Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
November 21, 2024
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II DARCI COOPER, No. 58216-3-II
Respondent,
v.
GERMAN WISE DENTAL LLC dba LOWER UNPUBLISHED OPINION COLUMBIA ORAL HEALTH; SAM WISE, an individual; and RIMA WISE, an individual,
Appellants.
GLASGOW, J.—Darci Cooper was an assistant in a dental office. Sam and Rima Wise took
over the dental practice where Sam Wise was the dentist and Rima became the office manager.
Wise1 immediately started making frequent inappropriate comments to members of his staff,
including Cooper. Despite warnings, he made daily inappropriate comments to or about patients
and staff that were sexual in nature or gender based. Cooper and other employees complained but
Wise responded that he had unfettered freedom to say what he wanted and any staff who did not
like his comments should leave. Wise told his human resources manager to fire anyone who
complained and to space out the terminations to avoid any lawsuits. Cooper was eventually fired
after complaining and making negative statements about the dental practice in a letter supporting
1 Because Sam and Rima Wise share a last name, we refer to Sam Wise as “Wise” and Rima Wise by her first name for clarity. No. 58216-3-II
a coworker’s unemployment claim. After she was fired, Cooper did not receive promised bonuses
or severance payments.
Cooper sued Wise, Rima, and German Wise LLC dba Lower Columbia Oral Health for
gender discrimination, specifically hostile work environment; wrongful termination; breach of
contract; and meal period violations. At trial, Cooper testified and presented corroborating
testimony from several coworkers. Wise admitted to making almost all of the inappropriate
comments but argued that they were taken out of context and that the comments were an innocent
result of his cultural differences or imperfect English. The jury found the Wises had created a
hostile work environment and wrongfully terminated Cooper. The jury awarded her a total of
$700,000 in noneconomic damages for those claims. The jury also found that Wise breached his
contract with Cooper and willfully withheld wages through meal period violations and unpaid
severances and bonuses.
The Wises challenge evidentiary rulings, the amount of noneconomic damages, and a
discovery sanction. Cooper argues that the appeal is untimely and, alternatively, that the Wises’
arguments are unpreserved or without merit. We affirm.
FACTS
I. EMPLOYMENT TERMS
In April 2019, Wise purchased Lower Columbia Oral Health, a clinic where Darci Cooper
had worked as a dental assistant for many years. Cooper was a “remarkable employee” and the
clinic’s former owner had no concerns about her job performance. 1 Verbatim Rep. of Proc. (VRP)
at 477. Shortly after Wise took over the clinic, Wise and Cooper signed an employment contract
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providing that Cooper was entitled to 30 days of severance pay if she was terminated with fewer
than 30 days of written notice.
A few months later, Wise promoted Cooper to clinic manager and promised her a
corresponding $200 bonus per pay period. Cooper received three bonus payments as promised and
then the bonuses stopped. For months, Wise promised that he would pay the bonuses later but
eventually he told Cooper that he did not plan to pay the bonuses because he could not afford them.
Cooper was “okay with that” moving forward but still expected the bonuses she was already owed
before she agreed to forgo future bonuses. 1 VRP at 186. She made many requests for the back
due bonuses.
II. WORK ENVIRONMENT
In his first staff meeting as the new clinic owner, Wise made comments that left Cooper
shocked and uncomfortable. For example, Wise commented that he liked to work with women
because women lacked ambition. Wise also told the all-female clinic staff “that he didn’t care if
[staff] seduced patient[s] to get money.” 1 VRP at 174.
The former owner, who attended the meeting and heard the comments, told Wise “that he
can’t say those things,” and Wise responded that “he can say what he wants” under “free speech,”
and that “there’s different cultures, and you have to be accepting of who he is.” 1 VRP at 468. The
former owner also told Wise via e-mail that the “‘comments you made to the staff on Monday
violated so many workplace laws, I don’t know where to start. . . .Telling the staff they need
makeovers and that you want models working up front is illegal.’” 1 VRP at 472-73. Wise refused
to change his behavior.
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Wise continued to make similar comments almost daily, causing Cooper to feel
uncomfortable and embarrassed. He commented frequently on the appearance and weight of
female employees: “that they should wear more makeup, that they should dress differently,” and
that they “should look like models.” 1 VRP at 194. He told a female employee that she looked
“sexy” and told other employees to lose weight. Id. He made comments about female patients as
well, including comments to teenage patients about their breasts, in front of staff and patrons. He
rested instruments on female patients’ chests rather than on an instrument tray, something Cooper
had never seen before. He talked openly about how he liked to hire sex workers. Wise and Rima
made employees keep the dressing room door propped open while they changed into and out of
scrubs, something they were required to do every day, commenting that “it’s not like everybody
hasn’t seen a naked woman before.” 1 VRP at 200.
Cooper and other employees complained about Wise’s conduct and Wise responded that
he had freedom of speech to say whatever he wanted. After hearing complaints, the former clinic
director warned Wise in writing that he could not make comments about staff members’
appearance, expressing concern about sexual harassment. Wise responded:
“I suggest any lady who cannot live in the environment should leave. . . . I have to be myself. If they cannot handle this work. Please, you fire whomever complains. Just do it one by one. . . . We should be one step ahead. Whomever you think may cause a trouble, just fire her. No immunity to anyone. Just handle the good timing.”
2 VRP at 567-68.
Wise later posted a written policy stating:
“Dr. Wise preserves his right of unlimited freedom of speech to express his opinion by words or acts. His statements or acts could be considered offensive or inappropriate to other cultures. Under no circumstances any employee can consider his statements, behaviors inappropriate, offensive, or harassment.
4 No. 58216-3-II
“All employees agreed to waive all their rights for any legal litigation or any type of slandering against Dr. Wise for whatever act or statement he says. If anyone doesn’t like his way of speech or the way he acts, he or she is free to leave after a written two-week notice. This is a private business owned completely by Dr. Wise. Whomever doesn’t like his way should leave without criticism.
“Negative comments, even in private conversation, will be considered a breach of the honor code and could be punished by decreasing the monthly evaluation of the employee. That may affect the hourly pay for the coming pay period and/or the bonuses.”
1 VRP at 210-11. The policy also provided that any negative comments about Wise would be
grounds for termination. Finally, the policy provided that remaining on the team for three days
after its posting would be considered an acceptance of the policy.
Cooper found the policy offensive and voiced concerns about the policy but did not quit
because she did not have another job lined up. Two other clinic employees quit because of the
policy and Cooper wrote a statement in support of one former coworker’s application for
unemployment benefits. In the letter, Cooper described the workplace policies as “‘ridiculous’”
and expressed her belief that the coworker was treated unfairly and ultimately pushed out because
of her looks. 1 VRP at 216. She also described the clinic as a “‘hostile work environment’” and
explained that Wise had “‘unrealistic expectations.’” VRP at 216-17.
III. TERMINATION
According to Cooper, Wise obtained a copy of the letter and fired Cooper, angrily waving
the letter as he told her to collect her things and leave. Wise denied ever seeing the letter until after
he fired Cooper, stating instead the he fired her for “treason” by referring patients to another dentist
and “not doing her job.” 2 VRP at 544.
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Wise did not explain any performance related reason for terminating Cooper’s employment
and had given Cooper a raise the previous month. When Cooper requested a written termination
notice, Wise e-mailed Cooper a termination letter stating:
“You have been terminated for the following reasons: dishonesty and disloyalty was proven against you by many incidents. When your husband came to my office and explained how dishonest you were stabbing me in the back, I held back till I found all the proof about his allegations. . . . As your husband said, you were working as a spy to sabotage the business from inside. You used your position to collect information that you thought may hurt me. I gave you many raises you didn’t deserve, but you didn’t honor that. This decision is irreversible. You will receive your pay with other employees on time.”
1 VRP at 222-23. Cooper did not receive a severance payment. She texted Wise multiple times
with request for back due wages and bonus payments.
Cooper had never been fired before and was embarrassed because she preferred to stay in
her jobs for long periods of time. Cooper recently left her husband after a “rocky” relationship and
had no income, so she moved in with her adult daughter. 1 VRP at 222. She looked for work but
had a hard time due to pandemic related closures. She was unemployed from March 2020 until
June 2021 when she got a job at another dental clinic.
IV. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Cooper sued the clinic and the Wises for gender discrimination via hostile work
environment, wrongful termination, and failing to provide meal periods.2 She sued Wise
individually for breach of contract based on the unpaid severance and bonus payments. She
claimed that she was entitled to double damages because the Wises willfully deprived her of wages.
2 Cooper originally brought some of her claims solely against the clinic but amended her complaint to add the Wises as individual defendants after the clinic filed for bankruptcy, staying the claims as to the clinic. Cooper also sued for unfair practices but voluntarily dismissed this claim before trial.
6 No. 58216-3-II
A. Pretrial Proceedings
1. Denial of Cooper’s motion for $10,000 in sanctions
After many months of discovery, Cooper moved to compel discovery and for $10,000 in
sanctions as well as attorney fees and costs. The court found the Wises intentionally failed to meet
their discovery obligations and ordered the Wises to pay attorney fees and costs but denied
Cooper’s request for $10,000 in sanctions. The court later imposed a total of $10,122.35 in attorney
fees and costs and set a payment deadline in two separate orders. The court calculated the amount
of fees according to the lodestar method, applying the relevant lodestar considerations. The Wises
did not meet the deadline and Cooper moved for nonmonetary sanctions.
The court heard evidence and argument about whether the Wises’ failure to pay court
ordered attorney fees was willful, including testimony about the Wises’ financial situation,
diminished income, and mounting cost of litigation. The court determined it could not rule that
there was willful disobedience and denied the motion for nonmonetary sanctions. Instead, it
reduced the attorney fee award to judgment with pre and post judgment interest.
2. Exclusion of the Wises’ character witnesses
Cooper moved to exclude, as improper character evidence, the testimony of employees
who worked at the clinic and patients who attended the clinic only after Cooper was fired. The
Wises responded that the employees’ testimony was relevant to whether Wise’s conduct was
offensive because “things may have been said during their employment that are similar to some of
the statements that [Cooper] [] alleged,” and they could testify about “whether or not that caused
them to feel the same feelings.” 1 VRP at 127. The Wises’ counsel expressed that this would aid
the jury in applying the reasonable person standard.
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The trial court granted the motion to exclude the Wises’ proposed character witnesses and
explained that testimony about events and patient or employee experiences that occurred after
Cooper’s termination were not relevant. The court also explained that testimony about others’
reactions to similar behavior from Wise was not an appropriate or relevant consideration under the
reasonable person inquiry. The Wises did not seek to make an offer of proof of who the excluded
witnesses were or what exactly the witnesses would say.
B. Jury Trial
1. Testimony at trial
Cooper testified about the employment relationship, workplace culture, and her termination
as described above. Other clinic employees and the former clinic owner provided extensive
corroboration. Cooper gave specific examples of the way Wise treated her. For instance, she
testified, “He made multiple comments about my weight.” 1 VRP at 195. She also testified, “There
was a time when I was having problems with an eye infection. I wasn’t able to wear any eye
makeup, and he noticed it right away and told me that I looked better with makeup on, that I should
be wearing makeup.” Id.
Cooper also explained the negative emotional effects of Wise’s harassment and another
employee recalled Cooper’s distress after Wise made comments about her body. Describing the
first staff meeting, Cooper testified, “I was shocked and couldn’t believe what I was hearing” and
“It made me feel really uncomfortable, wondering what was going to happen next.” 1 VRP at 174.
She also explained that she was offended by the policy and wanted to quit but stayed because she
did not have another job. She explained that Wise’s ongoing comments made her uncomfortable
and embarrassed. She also testified that Wise made inappropriate comments about his young
8 No. 58216-3-II
patients’ breasts, as well as telling patients to lose weight. When asked how the comments made
her feel, Cooper replied, “Horrible. Sorry. I felt bad for them. You could see the hurt and their
embarrassment, and I just had to sit there, and there was nothing that I could do, and so I felt bad
for them.” 1 VRP at 198.
Wise largely admitted that he made the alleged comments but claimed they were taken out
of context. For instance, Wise admitted to calling an employee “‘sexy’” but maintained that the
employee replied, “‘Thank you, and you too. By the way, you should say something else.’” 2 VRP
at 566. When asked about his comments toward his employees, he explained, “I used ‘hot’
interchangeably with ‘beautiful’ multiple times, until they told me otherwise.” 2 VRP at 569. He
testified that he wanted his employees to look like models, stating, “They’re modeling what I sell.
I sell smiles.” 2 VRP at 518. Wise admitted to making derogatory comments about the appearance
of women as well but denied his comments amounted to sexual harassment, even when his human
resources manager disagreed. He also acknowledged that he “probably” made comments about the
breasts of teenage patients. 2 VRP at 539.
Wise admitted to posting the policy described above but said it was “only a draft.” 2 VRP
at 553. He explained that although he tried to enforce the policy, he was unable to because he was
“too weak” and his employees were “controlling.” Id. He accused Cooper of manipulating the
document presented at trial to make him look bad, but he had stipulated to the admission of the
document and did not object to its introduction at trial.
Rima also testified. She explained that there were instances when Cooper worked fewer
overtime hours than reported on Cooper’s timesheets. She testified, “[A]fter reviewing the hours,
we know that she got overpaid.” 1 VRP at 450. Cooper did not object to that statement. The
9 No. 58216-3-II
statement was consistent with Cooper’s earlier testimony that she was overpaid at least once
because Rima often made errors when calculating employees’ timesheets.
The Wises’ counsel handed Rima a document that is not in our record that apparently
reflected Rima’s “review of [Cooper’s] wages a year and a half later.” 2 VRP at 693. After the
Wises’ counsel asked Rima several questions about the document and payments to Cooper, Cooper
objected on relevance grounds and stated, “I don’t believe Defendants have an offset claim.” 1
VRP at 453. The court sustained Cooper’s objection after a sidebar that was not reported. The
Wises did not make any argument or offer of proof on the record at that time, did not make another
attempt to lay a foundation for admitting the document, and never offered the document into
evidence.
2. Evidentiary rulings regarding text messages
The Wises presented several text message conversations through documentary evidence,
including messages from Cooper to Wise requesting payment for unpaid bonuses. The Wises
offered and the court admitted those text messages as exhibit 109 during their cross-examination
of Cooper. The Wises elicited testimony that Cooper was unsure about exactly how many bonus
payments were missed but believed she was owed seven $200 payments. Cooper did not object to
the document or any questions related to it.
Later, the Wises attempted to introduce other text messages and Cooper objected because
the messages were not produced in discovery. The court found that the Wises willfully violated
their CR 26(e) duty to seasonably supplement discovery and violated an earlier court order barring
them from introducing responsive documents not produced by the discovery deadline. The court
reasoned that the violation was willful because Wise mentioned the text messages in his deposition,
10 No. 58216-3-II
so the Wises’ counsel was aware of them and counsel had a continuing obligation to supplement
discovery. After balancing the totality of the circumstances, the court imposed sanctions but
permitted the use of the messages for impeachment purposes. The court reserved the amount of
the sanctions for a later time.3
During trial, the Wises sent Cooper three more packets of text messages that the parties do
not dispute were not fully produced prior to trial. All three potential exhibits were text messages
between the human resources manager and Wise regarding collateral matters. The court heard the
Wises’ argument as to why the exhibits should be admitted and the court excluded all three
documents after determining they were minimally relevant, if at all.
3. Closing arguments
Cooper’s closing argument focused on the Wises’ brazen attitude that they were above the
law, and asked the jury to “prove Dr. Wise and Ri[ma] Wise wrong” by “[s]how[ing] them that
nobody is above the law.” 2 VRP at 627. Cooper also emphasized that her testimony was
corroborated by her former coworkers’ testimony.
By contrast, the Wises argued that Wise’s comments were innocent reflections of Wise’s
cultural differences and because cosmetics were a part of dentistry. Wise also admitted that some
of his comments could be perceived as offensive but attempted to downplay the emotional impact
the comments made on Cooper. The Wises did not address the amount that Cooper was requesting
in damages.
3 Later, after the verdict, the court entered a sanctions award of $2,500 for this violation and other similar violations.
11 No. 58216-3-II
4. Jury question and verdict
Shortly before reaching its verdict, the jury submitted the following question: “Are
questions #3 [noneconomic damages for gender discrimination] and #5(a) [noneconomic damages
for wrongful termination] two sep[a]rate amounts or [are] they a combined total[?]” Clerk’s Papers
(CP) at 477. After hearing from the parties off the record, the court responded, “They are two
separate claims.” Id. After going back on the record, the court asked if the parties would like to
make a record of their positions regarding the jury’s question and the parties declined.
The jury found that the Wises engaged in gender discrimination by creating a hostile work
environment and awarded $350,000 in noneconomic damages on that claim. It found that Cooper
was wrongfully terminated and awarded $61,632 in economic damages and $350,000 in
noneconomic damages for that claim. It found that Wise breached his contracts with Cooper and
willfully withheld wages in the amount of $1,400 for unpaid bonuses and $3,840 for the unpaid
severance payment. It also found that the Wises willfully withheld $1,320 for missed meal periods.
The jury awarded Cooper a total of over $750,000.
C. Posttrial Procedure
1. Sanctions award
Shortly after the verdict, the court heard argument regarding sanctions for the Wises’
discovery violations. Cooper argued that the Wises sought admission of “at least four documents”
at trial that were responsive to discovery requests, yet not timely produced, apparently referring to
text message exchanges referenced above. 2 VRP at 658.
The Wises acknowledged the text messages between Wise and the female employee that
were the subject of the court’s prior sanctions ruling and did not dispute that Cooper was entitled
12 No. 58216-3-II
to sanctions for that document. However, the Wises asked that the court not impose sanctions for
other documents. Cooper did not request a specific amount of sanctions and the Wises asked that
the court “consider nominal sanctions” given that the jury decided against them. 2 VRP at 659.
The court made an oral finding that the Wises violated the court’s previous order
preventing the Wises from using any responsive document at trial if it had not been timely
produced. The court did not specify whether its ruling was based on all four instances that Cooper
requested sanctions for but referred to “things that were provided during trial that were in violation
of the Order.” Id. The court acknowledged that given the verdict, the violations “didn’t seem to
have a negative impact on the Plaintiff’s case” but stated that “it certainly isn’t something that the
Court condones.” Id. The court entered a sanctions award of $2,500.
2. Motion for new trial
After the verdict, before a judgment was entered, the Wises moved for a new trial and in
the alternative, for a remittitur. They presented three arguments.
First, the Wises argued that the court abused its discretion in excluding the testimony of
former clinic employees regarding “Wise’s pattern of behavior towards women in the workplace,
his tendency for lawfulness and/or respect for laws in the workplace.” CP at 531. The Wises
explained at oral argument that they were not challenging the court’s determination that the
testimony would not have been relevant to whether Cooper taking offense to Wise’s behavior was
reasonable. Rather, the Wises argued that they should have been entitled to introduce positive
character testimony to rebut Cooper’s evidence of Wise’s disrespectful, oppressive character and
his belief that he was above the law.
13 No. 58216-3-II
The court rejected this argument and explained that because the Wises never made an offer
of proof, it would “have to speculate” about the witnesses’ testimony. 2 VRP at 693. The court
explained that even assuming the witnesses would testify positively about Wise’s character, such
testimony was offered “purely as propensity.” 2 VRP at 692. The court also noted that the
witnesses would not be able to offer any relevant factual testimony because they did not work at
the clinic at the same time as Cooper.
Second, the Wises argued that the trial court erroneously excluded the copy of Cooper’s
timesheet with Rima’s handwritten notes. The Wises acknowledged that they were able to elicit
testimony from Rima “about whether Plaintiff had been overpaid based on the hours documented
in these records” but argued that the document itself was “absolutely necessary” to prove a bona
fide dispute regarding whether Cooper was entitled to the wages at issue in the case and thus defeat
Cooper’s claim of willfulness. CP at 531-32. They did not state when the document was prepared.
Cooper responded that the document would not be relevant to willfulness at the time of the
withholding because the document was printed and prepared much later. The trial court rejected
this argument and ruled that Rima’s “review of wages a year and a half later” was irrelevant to the
issue of willfulness at the time of the withholding. 2 VRP at 693.
Third and finally, the Wises argued that the jury’s verdict for noneconomic damages was
unsupported by substantial evidence and was the result of passion or prejudice. The Wises pointed
to the jury’s question during deliberations as evidence that the jury did not independently assess
the value of emotional damages warranted by the evidence, but instead was influenced by the
amount that Cooper requested. The Wises also argued that although Cooper failed to present
evidence of “severe” distress that required medical treatment, the jury awarded her much higher
14 No. 58216-3-II
noneconomic damages compared to other juries in cases where the plaintiffs had presented that
type of evidence. CP at 535. The cases used as comparators were decided between 1993-2011.
The court concluded that substantial evidence supported the verdict and that the Wises had
not shown passion or prejudice influenced the jury. The court explained, “Ms. Cooper testified as
to the impacts the termination had on her. So, I think there was substantial evidence there. The
notion that there has to be something specific, that there have to be doctors or anything like that,
isn’t supported in the law.” 2 VRP at 695. Additionally, the court found it persuasive that the Wises
presented neither evidence contradicting Cooper’s testimony of her own emotional distress, nor
any argument that Cooper’s emotional distress was worth a lower monetary amount than what she
requested. The trial court orally denied the posttrial motion for a new trial on November 15, 2022.
The trial court then entered a written order denying the motion for a new trial and final
judgment awarding Cooper $943,251.67 on March 21, 2023. The trial court’s judgment shows that
Wise and Rima were jointly and severally liable for a total of $521,139.67, which included attorney
fees and costs, as well as $2,500 in discovery sanctions. Wise was solely liable for a total of
$422,112. The court’s final calculation of attorney fees included the unpaid attorney fees
previously awarded for Cooper’s efforts to compel discovery. The Wises appealed within 30 days
of entry of the final judgment on April 10, 2023.
ANALYSIS
I. TIMELINESS
As an initial matter, Cooper argues that this appeal is untimely because the Wises did not
file their appeal until more than 30 days from the trial court’s denial of the Wises’ motion for a
15 No. 58216-3-II
new trial or remittitur. The Wises respond that the appeal is timely because they timely sought
review of the final judgment. We agree with the Wises.
Appellants must file a notice of appeal within the longer of (1) 30 days after the entry of
the decision the appellant wants reviewed, or (2) 30 days after the entry of an order granting or
denying a motion for a new trial. RAP 5.2(a), (e). RAP 2.2(a)(1) allows a party to appeal a “final
judgment entered in any action or proceeding.” An oral ruling is generally not appealable because
it “has no binding or final effect unless it is formally incorporated into findings of fact, conclusions
of law, and judgment.” State v. Dailey, 93 Wn.2d 454, 458-59, 610 P.2d 357 (1980); Grein v. La
Pomma, 47 Wn.2d 40, 41, 286 P.2d 97 (1955) (“An appeal does not lie from an oral decision.”).
Here, the trial court orally denied the Wises’ motion for a new trial on November 15, 2022,
but did not enter a written order at that time. The denial of the Wises’ motion for a new trial was
not reduced to a written order until the trial court also entered its final judgment on March 21,
2023. The Wises filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the final judgment on April 10, 2023.
Thus, the appeal is timely as it was filed fewer than 30 days after the entry of final judgment.
To the extent the issues raised in this appeal overlap with the trial court’s denial of the
Wises’ motion for a new trial, that does not make the appeal untimely. The court’s oral ruling was
not reduced to a written order, and this appeal from the trial court’s final judgment brings up for
review the trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial. RAP 2.4(f)(3). This appeal was timely
filed.
II. EVIDENTIARY RULINGS
The Wises challenge numerous evidentiary rulings: granting Cooper’s motion in limine to
exclude character testimony by Wise’s former employees who did not work at the clinic during
16 No. 58216-3-II
the same time as Cooper, sustaining Cooper’s objection to his questioning of Rima Wise regarding
a document about Cooper’s pay that he apparently planned to offer into evidence, and excluding
text messages between Cooper and Wise showing an agreement to settle for a lower bonus
payment.
We review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, deferring to the
judgment of the trial court unless no reasonable person would agree with the challenged ruling.
Gerlach v. Cove Apts., LLC, 196 Wn.2d 111, 119, 471 P.3d 181 (2020). Additionally, an erroneous
evidentiary ruling merits reversal only if the error is prejudicial. State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d
389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997). “‘[E]rror is not prejudicial unless, within reasonable probabilities,
the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error not occurred.’” Id.
(quoting State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 (1981)).
Ordinarily, we do not consider a challenge to a ruling excluding evidence unless the
proponent preserved the error by making an offer of proof pursuant to ER 103(a)(2). Adcox v.
Child.’s Orthopedic Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 123 Wn.2d 15, 26, 864 P.2d 921 (1993). An offer of proof
“‘informs the court of the legal theory’” of admissibility, “‘informs the judge of the specific nature
of the offered evidence,’” and “‘creates a record adequate for review.’” Id. (quoting State v. Ray,
116 Wn.2d 531, 538, 806 P.2d 1220 (1991)). An offer of proof need not be detailed, but the
proponent must at least communicate “the substance of the evidence in question.” Id. at 27. If the
proponent fails to make an offer of proof, we may review the ruling only if the substance is
apparent from the record. Id. at 26; ER 103(a)(2).
17 No. 58216-3-II
A. Former Employee Witnesses
The Wises argue that the trial court erroneously excluded the testimony of “four former
female employees who were to testify as to their positive experience” working at the clinic and
about the “lack of animus or hostility towards any employees on the basis of gender.” Appellants’
Opening Br. at 14. Cooper argues that the Wises failed to make an offer of proof about the
witnesses’ anticipated testimony and that the evidence was properly excluded. We agree with
Cooper.
The Wises acknowledge that they did not make an offer of proof, but argue that an offer of
proof was not required because an objection and an offer of proof are two alternative means of
preserving trial court error. This is incorrect because where, as here, the trial court’s ruling is one
excluding evidence, an offer of proof is required unless the substance of the excluded evidence is
otherwise apparent from the record. ER 103(a)(2).
The Wises also argue that counsel’s comments sufficed to create a reviewable record. They
cite to counsel’s argument that the witnesses could testify about “things [that] may have been said
during their employment that are similar to some of the statements that [Cooper] [] alleged, and
whether or not that caused them to feel the same feelings.” 1 VRP at 127. Although an offer of
proof need not be detailed, this vague statement did not alert the trial judge to the substance of the
anticipated testimony. Indeed, the trial court explained when addressing posttrial motions that it
did not have sufficient information and would thus “have to speculate” about their anticipated
testimony. 2 VRP at 693. We agree with the trial court that the substance of the anticipated
testimony was not sufficiently clear from the context and that the Wises did not make a sufficient
showing of what the witnesses would say to preserve this error for review.
18 No. 58216-3-II
Thus, we conclude that the alleged error is unpreserved and that due to the failure to
preserve the error, we do not have a sufficient record to consider the merits. RAP 9.10.4
B. Evidence of Erroneous Overpayment
The Wises argue that the trial court erroneously excluded evidence of overpayment that
would have been relevant to the issue of whether Cooper was entitled to double damages due to
willful withholding of wages. This appears to be a challenge to the trial court’s ruling sustaining
Cooper’s objection to the Wises’ apparent attempt to lay the foundation for admission of a
document during the Wises’ direct examination of Rima. Cooper argues that the Wises failed to
preserve the issue and that even if they had, any error would be harmless. We agree with Cooper.
The document at issue was never offered into evidence and is not in the record for this
appeal. The parties agree that the document was a printout of Cooper’s timesheet with Rima Wise’s
handwritten calculations on the document. The parties do not dispute that Rima prepared the
document approximately one and a half years after Cooper’s termination. The Wises elicited
testimony that Rima believed Cooper worked fewer overtime hours than her timesheets reflected.
Cooper objected to the line of questioning on relevance grounds because the Wises made
no offset claim. Counsel addressed the court in a sidebar that was not reported. The trial court
agreed with Cooper and sustained the objection. The Wises did not make any further argument or
offer of proof, did not make any further record, did not make another attempt to lay a foundation,
and never offered the document into evidence.
4 We note that were we to rely on the information provided—that the unnamed witnesses would have testified about their own reactions to similar behavior from Wise—the Wises have not shown the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded these other witnesses’ assessments were not relevant to the application of the reasonable person standard where the witnesses were not employed in the dental office at the same time Cooper was.
19 No. 58216-3-II
We first note that although the parties argue about the trial court’s “exclu[sion]” of the
document, because the Wises never moved to admit the document, the trial court did not actually
make a ruling excluding the document itself. The trial court instead sustained the objection to the
related line of questioning about Cooper’s overtime.
The Wises argued in their motion for a new trial, and they argue here, that the document
was relevant to establish a bona fide dispute to disprove that any wages were willfully withheld.
But the Wises fail to show where they alerted the trial court to the theory of relevance that they
now raise. See RAP 2.5(a); Allen v. Asbestos Corp., Ltd., 138 Wn. App. 564, 578, 157 P.3d 406
(2007) (declining to consider appellant’s challenge to exclusion of evidence because the theory of
admissibility raised on appeal was not argued at the trial court level). The party seeking to admit
evidence has a duty to inform the trial judge of their theory of admissibility “so the court may
make an informed ruling.” Adcox, 123 Wn.2d at 27. And here, the Wises’ counsel made no record
of what occurred in the sidebar before the trial court sustained the objection to the line of
questioning about Cooper’s overtime. Although the willfulness argument was in the Wises’ motion
for a new trial, raising the argument for the first time in their motion for a new trial was too late to
preserve the matter for our review. See id. at 28-29 (proponent of excluded evidence did not
preserve error by raising it in their posttrial motion, after the proponent “deliberately chose . . . not
to make an offer of proof at the critical time when the trial judge was deciding whether to exclude
the relevant evidence; [and chose] not to take any clear position about [the legal theory supporting
the relevance of the excluded evidence] during the pretrial rulings.”); Sherman v. Mobbs, 55 Wn.2d
202, 207, 347 P.2d 189 (1959) (“[C]ounsel cannot, in the trial of a case, remain silent as to claimed
errors, and later, if the verdict is adverse, urge [their] trial objections for the first time in [their]
20 No. 58216-3-II
motion for a new trial.”). Thus, the Wises cannot show that they timely alerted the trial court to
the error they now complain of in this appeal. RAP 2.5(a).
Finally, to the extent the Wises challenge their inability to elicit testimony regarding an
erroneous overpayment of overtime, they cannot show they were actually deprived of the
opportunity to present this testimony. Rima stated, without objection, that “after reviewing the
hours, we know that she got overpaid.” 1 VRP at 450. Cooper herself had already testified that she
was overpaid at least once because Rima often made errors when calculating employees’
timesheets. Thus, the Wises cannot show that they were not permitted to elicit this testimony, and
because the general overpayment testimony was in the record, the Wises were not precluded from
making their willfulness argument at trial.
We conclude that the alleged error is unpreserved and even if it were properly preserved,
the Wises cannot show prejudice.
C. Text Messages
The Wises argue that the trial court abused its discretion when it improperly excluded
evidence of text messages between Cooper and Wise that would have shown Cooper agreed to
settle the back due bonus payments for $800, rather than the $1,400 she was claiming at trial.
Cooper argues that the Wises have failed to sufficiently identify the alleged error of the trial court.
In their reply, the Wises argue that the text messages are sufficiently identified because they were
admitted into evidence. We agree with Cooper.
The Wises assert that at trial, they “attempted to introduce text messages between Plaintiff
and Defendant Dr. Sam Wise which showed Plaintiff acknowledged that the agreement to pay
periodic bonuses was terminated and agreed that the amount of unpaid bonuses owed was $800.”
21 No. 58216-3-II
Appellants’ Opening Br. at 20. For this assertion, they cite only to their motion for a new trial and
to their closing argument, which are not evidence. Based on the argument in their reply to this
court, the Wises appear to be referring to exhibit 109, a text message exchange between Cooper
and Wise that the court admitted into evidence during the Wises’ cross- examination of Cooper.
The Wises did not designate this exhibit or any others for transmittal to this court for
review, but the record shows that the text exchange was admitted with no objection and that the
Wises questioned Cooper about the contents without objection. The questioning indicates that the
text messages contained Cooper’s request for payment from Wise based on her own calculations
of her work hours and wages owed. The Wises have not alerted us to another evidentiary ruling
regarding the messages and, indeed, they agree the messages that are the basis of their challenge
were admitted into evidence, so it is unclear what error they seek to have us review.
We rely on the parties to alert us to the errors they complain of, but here, the Wises have
not identified any trial court ruling for us to review. And although we are not obligated to search
the record, our careful review of the record has revealed no other attempt by the Wises to admit a
text message exchange between Wise and Cooper regarding the unpaid bonuses. See Multicare v.
Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 173 Wn. App. 289, 299, 294 P.3d 768 (2013) (“We cannot and will
not comb through the record on the possibility that some mistake may lie somewhere within.”).
Because the Wises have failed to allege any error and have acknowledged that the text
messages they sought to introduce were actually admitted into evidence, they cannot show any
abuse of discretion by the trial court.
22 No. 58216-3-II
III. NONECONOMIC DAMAGES
The Wises argue that the trial court erred when it denied their motion for a new trial or
remittitur because the jury awarded noneconomic damages to Cooper that were unsupported by
substantial evidence and were the result of passion or prejudice. We disagree.
Parties may move for a new trial under CR 59 and, in the alternative, request a reduction
in the amount of damages awarded. RCW 4.76.030. We review the denial of a CR 59 motion
challenging a jury’s damages award “for a manifest abuse of discretion, while still deferring to the
jury’s constitutional role as ultimate fact finder.” Coogan v. Borg-Warner Morse Tec Inc., 197
Wn.2d 790, 815, 490 P.3d 200 (2021). We strongly presume the jury verdict is correct. Id. We do
not reweigh the evidence and we draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the
verdict. Id. at 810-12. We first ask whether the verdict was based on substantial evidence, and if
so, whether the verdict was a result of passion or prejudice. Id. at 813.
A. Substantial Evidence
A trial court may set aside a jury’s verdict when “there is no evidence or reasonable
inference from the evidence to justify the verdict.” CR 59(a)(7). The moving party must show that
the verdict “‘is outside the range of substantial evidence in the record.’” Coogan, 197 Wn.2d at
811 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Bunch v. King County Dep’t of Youth Servs., 155
Wn.2d 165, 179, 116 P.3d 381 (2005)). Substantial evidence supports a verdict involving
noneconomic damages if the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,
“‘would convince an unprejudiced, thinking mind’” that the plaintiff suffered some emotional
distress. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Bunch, 155 Wn.2d at 179). “The distress
23 No. 58216-3-II
need not be severe.” Bunch, 155 Wn.2d at 180. A plaintiff’s testimony alone can constitute
substantial evidence and corroboration is not required. Id. at 181.
Here, the jury found that Cooper was entitled to noneconomic damages in the amount of
$350,000 for her hostile work environment claim and $350,000 for her wrongful termination
claim. The Wises argue, as they argued in their CR 59 motion, that the emotional distress awards
were unsupported by substantial evidence because in their view, Cooper needed to present
extrinsic evidence of emotional distress or at least testify to severe distress. They complain that
unlike other plaintiffs who presented medical or other extrinsic evidence, Cooper “merely named
her emotions and left the jury to speculate.” Appellants’ Opening Br. at 24.
However, Cooper testified extensively and presented corroborating evidence supporting
the emotional distress verdict for both the jury awards. With regard to hostile work environment,
Cooper testified about her discomfort and shock at the Wises’ offensive words and actions in the
workplace. And even absent that direct evidence, the jury could infer emotional distress based on
Cooper’s and other witnesses’ descriptions of Wise’s conduct in the workplace, as well as conduct
he admitted to. We agree with the trial court that substantial evidence supported the noneconomic
damages award for hostile work environment.
With regard to wrongful termination, Cooper testified that she was fired in a
confrontational manner during the early months of COVID-19, had to move in with her daughter,
had trouble finding a new job, and was embarrassed because she had never been fired before. She
remained unemployed for nearly a year during a notoriously difficult time for job seekers, between
March 2020 to June 2021. This is sufficient for the jury to infer emotional distress and the case
law provides that emotional distress “need not be severe.” Bunch, 155 Wn.2d at 180. Therefore,
24 No. 58216-3-II
the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that substantial evidence supported
the jury’s noneconomic damages awards.
B. Passion or Prejudice
The Wises argue in the alternative that the award resulted from passion or prejudice.
Because substantial evidence supports the award, the jury had discretion to decide the amount of
the award based on the evidence presented. Id. at 181. We may reverse the trial court only if the
trial court erred by concluding the verdict was not “the result of passion or prejudice.” CR 59(a)(5).
We ask whether “the only reasonable view is that something other than the evidence at trial
unmistakably caused the jury’s verdict.” Coogan, 197 Wn.2d at 815-16.
In their CR 59 motion, the Wises argued that the jury could not have based its verdict on
the evidence because the jury asked how much in noneconomic damages Cooper was seeking and
awarded Cooper that amount. But to show passion or prejudice, the record must show that the
verdict was “influenced by ‘untoward incidents of such extreme and inflammatory nature that the
court’s admonitions and instructions could not cure or neutralize them.’” Id. at 814 (quoting James
v. Robeck, 79 Wn.2d 864, 871, 490 P.2d 878 (1971)). Here, the jury’s question shows merely that
the jury sought clarification of Cooper’s request for damages and does not indicate anything
untoward, extreme, or inflammatory occurred in the jury room.
The Wises make no argument that the court’s answer was improper—and to the extent they
impliedly challenge the answer itself, they declined to make a record of the sidebar discussion
when the court asked whether they wanted to do so. We presume jurors follow their instructions
and defer to the jury as the ultimate factfinder, especially as to the amount of damages. Id.at 815.
25 No. 58216-3-II
Thus, we decline the Wises’ invitation to infer juror misconduct from a question that the Wises
did not view as problematic until after the verdict returned.
Because the Wises cannot show any evidence of passion or prejudice, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying their motion for a new trial or remittitur.
IV. DISCOVERY SANCTIONS
The Wises argue that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding sanctions for their
pretrial discovery violation because the court failed to consider their financial circumstances and
ability to pay. Cooper responds that the court never entered the challenged sanctions award and
that we should decline to review the actual sanctions award that was entered in the amount of
$2,500. We agree with Cooper that the sanctions challenge is vague and does not identify the
supposed error. Nevertheless, to the extent the Wises have raised a reviewable claim of error with
respect to the $2,500 sanctions award, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in concluding the underlying discovery violation was willful.
The sanctions section of the Wises’ opening brief seems to conflate the court’s treatment
of two distinct sanctions requests: (1) Cooper’s pretrial motion for sanctions based on the Wises’
failure to meet their discovery obligations and (2) Cooper’s subsequent sanctions request made
during trial after the Wises’ attempt to introduce previously undisclosed text messages. The first
request in the amount of $10,000 was denied. The second request was granted, but the court
reserved determination of the amount and later awarded $2,500 for this and similar violations.
We presume the Wises mean to challenge the sanctions that were actually entered against
them in the amount of $2,500.
26 No. 58216-3-II
The Wises argue that the court erroneously concluded that their discovery violations were
willful by failing to consider the Wises’ financial circumstances. However, the Wises’ financial
circumstances were irrelevant to whether they willfully withheld responsive documents and then
attempted to use those documents at trial. It is possible that their finances may have been relevant
to the earlier ruling regarding their failure to pay attorney fees, but the court considered their
finances at that time and ultimately denied that motion for nonmonetary sanctions. And the
willfulness ruling they quote in their brief concerned their obligation under court rules and a court
order to produce text messages that they were aware of as early as Wise’s deposition. The Wises’
finances were irrelevant to the conduct for which the $2,500 sanctions were imposed. Therefore,
we find no error in the fact that the court did not consider the Wises’ ability to pay before it made
that ruling.
The Wises pivot in their reply brief and argue instead that the trial court’s pretrial award of
attorney fees and costs in the amount of $10,122.35 awarded for Cooper’s efforts to compel
discovery, was actually a sanction that the Wises have challenged on appeal. But the trial court
characterized this award as an award of attorney fees. The court calculated the fees according to
the lodestar method, applying the relevant lodestar considerations and included it in the final
attorney fee calculation posttrial. Even if we were to agree that this award was a sanction, the
Wises have not shown that their ability to pay is a required consideration when compensating a
party for steps taken to compel discovery. The trial court did not err in its order imposing attorney
fees and costs for efforts Cooper made to compel discovery.
27 No. 58216-3-II
ATTORNEY FEES
Cooper requests attorney fees on appeal. We award reasonable attorney fees under RAP
18.1 to a prevailing party who is entitled to fees under applicable law. Here, as the prevailing party
in a gender discrimination lawsuit, Cooper is entitled to reasonable attorney fees in this appeal.
RCW 49.60.030(2). Cooper is also entitled to fees under RCW 49.48.030 because she prevailed in
her wage claims.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the Wises have not shown any error and we affirm the trial court. We
grant Cooper’s request for reasonable appellate attorney fees in an amount to be determined by a
commissioner of this court.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
GLASGOW, J. We concur:
CRUSER, C.J.
VELJACIC, J.