FILED Nov 14 2023, 8:32 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Timothy S. Schafer Michael E. Tolbert Timothy S. Schafer, II Shelice R. Tolbert Todd S. Schafer Candace C. Williams Schafer & Schafer, LLP Tolbert & Tolbert Merrillville, Indiana Gary, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Daniel Shirley, November 14, 2023 Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No. 23A-CT-204 v. Appeal from the Porter Superior Court Daniel R. Shaver, The Honorable Michael A. Fish, Appellee-Defendant. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 64D01-1703-CT-3080
Opinion by Judge Tavitas Judges Pyle and Foley concur.
Tavitas, Judge.
Case Summary [1] Daniel Shirley sued Daniel Shaver for negligence arising out of a collision in
which Shaver rear ended Shirley’s vehicle. The jury found in favor of Shirley; Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 1 of 17 however, it determined that Shirley was partially at fault. Shirley appeals and
argues: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by refusing one of Shirley’s
proposed instructions and instructing the jury on a motorist-safety statute; and
(2) the jury’s verdict is inadequate. We find these arguments without merit and,
accordingly, affirm.
Issues [2] Shirley raises two issues, which we reorder and restate as:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury.
II. Whether the jury’s verdict is inadequate.
Facts [3] In 2013, Shirley was “T-boned” in a car accident. Tr. Vol. II p. 212. The
vehicle that struck Shirley was traveling at approximately fifty miles per hour.
After the accident, an ambulance transported Shirley to the hospital. Shirley
experienced back, neck, and shoulder pain; limited range of motion in his back;
a bruised kidney; and blood in his urine. After a short time, however, Shirley’s
back pain disappeared, and his life went “back to normal.” Id. at 169.
[4] This case concerns a different car accident that occurred on March 26, 2016.
Shirley was driving along a single-lane highway in Valparaiso, Indiana. As the
vehicle in front of Shirley slowed down to turn left, Shirley stopped his vehicle.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 2 of 17 [5] Meanwhile, Shaver, driving behind Shirley, was “daydreaming and looking to
the left” and rear-ended Shirley at approximately fifty miles per hour. Id. at
146. According to Shaver, Shirley “slammed on his brakes” too late for Shaver
to come to a stop. Id. at 154.
[6] Shirley experienced soreness in his lower back after the accident; however, he
did not seek medical treatment until approximately two months later when he
went to the emergency room and complained of right lumbar back pain.
Shirley explained to the treating physician that the pain started after the 2016
car accident and that the pain initially “went away” but returned while Shirley
was playing basketball with his son. Ex. Vol. IV p. 66. Shirley’s primary care
physician ordered an MRI, which revealed a herniated disc in Shirley’s lower
back.
[7] Shirley was referred to the Lakeshore Bone and Joint Institute, and he began
participating in therapy and receiving epidural steroid injections from pain
specialist Dr. Heather Nath. Shirley’s pain improved but did not disappear,
and his condition worsened over time. In particular, the disc continued to
degenerate, and Shirley experienced pain in both the right and left lumbar
regions of his back. Both Dr. Nath and the defense’s medical expert,
orthopedic specialist Dr. Gary Klaud Miller, opined that Shirley’s condition is
permanent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 3 of 17 [8] Shirley sued Shaver for negligence arising out of the 2016 car accident, and a
jury trial was held in April 2019. That trial, however, resulted in a mistrial, and
a second jury trial was held in November 2022.
[9] At trial, Shirley denied slamming his brakes. Shirley also explained that he did
not immediately seek medical treatment after the 2016 accident because he
assumed that his pain would go away as it had after the 2013 accident.
[10] According to Shirley, he experiences daily pain that fluctuates from “minimal”
to “a lot worse tha[n] minimal.” Tr. Vol. II p. 180. He admitted, however, that
he described his pain as “nominal” during the first jury trial. Id. at 230.
Shirley’s employment has not changed, and he continues to engage in many of
the same activities that he did before the 2016 accident, including camping and
attending sporting events. Shirley experiences discomfort during these activities
and must make adjustments, including using a standing desk and occasionally
wearing a back brace.
[11] The jury viewed video depositions of Drs. Nath and Miller. Dr. Nath attributed
Shirley’s injury to the 2016 accident. Dr. Miller, however, opined that Shirley
had a preexisting degenerative disc condition and that the 2013 car accident
also contributed to Shirley’s injury. Dr. Miller noted that no MRI showed the
status of Shirley’s back prior to the 2016 accident.
[12] During closing arguments, Shirley’s counsel asked the jury to award $5 million
based on Shirley’s pain and suffering and potential, future medical expenses,
which included the possibility of surgery. Defense counsel argued that Shaver
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 4 of 17 was not wholly responsible for Shirley’s injuries and urged the jury to award no
more than Shirley’s current medical expenses, which totaled $15,623.61 at the
time. On rebuttal, Shirley’s counsel stated that “this case isn’t really about
medical bills.” Tr. Vol. III p. 115.
[13] The jury found in Shirley’s favor; however, it found Shirley twenty-percent at
fault and Shaver eighty-percent at fault. The jury determined that Shirley’s
damages totaled $8,300, which it reduced to $6,640 based on Shirley’s share of
the fault. 1 Shirley now appeals.
Discussion and Decision I. Abuse of Discretion—Jury Instructions
[14] We first address Shirley’s argument that the trial court abused its discretion in
instructing the jury. We afford our trial courts “‘considerable discretion’” when
engaging in this crucial role. Ind. State Police v. Estate of Damore, 194 N.E.3d
1147, 1165 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022) (quoting Humphrey v. Tuck, 151 N.E.3d 1203,
1207 (Ind. 2020)), trans. denied. When a party challenges the trial court’s
decision to give or refuse a jury instruction, we consider the following:
(1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there is evidence in the record to support the giving of the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other instructions which are given.
1 Shirley filed a motion to correct error, which the trial court denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 5 of 17 Reversal arises only if the appellant demonstrates that the instruction error prejudices his substantial rights.
Hernandez v. State, 45 N.E.3d 373, 376 (Ind. 2015) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted). The first consideration is a legal question, which we
review de novo, whereas the other two are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Humphrey, 151 N.E.3d at 1207.
A. Apportionment Instruction
[15] In Final Instruction No. 20, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
A person’s conduct is legally responsible for causing an injury if:
(1) the injury would not have occurred without the conduct, and
(2) the injury was a natural, probable, and foreseeable result of the conduct.
This is called a “responsible cause.”
There can be more than one responsible cause for an injury.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 133. The instruction closely follows Indiana Model
Civil Jury Instruction 301.
[16] Additionally, the trial court provided a comparative fault instruction, which
instructed the jury to “apportion the fault” between the parties and that the
apportionment must “total 100 percent.” Id. at 146. The trial court also
instructed the jury that it could not hold Shaver liable to the extent that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 6 of 17 Shirley’s damages were caused solely by a preexisting condition or the 2013
accident.
[17] Shirley argues that, instead of delivering Final Instruction No. 20, the trial court
should have instructed the jury based on his proposed instruction, which
contained the same language as the trial court’s instruction but added the
following additional language:
Where a logical basis can be found for some rough practical apportionment between responsible causes, it may be made. However, where no such basis can be found and the division is purely arbitrary, there is no practical course except to hold the defendant liable for the entire injury, notwithstanding the fact that other causes have contributed to it.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 171. Shirley drew this language, with some
changes, from Dunn v. Cadiente, 516 N.E.2d 52, 56 (Ind. 1987). At trial, Shirley
argued that his proposed instruction should be given to provide the jury with an
“idea of how to handle the situation when there is more than one responsible . .
. cause.” Tr. Vol. III p. 17. The trial court refused the instruction. On appeal,
Shirley argues that, without this language, the jury was not instructed on “how
to handle the situation where [the jury] can’t determine what is pre-existing and
what is aggravated or caused by the crash[.]” Appellant’s Br. p. 27.
[18] In Dunn, the patient sued his physician for medical malpractice, and he
appealed the judgment of $24,065 as inadequate. 516 N.E.2d at 53. In
discussing the patient’s preexisting condition, our Supreme Court stated the
following: Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 7 of 17 To the extent that there may have been conflicting evidence regarding the extent to which all of [the patient’s] injuries and losses were causally related to [the physician’s] conduct or the congenital anomaly, the question may be viewed as one of apportionment of damages. Upon this issue, Prosser favors the following approach:
Where a logical basis can be found for some rough practical apportionment, which limits a defendant’s liability to that part of the harm which he has in fact caused, it may be expected that the division will be made. Where no such basis can be found and any division must be purely arbitrary, there is no practical course except to hold the defendant for the entire loss, notwithstanding the fact that other causes have contributed to it.
Prosser, [Law of Torts, 4th Edition], p. 314. . . . Viewing the evidence favorable to the judgment, we find it does not inescapably lead to the conclusion that apportionment is impossible. Thus the trial court did not err in failing to award damages for all of the injuries and losses claimed by [the patient].
Id. at 56 (emphasis added).
[19] We find Dunn distinguishable, and we conclude that the trial court properly
refused the proposed instruction. The proposed instruction does not correctly
state the law because it contradicts Indiana’s Comparative Fault Act.
[20] The Comparative Fault Act provides, in relevant part:
(b) The court, unless all the parties agree otherwise, shall instruct the jury to determine its verdict in the following manner:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 8 of 17 (1) The jury shall determine the percentage of fault of the claimant, of the defendant, and of any person who is a nonparty. . . . In assessing percentage of fault, the jury shall consider the fault of all persons who caused or contributed to cause the alleged injury, death, or damage to property, tangible or intangible . . . .
*****
Ind. Code § 34-51-2-7(b) (emphasis added); see also Sedam v. 2JR Pizza
Enterprises, LLC, 84 N.E.3d 1174, 1178-79 (Ind. 2017) (“The Comparative Fault
Act provides that the jury must apportion fault to those ‘who caused or
contributed to cause the alleged injury[.]’”) (quoting Ind. Code § 34-51-2-
8(b)(1)) (emphasis added). The term “fault” “includes unreasonable
assumption of risk not constituting an enforceable express consent, incurred
risk, and unreasonable failure to avoid an injury or to mitigate damages.” Ind.
Code § 34-6-2-45(b).
[21] Here, the jury’s role was to determine the extent to which Shirley suffered harm
that was not due solely to a preexisting condition or the 2013 accident. The
jury was then permitted to consider whether Shirley was at fault for his sudden
stop before the 2016 accident and for failing to timely seek medical treatment.
If the jury found Shirley partially at fault for his injuries, the plain language of
the Comparative Fault Act required the jury to then apportion fault between
Shirley and Shaver accordingly. The proposed instruction, however, would
permit the jury to refrain from apportioning fault and to instead hold Shaver
responsible for the entirety of Shirley’s damages. See Hainey v. Zink, 394 N.E.2d
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 9 of 17 238, 242 (Ind. Ct. App. 1979) (“[T]he trial court may not, by contradictory
instructions, leave the jury with the task of determining which of the two
instructions to follow or what rule of law to apply.” (citing Deckard v. Adams,
203 N.E.2d 303, 306 (Ind. 1965); Childs v. Rayburn, 346 N.E.2d 655, 663 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1976))).
[22] It is true that the proposed instruction is drawn, with minor modifications, from
Dunn. Indiana courts, however, have long held that “‘certain language or
expression’ used by an appellate court ‘to reach its final conclusion’ is ‘not
[necessarily] proper language for instructions to a jury.’” Batchelor v. State, 119
N.E.3d 550, 563 (Ind. 2019) (quoting Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 459, 462 (Ind.
2003)) (brackets in original). That is the case here.
[23] A close review of Dunn confirms the impropriety of using its apportionment
language as a jury instruction in comparative fault cases. To begin, the
language appears to be dicta. The Indiana Supreme Court ultimately held in
Dunn that apportionment was not impossible and that the trial court properly
declined to hold the physician liable for the full extent of the patient’s injuries.
516 N.E.2d at 56. The situation where an apportionment could not be made,
thus, was not before the Court. See Sw. Allen Cnty. Fire Prot. Dist. v. City of Fort
Wayne, 142 N.E.3d 946, 956 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (statements that are not
necessary in the determination of the issues presented are dicta and are not
binding), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 10 of 17 [24] Additionally, a review of Professor William L. Prosser’s discussion of
apportionment—upon which Dunn relied—further confirms our doubts about a
Dunn-based apportionment instruction in comparative fault cases. Professor
Prosser envisioned, as scenarios where apportionment would be impossible,
when two defendants, “struggling for a single gun, succeed in shooting the
plaintiff” or two defendants pollute a stream with oil that ignites and “burns the
plaintiff’s barn.” Prosser, Law of Torts, 4th Edition, p. 314. The Comparative
Fault Act, however, “abrogates the old rule of joint and several liability in suits
to which the Act applies.” Ind. Dep’t of Ins. v. Everhart, 960 N.E.2d 129, 138
(Ind. 2012).
[25] Most significantly, Dunn was a medical malpractice case to which the
Comparative Fault Act does not apply. See Cavens v. Zaberdac, 849 N.E.2d 526,
530 (Ind. 2006) (citing Ind. Code § 34-51-2-1). Whatever the validity of a Dunn-
based apportionment instruction, it does not correctly state the law in a case
such as this where the Comparative Fault Act applies. Accordingly, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by refusing the proposed instruction. 2
B. Instruction on Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24
[26] In Final Instruction No. 18, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
2 In explaining why it refused the proposed instruction, the trial court noted that it was not part of the pattern instruction. Though we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing the instruction, the mere fact that a proposed instruction does not follow a pattern instruction is not a proper basis to refuse it. See Ramirez v. State, 174 N.E.3d 181, 199 (Ind. 2021) (“[W]hile it is ‘preferred practice’ to use pattern jury instructions, we do not require it.”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 11 of 17 When the events in this case happened, Indiana Code § 9-21-8-24 provided, in part, as follows: “A person may not:
(1) slow down or stop a vehicle;
(2) turn a vehicle from a direct course upon a highway; or
(3) change from one (1) traffic lane to another; unless the movement can be made with reasonable safety.”
If you decide from the greater weight of the evidence that a person violated Indiana Code § 9-21-8-24, and that the violation was not excused, then you must decide that person was negligent.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 131.
[27] At the time the events took place, the full text of Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-
24 provided:
A person may not:
(3) change from one (1) traffic lane to another;
unless the movement can be made with reasonable safety. Before making a movement described in this section, a person shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding the horn if any pedestrian may be affected by the movement and give an appropriate stop or turn signal in the manner provided
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 12 of 17 in sections 27 through 28 of this chapter if any other vehicle may be affected by the movement.
Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24 (1991) (emphasis added). 3
[28] At trial, Shirley objected to the instruction and argued that “[t]he purpose of
[Indiana Code § 9-21-8-24] is signaling,” which he contended was not at issue
in the case. Tr. Vol. III p. 25. Shirley argued, as he does on appeal, that the
instruction was irrelevant and, because it omitted the second half of Indiana
Code Section 9-21-8-24, it was also misleading.
[29] The trial court overruled Shirley’s objection to the instruction. The trial court
stated that Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24 required safe movement of a vehicle
“generally speaking” and was not merely a signaling statute. Tr. Vol. III p. 31.
The trial court then explained that, based on the evidence that Shirley came to a
“sudden stop,” the statute applied and the instruction thereon was proper. Id.
[30] We conclude that the trial court was within its discretion to deliver the
instruction as it did. First, Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24 was clearly relevant.
Shaver presented evidence that Shirley came to a sudden stop, which is relevant
to the statute’s requirement that no person “slow down or stop a vehicle” unless
the movement can be made with reasonable safety. Ind. Code § 9-21-8-24(1).
3 The statute has since been amended, although the pertinent language remains the same.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 13 of 17 Though Shirley denied coming to a sudden stop, that evidentiary conflict was
for the jury to decide.
[31] Shirley argues that the statute is merely a “signaling instruction” and “has no
application to a driver that has the right of way.” Appellant’s Br. pp. 28-29. He
relies on Burge v. Teter, 808 N.E.2d 124 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), which we find
distinguishable. In that case, the Teters were turning from the left lane as the
left-lane traffic light was green. Id. at 127. While the Teters were in the
intersection, the light changed to yellow, and Burge, who was travelling in the
opposite direction, struck the Teters’ vehicle. Id. The Teters sued, and the jury
found in their favor.
[32] On appeal, Burge argued that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing his
proposed instruction on Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24. A panel of this Court
disagreed and held that “the language of Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24
indicates that it does not apply to a driver who has the right-of-way pursuant to
a traffic signal.” Id. at 131.
[33] Nothing in Burge suggests that Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24 is merely a
signaling statute. The Court’s use of the words “traffic signal” in that case
referred to the traffic light, not the turn signals or horn of a vehicle. Moreover,
whether Shirley had the right of way is irrelevant here—the issue is whether
Shirley’s alleged sudden stop contributed to the rear-end collision.
[34] Additionally, because signaling was irrelevant to this case, we fail to see how
the trial court’s omission of the second half of Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 14 of 17 prejudiced Shirley. The trial court was within its discretion to tailor the
instruction to “conform to the facts of the case.” See Burdick v. Romano, 148
N.E.3d 335, 344 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (holding that trial court did not abuse its
discretion by omitting certain language from statute in jury instruction when
only a portion of the statute was relevant to plaintiff’s complaint), trans. denied.
Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion either by
failing to instruct the jury on the proposed instruction or by instructing the jury
on only the relevant portion of Indiana Code Section 9-21-8-24.
II. Inadequate Damages Award
[35] Lastly, Shirley argues that the jury’s damages award was inadequate and that
we must remand for a new trial. We are not persuaded.
[36] “[J]uries are afforded a great deal of discretion in assessing damage awards.”
Best Formed Plastics, LLC v. Shoun, 51 N.E.3d 345, 353 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)
(citing Ritter v. Stanton, 745 N.E.2d 828, 843 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied),
trans. denied. As this Court has explained:
[W]hen reviewing a claim that an award of damages is inadequate, we will neither reweigh evidence, nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. We consider only the evidence favorable to the award. Additionally, we must not reverse a damage award so long as the damages fall within the scope of the evidence. The finder of fact is in the best position to assess damages.
DeGood Dimensional Concepts, Inc. v. Wilder, 135 N.E.3d 625, 634 (Ind. Ct. App.
2019) (internal citations omitted), trans. denied; accord Renner v. Shepard-Bazant,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 15 of 17 172 N.E.3d 1208, 1212 (Ind. 2021). A new trial, however, is warranted where
“‘the damages awarded are so small as to indicate that the jury . . . considered
some improper element.’” Sherman v. Kluba, 734 N.E.2d 701, 704 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2000) (quoting Hudson v. Dave McIntire Chevrolet, Inc., 390 N.E.2d 179, 182
(Ind. Ct. App. 1979)), trans. denied.
[37] Here, the evidence indicated that Shirley’s pain fluctuated and was often mild.
Shirley was able to engage in many of the same activities that he did before the
2016 accident so long as he made adjustments. Additionally, the jury was
properly instructed that it could not hold Shaver responsible to the extent that
Shirley’s injuries were caused solely by a preexisting condition or the 2013
accident. The jury determined that Shirley’s damages totaled $8,300, which it
reduced to $6,640 based on Shirley’s share of the fault.
[38] Shirley argues that the damages award is inadequate because it is less than
Shirley’s medical bills, which totaled $15,623.61 at the time of trial. Shirley
further argues that the jury must have awarded a low verdict because defense
counsel invited the jury to consider the fact that Shirley was insured and that
Shaver would have to pay the verdict personally. 4
4 Shirley directs us to two remarks made by defense counsel at trial. On cross examination, defense counsel asked Shirley how a “sleep study” in which he participated was paid for, and Shirley objected, which the trial court sustained. Tr. Vol. II p. 220. During closing arguments, defense counsel stated that Shaver had a right to investigate the claim against him and that Shaver was not required to merely “show up and open up the checkbook.” Tr. Vol. III p. 98. Shirley objected, and the objection was overruled. Read in context, we are not persuaded that these passing statements invited the jury to consider improper bases in reaching its verdict.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 16 of 17 [39] This Court is not quick to infer that a jury based its decision on improper
grounds, and we will not do so here. Husainy v. Granite Mgmt., LLC, 132 N.E.3d
486, 494 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (“We will not deem a verdict to be the result of
improper considerations, unless it cannot be explained on any other reasonable
ground.” (quotation omitted)). Here, recovering Shirley’s existing medical
expenses was hardly a focus of Shirley’s theory of damages. Shirley focused on
recovering for pain and suffering and potential, future medical expenses.
Indeed, in a motion in limine made before trial, Shirley indicated that he was
“waiving [his] claim for medical bills, thus making the medical bills and their
amount irrelevant.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 66. Similarly, neither Shirley’s
insurance nor Shaver’s financial responsibility for the judgment were anything
close to focal points at trial. Rather, the defense argued that Shirley’s injuries
were due to a preexisting condition and earlier car accident, for which Shaver
was not responsible, and that Shirley’s pain was not severe. The jury’s verdict
is consistent with this theory. We will not reweigh the evidence. Accordingly,
we affirm the jury’s verdict.
Conclusion [40] The trial court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury, and the jury’s
verdict does not warrant a new trial. Accordingly, we affirm.
[41] Affirmed.
Pyle, J., and Foley, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-CT-204 | November 14, 2023 Page 17 of 17