IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2017-CA-01480-COA
CYNTHIA HOLLAND APPELLANT
v.
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF APPELLEES REHABILITATION SERVICES, ABILITY WORKS INC. AND DEBBIE BLACKSTON
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/06/2017 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROBERT B. HELFRICH COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: FORREST COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: PAUL MANION ANDERSON CORY NATHAN FERRAEZ SAMUEL STEVEN McHARD MARCUS ALAN McLELLAND ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: BRADLEY ADAM HAYS MICHAEL D. GOGGANS CHRISTOPHER OWEN MASSENBURG NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 07/23/2019 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
TINDELL, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. On September 3, 2015, Cynthia Holland was involved in a motor vehicle accident
with an employee of the Mississippi Department of Rehabilitation Services (“MDRS”).
Pursuant to the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”), on August 15, 2016, Holland served
MDRS with a notice of complaint and thereafter waited ninety-five days before filing her
complaint. Holland filed suit in the Forrest County Circuit Court on December 2, 2016,
against multiple defendants, including MDRS. Holland then hired a process server, who failed to “properly serve” the Attorney General’s Office within 120 days pursuant to
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(5). After learning about the process server’s error,
Holland served MDRS sixteen days after the 120-day deadline required by Rule 4(h) and
immediately filed a motion for determination that service was proper upon MDRS or
alternatively for an extension of time to serve process.
¶2. MDRS filed a motion to dismiss for failure to properly serve within 120 days of filing
the complaint. In its order and final judgment, the circuit court denied Holland’s motion and
granted MDRS’s motion, finding that Holland failed to establish good cause and failed to
properly serve MDRS within 120 days. The circuit court also dismissed Holland’s suit
without prejudice, which Holland now appeals. Finding that Holland properly demonstrated
good cause for her failure to serve MDRS, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶3. Holland was involved in a motor vehicle accident on September 3, 2015, when her
vehicle collided with a vehicle owned by Ability Works Inc. and driven by an MDRS
employee. Holland served MDRS with her notice of complaint on August 15, 2016, and
then, pursuant to the MTCA, waited the requisite ninety days to file her complaint. Holland
filed suit in the Forrest County Circuit Court on December 2, 2016, for damages relating to
the accident.
¶4. On March 10, 2017, Holland delivered a copy of the complaint and summons to the
MDRS office in Hattiesburg. Holland then hired Davy Keith, an experienced process server,
to serve all the named defendants with copies of the complaint, summons and written
2 discovery, including MDRS, through the Attorney General’s Office. On March 27, 2017,
Holland’s attorney emailed Davy Keith, inquiring about the service of process. Keith
responded the same day, stating, “[A]ll served and aff’s [affidavits] will be scanned and
mailed to you.” Thereafter, MDRS filed its answer and responses to written discovery on
April 7, 2017.
¶5. On April 15, 2017, Holland’s attorney received the affidavits showing proof of service
from Keith, except for an affidavit for the Attorney General’s Office on behalf of MDRS.
Holland’s attorney contacted Keith to ask about the missing affidavit, but received no
response from Keith until April 17, 2017. Keith responded, notifying Holland that due to a
computer assignment error the complaint and summons intended for the Attorney General’s
Office had been mistakenly served upon another defendant. Holland’s counsel then notified
Keith to immediately serve the Attorney General’s Office, and Keith did so accordingly.
Service of process, however, at this point, was sixteen days past the expiration of the 120-day
deadline imposed by Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h).
¶6. The following day, on April 18, 2017, Holland’s counsel filed a “Motion for Court
Determination of Proper Service on Defendant Mississippi Department of Rehabilitation
Services or in the Alternative Motion for Additional Time to Perfect Service.” MDRS filed
its motion to dismiss for failure to serve process on May 10, 2017, and Holland filed her
response to this motion on May 15, 2017. After conducting a hearing on the matters, the
circuit court denied Holland’s motion on June 7, 2017, finding that she had failed to serve
the Attorney General’s Office within the requisite 120-day time period and that she had failed
3 to provide the court with a proper showing of good cause. The circuit court entered its final
judgment on October 6, 2017, dismissing Holland’s claim without prejudice, and Holland
now appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶7. We review the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss de novo. Blakeney v. Warren
County, 973 So. 2d 1037, 1039 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008). But when the circuit court
applies fact-based findings in its determination of good cause or excusable neglect, the Court
defers to the discretionary ruling of the circuit court and questions “whether there was
substantial evidence supporting the determination.” Rains v. Gardner, 731 So. 2d 1192,
1197 (¶18) (Miss. 1999). We will reverse a circuit court’s determination of good cause of
excusable neglect upon a finding that the circuit court abused its discretion. Long v.
Memorial Hosp. at Gulfport, 969 So. 2d 35, 38 (¶5) (Miss. 2007).
ANALYSIS
¶8. The Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure mandates that a plaintiff serve process upon
the defendants in a lawsuit within 120 days of filing the complaint. M.R.C.P. 4(h). “A
plaintiff who does not serve the defendant within the 120 day period must either re-file the
complaint before the statute of limitations ends or show good cause for failing to serve
process on the defendant within that 120-day period.” Watters v. Stirpling, 675 So. 2d 1242,
1244 (Miss. 1996). Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing good cause. Holmes v. Coast
Transit Authority, 815 So. 2d 1183, 1185 (¶7) (Miss. 2002). The burden requires a showing
of “at least as much as would be required to show excusable neglect, as to which simple
4 inadvertence or mistake of counsel or ignorance of the rules usually does not suffice.”
Watters, 675 So. 2d at 1243. Good cause requires the plaintiff to show that he or she made
a diligent effort to timely serve the defendant. Fulgham v. Jackson, 234 So. 3d 279, 284
(¶18) (Miss. 2017). If the plaintiff establishes good cause based upon this standard, dismissal
is not appropriate. Collins v. Westbrook, 184 So. 3d 922, 929 (¶19) (Miss. 2016).
¶9. Holland argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by finding that Holland had
failed to sufficiently establish good cause for her untimely service of MDRS. Holland’s
untimely service was the result of a computer error which directed Keith to serve the wrong
defendant. MDRS argues that Holland may not simply rely upon the errors of her process
server to establish good cause. But Mississippi courts have never articulated a ban upon
using a process server’s error as a basis to show good cause. To the contrary, the Mississippi
Supreme Court has found good cause as a result of a process server’s error. Foss v. Williams,
993 So. 2d 378 (Miss. 2008). Specifically, good cause can be found
when the plaintiff’s failure to complete service in timely fashion is a result of the conduct of a third person, typically the process server, the defendant has evaded service of process or engaged in misleading conduct, the plaintiff has acted diligently in trying to effect service, or there are understandable mitigating circumstances, or the plaintiff is proceeding pro se or in forma pauperis.
Holmes, 815 So. 2d at 1186 (¶12) (emphasis added) (quoting 4B Charles Alan Wright &
Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1137, at 342 (3d ed. 2000)). We have
held previously that blaming the process server alone is insufficient to establish good cause.
Pennington v. Crawford, 247 So. 3d 284, 287 (¶12) (Miss. 2017) (holding that good cause
did not exist where a plaintiff blamed her process server but made no further attempts to
5 serve any defendants in her case and did not seek an extension from the court). Once a
process server’s error occurs, however, if the plaintiff can demonstrate diligence in effective
service upon the correct defendant, we will find good cause. See Spurgeon v. Egger, 989 So.
2d 901, 908 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007) (finding that, even though the plaintiff’s process server
served the wrong individual before the 120-day deadline, this demonstrated a diligent effort
to properly serve the correct defendant).
¶10. As a department of the State of Mississippi, service upon MDRS is properly made by
delivering a copy of the complaint and summons to the Mississippi Attorney General’s
Office. M.R.C.P. 4(d)(5). Although Keith mistakenly served Ability Works Inc. rather than
the Attorney General near the 120-day deadline, this establishes, at minimum, an attempt to
diligently effect service within that deadline. Also, based upon Keith’s assurances, Holland
was not unreasonable to presume that all defendants had been properly served. Holland did
not know that a problem existed until her counsel received the affidavits and became aware
of Keith’s mistake. Once aware of the error, Holland’s counsel immediately sought to have
the proper defendant served and filed a motion with the circuit court. Such conduct
establishes a showing of diligence to correct the process server’s error.
¶11. In Foss, the plaintiff successfully served process upon all but one of the defendants.
Id. at 379 (¶2). Plaintiff’s counsel delegated service of process to another local attorney but
realized just before the 120-day deadline that the local attorney had failed to serve the
remaining defendant. Id. at (¶5). Plaintiff’s counsel immediately took action to correct the
failure and served the last defendant just after the 120-day limit. Id. at (¶7). The Mississippi
6 Supreme Court held that the immediate actions of the plaintiff’s counsel demonstrated
diligence and a proper showing of good cause. Id. at (¶9).
¶12. While the error in Foss was a miscommunication between two attorneys regarding
service of process, here, an unforeseeable computer error resulted in Keith misinforming
Holland that all the defendants had been properly served. Similar to Foss, Holland’s counsel
took immediate action to cure Keith’s failure to serve the Attorney General. Holland’s
counsel directed Keith to serve the Attorney General the same day the error was discovered,
and Keith did so accordingly. Rule 4(h) “should not be used ‘to penalize plaintiffs who
demonstrate reasonable diligence’ in effecting timely service on defendants.” Holmes, at
1186 (¶13) (quoting Healthcare Compare Corp. v. Super Solutions Corp., 151 F.R.D. 114
(D. Minn.1993)). Likewise, Holland timely served the remaining defendants in her case
within 120 days and should not be penalized for a computer error when her counsel
immediately served the Attorney General after the error was discovered.
¶13. We are also mindful that when Holland served MDRS, through the Attorney General’s
Office, and filed her motion for extension, she did so months before her statute of limitations
had expired. The Mississippi Supreme Court in Copiah County School District v. Buckner,
61 So. 3d 162, 168-71 (¶¶ 24-28) (Miss. 2011), provided a detailed explanation of how to
calculate a state agency’s limitations period, giving the plaintiff the benefit of all applicable
tolling periods. Using this analysis, Holland’s statute of limitations, including all applicable
tolling periods allotted by both the MTCA and Rule 4(h), expired on July 5, 2017.1 Once the
1 Because Holland’s accident occurred on September 3, 2015, her one-year statute of limitations expired on September 3, 2016. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002).
7 service of process error was discovered, Holland took immediate steps to ensure that MDRS
was served, albeit untimely, and then filed a motion for extension with the circuit court. At
the point in time when her motion for extension was filed with the circuit court, Holland still
had 78 days left in her statute of limitations. Keeping in mind that under such circumstances
Holland could have just as easily re-filed her complaint, rather than seek a motion for
extension of time, it bears to reason that Holland should not be punished for failing to choose
the “preferred method” in an effort to strive for her day in court.
¶14. In its order denying Holland’s motion, the circuit court cited Buckner to support its
determination that Holland failed to show good cause. But the Buckner case is
distinguishable from the case at hand. In Buckner, the plaintiff filed his complaint and failed
to serve process upon any of the defendants within 120 days. Buckner, 61 So. 3d at 164 (¶3).
Over a year passed before the plaintiff’s counsel discovered the error just prior to a court-
ordered status hearing. Id. at (¶4). At the status hearing, Plaintiff’s counsel blamed the error
However, since a notice of claim was sent to and received by MDRS, the statute of limitations was tolled for 95 days. Miss. Code Ann. §11-46-11(3)(a) (Rev. 2002). After the initial 95 day tolling period, in which a would-be plaintiff cannot file suit unless it receives a notice of denial, the statute of limitations was tolled an additional 90 days. Miss. Code Ann. §11-46-11(3)(b) (Rev. 2002). This combined 185-day tolling period gave Holland until March 7, 2017 to file her claim against MDRS.
Holland filed her complaint on December 2, 2016, giving her the benefit of 76 days remaining in her MTCA tolling periods plus her remaining 19 days in her one-year statute of limitations. Once her complaint was filed, Holland’s Rule 4(h) 120-day tolling period began, giving her until April 1, 2017, to properly serve MDRS before her remaining balance of her statute of limitations (19 days remaining) and applicable MTCA tolling period (76 days remaining) begins to run again. After the 120-day tolling period ended, Holland’s statute of limitations still did not expire until July 5, 2017 (76 days + 19 days = 95 days. 95 days from April 1, 2017 is July 5, 2017).
8 on the process server and moved for an extension of time to properly serve the defendants.
Id. at (¶5). The circuit court granted the plaintiff’s ore tenus motion and allowed an extra
120 days to serve the defendants. Id. Thereafter, the plaintiff still failed to properly serve
the defendants until one and two days after the extended 120-day deadline. Id. at 165 (¶7).
The defendants filed a motion to set aside the extension of time as well as a summary-
judgment motion, arguing that the plaintiff had not proven good cause to warrant the
extension and that he had failed to properly serve the defendants before the statute of
limitations expired. Id. at (¶8). After conducting a hearing, the circuit court denied the
defendants’ motions. Id. at (¶11). The Mississippi Supreme Court granted the defendants’
petition for an interlocutory appeal and found that the circuit court abused its discretion by
granting the plaintiff an extension for good cause. Id. at 171 (¶32). The Buckner court held
that “placing the blame upon a process server, without more, is insufficient to demonstrate
good cause.” Id. at 167 (¶16). After the defendants failed to file an answer, the plaintiff let
more than a year pass without any activity or follow-up on the case. Id. at 164 (¶4). The
Buckner court found that this conduct constituted a lack of diligence which did not warrant
the circuit court’s extension of time. Id.
¶15. The dissent also relies upon Buckner for its general assertion that good cause cannot
be found based upon a process server’s assurances. But “[w]hat amounts to ‘good cause’
under any particular set of circumstances is necessarily fact-sensitive.” Collins, 184 So. 3d
at 930 (¶20) (quoting Lindsey v. U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd., 101 F.3d 444, 445 (5th Cir. 1996)). With
that said, we cannot ignore the more accentuating facts and circumstances that existed in
9 Buckner. Again, Buckner waited one year after filing his complaint and well after his statute
of limitations had run before checking to seek if the defendants had been served. Buckner,
at 164 (¶4). Further, Buckner relied upon the process server’s assurances that service was
perfected and then also took no further action until a court-mandated status hearing was
issued. Id. at (¶¶4-5). Also, none of the defendants in Buckner filed an answer to his
complaint, a fact that still did not seem to concern Buckner’s counsel in that one-year period.
Id. at (¶5). Finally, the circuit court gave Buckner another 120 days to serve his defendants,
and Buckner still failed to serve process within that extension. Id. at (¶7). The accentuating
facts and circumstances in Buckner simply are not present here.
¶16. The dissent further cites to In re Holtzman, 823 So. 2d 1180 (Miss. 2002), in its
argument against good cause in this case. But much like Buckner, the facts and circumstances
of Holtzman only highlight the prompt and diligent nature by which Holland handled the
process server’s error. In that case, Holtzman’s counsel misfiled the complaint and summons
and never served the defendant. Id. at 1183 (¶12). Holtzman’s counsel waited nine months
after filing the complaint and five months after the statute of limitations expired to file an
extension for time to serve process. Id. at 1181 (¶2). At the hearing on the motion,
Holtzman’s attorney admitted that the error was discovered through a statute-of-limitations
review of the case file, which was only performed by counsel’s staff every six months. Id.
at 1181-82 (¶3). His counsel also stated that the situation was an example of a complaint and
summons that “just unfortunately fell through the cracks.” Id. The Court noted that
Holtzman’s counsel should have been anticipating the defendant’s answer if he believed
10 service was perfected. Id. When that answer was not forthcoming, “ordinary attention to his
caseload” would likely have led counsel to discover the error. Id. at 1183 (¶9). Holtzman
admitted that the defendants were not served due to his counsel’s mistake, and the Court
ultimately held that this mistake, followed by a lack of diligence, was insufficient to establish
good cause for an extension to serve process. Id. at (¶¶11-12).
¶17. To the contrary, all of Holland’s defendants, except for MDRS, were properly served
before the 120-day deadline. Keith assured Holland’s counsel that process had been served
upon all of the defendants, and MDRS filed its answer within thirty days of receiving the
complaint. Unlike in Buckner and Holtzman, because MDRS filed its answer, there was no
obvious reason for Holland be concerned that MDRS had not been properly served. We
agree that counsel in both Buckner and Holtzman should have performed a more attentive
review of the case file during the one year after the complaint was filed. But there is no
evidence in the record to suggest that Holland’s counsel failed to perform an attentive review
of his files. In fact, it was because of his attentive case-file review that the error was
discovered and cured. The dissent even acknowledges that “[o]nce the error was discovered,
the process server promptly obtained served on that entity.” All of this occurred within days
after the 120-day deadline had passed and months before the statute of limitations expired;
whereas Buckner’s counsel took no action within a year to assure that the defendants had
been served. If good cause does not exist for Holland, we risk finding good cause only
where a set of extraordinary circumstances exist.
¶18. The circuit court also cited to the case of Ogunbor v. May, 204 So. 3d 840 (Miss.
11 2016), in support of its ruling. In Ogunbor, the plaintiff filed her complaint on April 6, 2011,
making her 120-day deadline to serve process August 4, 2011. Ogunbor, 204 So. 3d at 846
(¶25). On April 25, 2011, the plaintiff used a local sheriff to serve process upon the
defendants in her case. Id. at 845 (¶13). But instead of personally serving the correct
defendant, named May, pursuant to Rule 4, the sheriff served a co-worker and co-defendant
with the complaint and summons. Id. The sheriff delivered a return of service to the
plaintiff, clearly stating that he had served May’s co-worker and co-defendant on her behalf.
Id. at 847 (¶29). The plaintiff took no further action until August 8, 2011, when she
requested a default judgment against May. Id. at 845 (¶16). The court denied her request
finding that May had not been properly served. Id. On August 19, 2011, the sheriff served
May with process. Id. The circuit court, however, ultimately dismissed May from the case,
finding that the plaintiff had failed to show good cause for her untimely service of process.
Id. at (¶21). On appeal, the plaintiff argued that good cause was shown based upon
ambiguity in the sheriff’s return of service and because May avoided service of process.
Id. at 846 (¶23). This Court held that the plaintiff could not simply blame the process server
without showing some diligent effort to have May served. Id. at 847 (¶29). The sheriff’s
return of service clearly and unambiguously informed the plaintiff well before the 120-day
deadline was near that the sheriff had served May’s co-worker on her behalf. Id. Also, there
was no evidence to suggest that May attempted to avoid being served. Id. at (¶30). This
Court found that the plaintiff failed to act diligently in her efforts to serve May, and the
circuit court correctly dismissed her case. Id. at (¶39).
12 ¶19. Upon examining the facts of this case, we also find that Holland’s actions here do not
align with those in Ogunbor. As in Buckner and Holtzman, the plaintiff in Ogunbor certainly
failed to act diligently in her efforts to effect service of process. The plaintiff was notified
well before her 120-day deadline had expired that the sheriff served the wrong individual.
Instead of acting diligently and in compliance with the rules, the plaintiff took no action until
the circuit court denied her request for default judgment. She then served the correct
defendant outside the 120-day deadline.
¶20. Holland’s actions throughout her case differ in many ways. First, Holland filed her
Notice of Claim and Complaint in a timely fashion. Second, Holland hired Keith to serve
process and timely delivered copies of the complaint and summons to him. Third, Holland’s
counsel diligently communicated with Keith regarding the status of service. Fourth, Keith
assured Holland’s counsel that all the proper defendants had been served and that affidavits
would be sent soon. Fifth, upon receiving the affidavits, Holland’s counsel noticed the
missing affidavit from the Attorney General’s Office and immediately communicated with
Keith about this issue. Sixth, when Keith discovered the computer error, he notified
Holland’s counsel for the first time that the wrong defendant had been served. Seventh,
Holland’s counsel immediately took action to correct the error by serving the Attorney
General that same day. Lastly, Holland’s counsel filed for relief from the circuit court the
following day.
¶21. “The trial court enjoys wide discretion to enlarge the time for service of process, both
before and after the actual termination of the allotted time.” Holtzman, 823 So. 2d at 1182
13 (¶6) (citing to M.R.C.P. 6(b) & cmt.; see also Woods v. Allied Concord Fin. Corp., 373 F.2d
733, 734 (5th Cir. 1967)); Crumpton v. Hegwood, 740 So. 2d 292, 293 (¶5) (Miss. 1999).
Under circumstances where good cause clearly exists, this Court should not hesitate to find
that it was an abuse of discretion not to grant such an extension. The facts of this case
present a unique set of circumstances for this Court because the majority of Mississippi
caselaw where the Court finds a lack of good cause involves plaintiffs who fail to serve
process after their limitations period has expired. Holland served MDRS months before her
limitations period expired.
¶22. Our rules of civil procedure, including the rule about good cause, seek to ensure
timely and diligent litigation, both before and after service of process, and we should not
punish litigants who take steps to do just that. Holland was both timely and assiduous when
filing her notice of claim and her complaint. Likewise, Holland did not sit idly by after
discovering the process server’s error but rather sought to correct the error well within her
applicable statute of limitations time frame. We therefore find that Holland demonstrated
a sufficient showing of good cause, and we also find that the circuit court abused its
discretion by failing to allow Holland an extension of time for service of process.
CONCLUSION
¶23. Holland’s actions before and after service of process evidenced a desire for timely and
efficient litigation. Due to an unforeseen computer error, Keith mistakenly served the wrong
defendant with process instead of MDRS. Upon becoming aware of this mistake, Holland,
through her counsel, diligently acted to serve process upon MDRS. Although service of
14 process occurred sixteen days beyond the 120-day deadline imposed by Rule 4(h), we find
that Keith’s error coupled with Holland’s immediate action and diligence to perfect process
meets the good-cause standard to warrant an extension of time to serve. For the foregoing
reasons, we hereby find that the circuit court erred by dismissing Holland’s claims. We
therefore reverse the circuit court’s judgment and remand the case for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
¶24. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS, McDONALD, LAWRENCE, McCARTY AND C. WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. CARLTON, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY BARNES, C.J., AND J. WILSON, P.J.
CARLTON, P.J., DISSENTING:
¶25. With respect to a circuit court’s “good cause” determination under Rule 4(h), the
Mississippi Supreme Court has consistently recognized that “[a] trial court’s finding of fact
on the existence of good cause for the delay in service of process has been deemed a
discretionary ruling . . . and entitled to deferential review.” Fulgham v. Jackson, 234 So. 3d
279, 282 (¶9) (Miss. 2017) (emphasis added) (internal quotation mark omitted); Jenkins v.
Oswald, 3 So. 3d 746, 750 (¶13) (Miss. 2009). “With regard to these fact-findings, our
review is limited to determining only whether the trial court abused its discretion and whether
there was substantial evidence supporting the determination.” Fulgham, 234 So. 3d at 282
(¶9) (internal quotation mark omitted); see Heard v. Remy, 937 So. 2d 939, 944 (¶21) (Miss.
2006). Applying our deferential standard of review, I dissent because I cannot find that the
circuit court abused its discretion in finding that Holland failed to establish good cause and
15 therefore denying Holland’s motion seeking additional time to serve the Attorney General
in this case. I would affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
¶26. The plaintiff bears the burden to demonstrate good cause for failure to serve process
within the 120-day service period provided by Rule 4(h). Montgomery v. SmithKline
Beecham Corp., 910 So. 2d 541, 545 (¶12) (Miss. 2005); M.R.C.P. 4(h). In order to meet
this burden, Holland was required to present substantial evidence “that a diligent effort was
made to effect timely service.” Buckner, 61 So. 3d at 166 (¶14). The determination of good
cause focuses solely on the actions taken by counsel within the 120-day period. See
Montgomery, 910 So. 2d at 545 (¶12); Whitten v. Whitten, 956 So. 2d 1093, 1097 (¶16)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2007); M.R.C.P. 4(h).
¶27. Holland filed her complaint on December 2, 2016. Under Rule 4(h), Holland had 120
days after the filing of her complaint within which to serve the named defendants. Holland,
therefore, was required to serve all defendants on or before April 1, 2017, to be within Rule
4(h)’s 120-day deadline. Rule 4(d)(5) requires that service of process be made on the
Attorney General when suit is filed against the State of Mississippi or any one of its
departments, officers, or institutions. Defendant MDRS is a department of the State of
Mississippi and, therefore, Holland was required to serve process on the Attorney General
within Rule 4(h)’s 120-day time period.
¶28. The record reflects that Holland served the MDRS Hattiesburg office on March 10,
2017. On March 13—nearly three-and-one-half months after Holland’s complaint was filed,2
2 At the hearing on Holland’s motion before the circuit court, Holland’s counsel explained that he did not attempt to serve process any sooner due to the potential for
16 Holland’s counsel (through his legal assistant) contacted a process server, David Keith, to
serve the remaining defendants, including the Attorney General. The process server
confirmed receipt of copies of the summonses and complaints on the same day.
¶29. On March 27, five days before the 120-day Rule 4(h) deadline for service would
expire, the record reflects that Holland’s counsel emailed Keith to determine whether service
had been accomplished. Holland’s counsel received this emailed response from Keith:
“[A]ll served and [affidavits] will be scanned and mailed to you.” Keith’s email did not have
the affidavits showing proof of service attached, or any other proof of service; nor was there
any indication in the email when that information would be “scanned and mailed” to
Holland’s counsel. There is also no evidence in the record that Holland’s counsel requested
that the affidavits showing proof of service be scanned to him before the Rule 4(h) 120-day
deadline elapsed in order to confirm service of process.
¶30. According to the appellant’s brief at page 10, it was not until “[o]n or around April
15, 201[7], [Holland’s] counsel checked the file to confirm receipt of all affidavits of service.
Noticing that they were missing the affidavit for the Attorney General’s office, [Holland’s]
counsel contacted [the process server].”3 The record reflects that on April 17 Keith emailed
settlement. Both the supreme court and this Court, however, have held that “good faith negotiations do not constitute good cause for failure to effect timely service of process under M.R.C.P. 4(h).” Holmes, 815 So. 2d at 1186-87 (¶14); Pennington, 247 So. 3d at 287 (¶11). 3 The record contains several slightly different versions of what happened at this point. Holland explained the situation in her motion for additional time filed in the circuit court as follows:
Sometime at the beginning of April, after the 120[-day] deadline had run and while [Holland’s] counsel was on personal leave, [Holland’s] counsel
17 Holland’s counsel and explained that his office had mistakenly served the wrong entity and
that he would serve the proper defendant that day. Keith’s affidavit reflects that Keith did
serve the Attorney General’s office on that same day.
¶31. The circuit court found that Holland failed to demonstrate good cause under these
circumstances. As noted above, the circuit court’s ruling on the “good cause” issue is a
“discretionary ruling . . . and entitled to deferential review.” Fulgham, 234 So. 3d at 282 (¶9)
(internal quotation mark omitted). Based upon this deferential standard, the record before
us, and applicable case law, I cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion in ruling
that Holland failed to meet her burden of establishing good cause for her failure to timely
serve the Attorney General.
¶32. As a general proposition, I agree with the majority that good cause can be found
“when the plaintiff’s failure to complete service in timely fashion is a result of the conduct
of a third person, typically the process server . . . .” Holmes, 815 So. 2d at 1186 (¶12)
(quoting 4B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §
1137, at 342 (3d ed. 2000)). In this case, however, I find that a second and equally valid
principle applies: “[P]lacing blame upon a process server, without more, is insufficient to
received the proofs of service from Quantum Processing/Davy Keith. Upon return from vacation, [Holland’s] counsel followed up with Davy Keith regarding the service on the AG’s office.
According to the process server’s affidavit that is also in the record, “[b]y the time that the affidavits had been received by the Plaintiff’s counsel, it was discovered that service was not proper and/or service had not been made on the Attorney General’s office. Immediately following discovery of this error, my office obtained service on [the] Attorney General’s office on April l7, 2017.”
18 demonstrate good cause. The plaintiff must make a showing of diligence in seeking to effect
service.” Buckner, 61 So. 3d at 167 (¶16) (emphasis added); Ogunbor, 204 So. 3d at 847
(¶29). The circuit court cited Buckner and Ogunbor in its order denying Holland’s motion
for additional time to serve the Attorney General, and I find that this overriding principle,
followed in those cases, also applies here.
¶33. As delineated above, Holland’s counsel did not engage a process server to serve the
remaining defendants until just a few weeks before the Rule 4(h) 120-day deadline would
end. Only five days before the deadline, on March 27, did Holland’s counsel check with the
process server to see if service had been accomplished. Holland’s counsel then relied on the
process server’s email in which Keith assured him that “all [were] served”—without
attaching returns of service, affidavits, or any other proof of service. There is no evidence
in the record that Holland’s counsel requested that the affidavits of service be sent to him
before the 120-day time period elapsed so that he could confirm for himself that service had
been timely effectuated. Indeed, Holland’s brief reflects that her counsel did not check the
case file until two weeks after the 120-day deadline, at which point he discovered the file did
not contain an affidavit showing proof of service for the Attorney General’s office. Once the
error was discovered, the process server promptly obtained service on that entity. In short,
although the process server’s affidavit states that the failure to serve the Attorney General
was due to a computer error in the process server’s office—the record also shows that the
failure to detect this error before the 120-day deadline elapsed is with Holland’s counsel
who did not obtain and review the affidavits showing proof of service before the deadline
19 elapsed.
¶34. In Buckner, a unanimous supreme court reversed the circuit court’s discretionary
ruling finding good cause for failure to serve process because the plaintiff’s counsel “relied
upon the process server’s assertion that the defendants had been served,” Buckner, 61 So. 3d
at 168 (¶20), but did not check for a return of service himself until the defendants, in
response to Buckner’s application for an entry of default against them, informed Buckner’s
counsel that they had never been served. Id. As the supreme court recognized, “a more
attentive review of the file would have informed counsel that, because there was no return
of service for the defendants, the reason they had failed to answer was that they had not been
served with process.” Id.; see also Ogunbor, 204 So. 3d at 847 (¶¶27, 29) (affirming the
circuit court’s lack-of-good-cause determination and finding a lack of diligence on plaintiff’s
part where she claimed that the deputy’s return of service “gave her the impression that he
had successfully served [the defendant,] May” even though the return, on its face, indicated
that the wrong party was served). Had Holland’s counsel in this case simply reviewed the
affidavits proving service before the Rule 4(h) 120-day deadline instead of relying solely on
Keith’s assurances, Holland’s counsel would have discovered the missing affidavit showing
proof of service and could have instructed Keith to properly serve the Attorney General’s
office that day. As in Buckner and Ogunbor, the failure to do so demonstrates a lack of the
diligence on his part.
¶35. As the majority points out, the length of time it took for Buckner’s counsel to check
the case file and discover the error in service was much longer than in this case—but in
20 Buckner the supreme court reversed the circuit court’s discretionary determination that
Buckner had shown good cause. Buckner, 61 So. 3d at 171 (¶32). In this case, counsel’s
failure to monitor Holland’s case file need only constitute sufficient evidence to affirm the
circuit court’s lack-of-good-cause determination. I find that under our deferential standard
of review the failure to adequately monitor Holland’s file suffices to uphold the circuit
court’s discretionary finding of a lack of good cause in this case.
¶36. In re Holtzman, 823 So. 2d 1180 (Miss. 2002), is also instructive. In Holtzman, the
supreme court affirmed the circuit court’s finding that no good cause existed based upon
counsel’s contention that the complaint and summons had been misfiled and not served.
Id. at 1182 (¶¶4-5, 13). The supreme court recognized that “simple inadvertence or mistake
of counsel . . . usually does not suffice” in establishing good cause, id. at 1183 (¶8) (quoting
Watters v. Stripling, 675 So. 2d 1242, 1243 (Miss. 1996)), and that the misfiling excuse
offered by Holtzman’s counsel was nothing more than that. Id. at 1183 (¶9). In making this
determination, the supreme court observed that “ordinary attention to his caseload would
have led [counsel] to notice that he had received no answer from [the defendant] and to
check his case file.” Id. Similarly, counsel’s “ordinary attention” to Holland’s case file in
this case would likely have led him to discover the missing affidavit showing proof of service
and have timely service effectuated. Because I find no abuse of discretion in the circuit
court’s lack-of-good-cause determination and denial of Holland’s motion for additional time,
I would affirm the circuit court’s judgment. I therefore respectfully dissent.
BARNES, C.J., AND J. WILSON, P.J., JOIN THIS OPINION.