial federal constitutional question. See, e.g., Glucksman v. Birns, 398 F.Supp. 1343, 1352 (S.D.N.Y.1975). Second, no extraordinary circumstances were shown in the present case. Martin argued that his reincarceration was unlawful because he had already served his sentence and had been discharged. However, there is nothing unusual about a claim of unlawful confinement in a habeas proceeding. Martin made no showing of any medical emergency or any other special circumstances.
We hold the district court erred in granting Martin’s request for release on bail pending disposition of his habeas petition and reverse the release order.
APPEAL No. 86-5014 — HABEAS RELIEF
Exhaustion
As a threshold matter, we must decide whether the district court erred in holding Martin’s first claim in his amended habeas petition had been exhausted. A district court cannot consider a habeas petition which contains exhausted and unex-hausted federal claims. Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982); see, e.g., Hall v. Iowa, 705 F.2d 283, 286-87 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 934, 104 S.Ct. 339, 78 L.Ed.2d 307 (1983). Exhaustion
requires a federal habeas petitioner to provide the state courts with a “fair opportunity” to apply controlling legal principles to the facts bearing upon his [or her] constitutional claim. It is not enough that all the facts necessary to support the federal claim were before the state courts or that a somewhat similar state-law claim was made. In addition, the habeas petitioner must have “fairly presented” to the state courts the “substance” of his [or her] federal habeas corpus claim.
Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6, 103 S.Ct. 276, 277, 74 L.Ed.2d 3 (1982) (per curiam) (citations omitted); see Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 276-78, 92 S.Ct. 509, 512-13, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971); Purnell v. Missouri Department of Corrections, 753 F.2d 703, 706-08 (8th Cir.1985); Graham v. Solem, 728 F.2d 1533, 1535-36 (8th Cir.) (banc), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 842, 105 S.Ct. 148, 83 L.Ed.2d 86 (1984); Morrow v. Wyrick, 646 F.2d 1229, 1232 (8th Cir.) (citation to state cases involving federal constitutional issues), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 899, 102 S.Ct. 401, 70 L.Ed.2d 216 (1981); Thomas v. Wyrick, 622 F.2d 411, 412 (8th Cir.1980) (requiring citation to specific federal constitutional provision or federal case); cf. Daye v. Attorney General, 696 F.2d 186, 193-94 (2d Cir.1982) (banc) (exhaustion if specific constitutional right is obvious in factual allegation or argument).
The first claim has not been exhausted. Martin's first claim alleged that the revocation of probation and the imposition of the suspended sentence were illegal and violated due process because the state trial court lacked jurisdiction to revoke his probation. In the state courts Martin had asserted substantially the same claim and used the conclusory term “unconstitutional,” but he did not refer to a specific federal constitutional right, a particular constitutional provision, a federal constitutional case, or a state case raising a pertinent federal constitutional issue. Purnell v. Missouri Department of Corrections, 753 F.2d at 707; Thomas v. Wyrick, 622 F.2d [331]*331at 413. Even under the arguably more lenient Daye v. Attorney General test, Martin failed to assert his claim “in terms so particular as to call to mind a specific right protected by the Constitution” or to allege “a pattern of facts that is well within the mainstream of constitutional litigation.” 696 F.2d at 194.
Martin argues the state supreme court could not have overlooked the constitutional implications of his arguments about the lack of jurisdiction and the illegal sentence. See Graham v. Salem, 728 F.2d at 1536 (state courts are able to recognize federal constitutional issues even when no explicit reference is made to the federal constitution). The district court concluded that even in the absence of any federal citations or constitutional references, liberty is “so fundamental that any court should be able to recognize that being imprisoned without authority invokes federal constitutional issues even when no explicit reference is made to the federal constitution.” Slip op. at 6. However, the state supreme court opinion itself suggests the state supreme court did not view the arguments in federal constitutional terms at all, but instead addressed and resolved them solely on the basis of state law. The state supreme court opinion stated: “Although [Martin] has raised three issues on appeal, we conclude that the first two issues [referring to the lack of jurisdiction and the imposition of the suspended sentence arguments] have been answered adversely to him by our decisions in State v. Adams, 360 N.W.2d 519 (S.D.1985); Application of Adams, 360 N.W.2d 513 (S.D.1985); and State v. Holter, 340 N.W.2d 691 (S.D.1983).” 368 N.W.2d at 38-39. A similar argument that federal constitutional implications must have been “self-evident” was rejected in Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. at 7, 103 S.Ct. at 278.
Failure to exhaust the first claim, however, did not deprive the district court of the right to consider the exhausted Bearden claim because the unexhausted claim did not state a federal constitutional claim cognizable in federal habeas corpus proceedings. “Nonexhausted state claims included in a federal habeas petition and having no constitutional relevance should not deprive a federal district court of the right to entertain other exhausted claims which do have their roots under the federal Constitution.” Hall v. Iowa, 705 F.2d at 287. Although “[a]n absence of jurisdiction in the convicting court is ... a basis for federal habeas corpus relief cognizable under the due process clause,” Lowery v. Estelle, 696 F.2d 333, 337 (5th Cir.1983), here Martin’s claim that the state trial court lacked jurisdiction to revoke probation and impose the suspended sentence is wholly premised upon state law. The state supreme court held that under state law the state trial court did have jurisdiction to revoke Martin’s probation and impose the suspended sentence. 368 N.W.2d at 39. “Determination of whether a state court is vested with jurisdiction under state law is a function of the state courts, not the federal judiciary.” Wills v. Egeler, 532 F.2d 1058, 1059 (6th Cir.1976) (per curiam). With the exception of due process claims, state prisoners’ claims of error involving sentencing, parole, probation, and revocation of probation or parole are matters governed by state law that are not cognizable in federal habeas corpus proceedings. See, e.g., Glucksman v. Birns, 398 F.Supp. at 1352 (sentencing and service of sentence); Brown v. Slayton, 342 F.Supp. 61, 65 (W.D.Va.1972) (probation and execution of sentence); Howard v. Craven, 306 F.Supp. 730, 732 (C.D.Cal.1969) (revocation of probation and imposition of imprisonment).
Merits
We finally reach the Bearden issue. The state argues the district court erred in holding the record did not fairly support the findings of the state courts and the state trial court failed to correctly follow Bearden. The district court found the state trial court had improperly revoked Martin’s probation without determining whether he had the means to pay or whether he had failed to make sufficient bona fide efforts legally to acquire the resources to pay. Slip op. at 10-11. The district [332]*332court also found the state trial court's findings that Martin was not totally disabled and had some ability to work and its reference to the availability of odd jobs did not constitute the requisite Bearden finding that Martin had not made sufficient bona fide efforts to find work. Slip op. at 11.
For the reasons discussed below, we agree the state trial court did not correctly follow Bearden. However, we hold the district court erred in granting habeas relief because the record supports revocation of Martin’s probation on the alternative ground of willful refusal to pay.
In Bearden the Supreme Court held that in revocation proceedings for failure to pay a fine or restitution, a sentencing court must inquire into the reasons for the failure to pay. If the probationer willfully refused to pay or failed to make sufficient bona fide efforts legally to acquire the resources to pay, the court may revoke probation and sentence the defendant to imprisonment within the authorized range of its sentencing authority. If the probationer could not pay despite sufficient bona fide efforts to acquire the resources to do so, the court must consider alternative measures of punishment other than imprisonment. Only if alternative measures are not adequate to meet the State’s interests in punishment and deterrence may the court imprison a probationer who has made sufficient bona fide efforts to pay. To do otherwise would deprive the probationer of his [or her] conditional freedom simply because, through no fault of his [or her] own, he [or she] cannot pay the fine. Such a deprivation would be contrary to the fundamental fairness required by the Fourteenth Amendment.
461 U.S. at 672-73, 103 S.Ct. at 2073 (footnote omitted).
We have carefully reviewed the record of the state court probation revocation hearing. The evidence consisted largely of testimony by Martin’s former and current state parole officers. Martin’s former state parole officer testified Martin had initially made several of the combined restitution and fine payments, was at least partially disabled, received disability benefits and food stamps, had worked part-time as a musician and as a crane operator but was unemployed, and had very limited assets and income. The current state parole officer did not know whether Martin had any assets, income, job skills, or employment opportunities. Documentary evidence, including the letter written by an attorney on Martin’s behalf, was also admitted. Martin did not testify.
If the state trial court had revoked Martin’s probation solely because he had not made sufficient bona fide efforts legally to acquire the means to pay, we would affirm the district court’s order granting habeas relief because we agree the state trial court did not comply with the Bearden analysis. The state court only found Martin had not made the combined restitution and fine payments as required and had some ability to work. The state trial court failed to determine, as required by Bear-den, whether Martin had made sufficient bona fide efforts legally to acquire the resources to pay. In particular, the state trial court’s findings that Martin was not totally disabled and had some ability to work and its gratuitous reference to the availability of odd jobs cannot meet the Bearden test. Id. at 673, 103 S.Ct. at 2073.
However, Martin’s apparent indigency was not the only basis for the revocation of probation. The state courts also found Martin had intentionally refused to make any additional payments for reasons unrelated to his ability, or lack of ability, to pay. The alternative finding of willful refusal to pay is supported by the record. Martin’s state law jurisdiction arguments and the January 1983 letter to the state parole officer written by an attorney on Martin’s behalf showed that Martin had willfully refused to make any additional combined restitution and fine payments because he had unilaterally (and, as it turned out, mistakenly) decided, as a matter of state law, he was no longer bound by the terms and conditions of the suspended sentence. 368 N.W.2d at 39. Under Bearden, [333]*333“[i]f the probationer willfully refused to pay ..., the court may revoke probation and sentence the defendant to imprisonment within the authorized range of its sentencing authority.” 461 U.S. at 672, 103 S.Ct. at 2073.
Accordingly, in appeal No. 85-5298 the release order is reversed and in appeal No. 86-5014 the order granting habeas relief is reversed.