SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiff-appellant Thomas M. Curtis (“plaintiff’ or “Curtis”) appeals the District Court’s November 6, 2014 judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Cenlar FSB, Cenlar Agency, Inc. (jointly, “Cen-lar”), and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mae”) (jointly, “defendants”). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the case’s procedural history, and the issues on appeal. Reviewing
de novo ■
the District Court’s grant of summary judgment,
see Schoenefeld v. Schneiderman,
821 F.3d 273, 278-79 (2d Cir. 2016), we affirm.
Curtis’s principal argument on appeal is that defendants breached the parties’ mortgage agreement by procuring wind insurance for Curtis’s Florida property after Curtis refused to purchase it himself (a practice known as “force-placing”).
According to Curtis, the mortgage does not require him to insure his property against wind damage.
We disagree. Under Florida law, which governs this dispute, an unambiguous contract “must be given effect as written.”
Siegle v. Progressive Consumers Ins. Co.,
819 So.2d 732, 735 (Fla. 2002). The relevant provision of the mortgage contract, reads as follows: “Borrower shall keep the improvements now existing or hereafter erected on the Property insured against loss by fire, hazards included within the term ‘extended coverage,’ and any other hazards including, but not limited to, earthquakes and floods, for . which Lender requires insurance.” J.A. 253. The provision’s final clause thus empowers the “Lender” to identify hazards for which it requires insurance and obliges Curtis to purchase insurance in accordance with the “Lender’s” demands. The parties agree that Freddie Mac qualifies as the “Lender,” and the undisputed evidence shows that Freddie Mae (through the “Interim Servicing Master Agreement” that governs its relationship with Cenlar, the mortgage’s servicer) requires borrowers to maintain wind coverage. J.A. 278, 293. Accordingly, the agreement’s plain terms require Curtis to purchase wind insurance. Curtis having failed to do so, defendants were within their rights to purchase it for him.
See
J.A. 253 (mortgage provision reading, “If Borrower fails to maintain any of the coverages described above, Lender may obtain insurance coverage, at Lender’s option and Borrower’s expense”).
Curtis’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. He contends, first, that the mortgage is most naturally read to exclude wind as a hazard for which coverage may be required, on the theory that the specific examples in the provision—earthquakes and floods—limit the general term “any other hazards.” We cannot agree. The agreement requires Curtis to obtain coverage for “any other hazards including, but not limited to, earthquakes and floods, for which Lender requires insurance.” J.A. 253. The inclusion of the phrase “including, but not limited to” obviously signals that the list of hazards (“earthquakes and floods”) is illustrative, not exhaustive.
See Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Fla. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,
31 So.3d 860, 865 (Fla. 1st Dist. Ct. App. 2010) (construing a list of categories in a statute as illustrative rather than exhaustive because it was preceded by the phrase “includes, but is not limited to”).
Nor are we swayed by Curtis’s reliance on
Clay v. Girdner. See
103 Fla. 135, 138 So. 490 (1931). In that case, a mortgage
agreement required the borrower to insure his property in the amount of $87,500; despite the borrower’s best efforts, he found himself unable to obtain insurance in excess of $20,000.
Id.
at 491-92. The Florida Supreme Court thwarted the lender’s attempt to foreclose, reasoning that when a mortgage clause requires the borrower, on pain of default, to maintain insurance in a given amount, the clause will, “in the absence of a clear provision to the contrary ... be construed to mean that the mortgagor will procure it [only] if obtainable.”
Id.
at 494.
Clay
has nothing to say about this dispute. Although the District Court assumed (as we will assume) that Curtis was unable to purchase wind insurance himself, the similarity between the two cases ends there. Unlike the borrower in
Clay,
Curtis did not simply pledge to obtain such insurance as the lender may have required, with nothing more said about the matter. Rather, the parties not only agreed that Curtis would secure all required coverage, but expressly made provision for any failure on his part to do so by agreeing that Freddie Mac would force-place coverage if Curtis did not procure it himself.
See
J.A. 258.
Clay’s
rule of construction does no more than save a borrower from foreclosure (in the absence of clear language authorizing it) as a penalty for failing to perform an impossible task; it does not here deprive defendants of then.- bargained-for authority to force-place coverage.
Curtis also contends that the mortgage agreement, if read as defendants urge, would repose in Freddie Mac too broad an authority to define the- borrower’s obligations, empowering it to require coverage “arbitrarily and without reason.” That is not necessarily so. Under Florida law, when “the terms of [a] contract afford a party substantial discretion to promote that party’s self-interest, the duty to act in good faith ... limits that party’s ability to act capriciously to contravene the reasonable contractual expectations of the other party.”
Speedway SuperAmerica, LLC v. Tropic Enters., Inc.,
966 So.2d 1, 3 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). It has been held that a lender’s bad-faith exercise of its contractual power to force-place insurance coverage violates this duty and breaches the mortgage contract.
See, e.g., Treece v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.,
No. 14 Civ. 22602, 2015 WL 3935761, at *2-4 (S.D. Fla. June 26, 2015);
Hamilton v. Suntrust Mortg., Inc.,
6 F.Supp.3d 1300, 1310 (S.D. Fla. 2014). But we have no occasion to opine on whether or how the duty of good faith might limit the lender’s apparently broad power to force-place coverage: Curtis neither argues that Freddie Mac violated any such duty nor directs us to record evidence tending to suggest that it did.
We further conclude that the District Court properly entered judgment for defendants on Curtis’s claims under the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (“FDUTPA”), Fla. Stat. § 501.201
et seq.
Curtis argues that these claims should have survived because the verified complaint’s allegations of FDUT-PA violations “are sufficient as against Cenlar.” Pl’s. Br. 29. Though we may treat Curtis’s verified complaint “as an affidavit for summary judgment purposes,” the allegations contained therein can suffice to defeat summary judgment only insofar as they were made on personal knowledge.
See Colon v. Coughlin,
58 F.3d 865, 872 (2d Cir. 1995);
see also
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4).
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SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiff-appellant Thomas M. Curtis (“plaintiff’ or “Curtis”) appeals the District Court’s November 6, 2014 judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Cenlar FSB, Cenlar Agency, Inc. (jointly, “Cen-lar”), and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mae”) (jointly, “defendants”). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the case’s procedural history, and the issues on appeal. Reviewing
de novo ■
the District Court’s grant of summary judgment,
see Schoenefeld v. Schneiderman,
821 F.3d 273, 278-79 (2d Cir. 2016), we affirm.
Curtis’s principal argument on appeal is that defendants breached the parties’ mortgage agreement by procuring wind insurance for Curtis’s Florida property after Curtis refused to purchase it himself (a practice known as “force-placing”).
According to Curtis, the mortgage does not require him to insure his property against wind damage.
We disagree. Under Florida law, which governs this dispute, an unambiguous contract “must be given effect as written.”
Siegle v. Progressive Consumers Ins. Co.,
819 So.2d 732, 735 (Fla. 2002). The relevant provision of the mortgage contract, reads as follows: “Borrower shall keep the improvements now existing or hereafter erected on the Property insured against loss by fire, hazards included within the term ‘extended coverage,’ and any other hazards including, but not limited to, earthquakes and floods, for . which Lender requires insurance.” J.A. 253. The provision’s final clause thus empowers the “Lender” to identify hazards for which it requires insurance and obliges Curtis to purchase insurance in accordance with the “Lender’s” demands. The parties agree that Freddie Mac qualifies as the “Lender,” and the undisputed evidence shows that Freddie Mae (through the “Interim Servicing Master Agreement” that governs its relationship with Cenlar, the mortgage’s servicer) requires borrowers to maintain wind coverage. J.A. 278, 293. Accordingly, the agreement’s plain terms require Curtis to purchase wind insurance. Curtis having failed to do so, defendants were within their rights to purchase it for him.
See
J.A. 253 (mortgage provision reading, “If Borrower fails to maintain any of the coverages described above, Lender may obtain insurance coverage, at Lender’s option and Borrower’s expense”).
Curtis’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. He contends, first, that the mortgage is most naturally read to exclude wind as a hazard for which coverage may be required, on the theory that the specific examples in the provision—earthquakes and floods—limit the general term “any other hazards.” We cannot agree. The agreement requires Curtis to obtain coverage for “any other hazards including, but not limited to, earthquakes and floods, for which Lender requires insurance.” J.A. 253. The inclusion of the phrase “including, but not limited to” obviously signals that the list of hazards (“earthquakes and floods”) is illustrative, not exhaustive.
See Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Fla. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,
31 So.3d 860, 865 (Fla. 1st Dist. Ct. App. 2010) (construing a list of categories in a statute as illustrative rather than exhaustive because it was preceded by the phrase “includes, but is not limited to”).
Nor are we swayed by Curtis’s reliance on
Clay v. Girdner. See
103 Fla. 135, 138 So. 490 (1931). In that case, a mortgage
agreement required the borrower to insure his property in the amount of $87,500; despite the borrower’s best efforts, he found himself unable to obtain insurance in excess of $20,000.
Id.
at 491-92. The Florida Supreme Court thwarted the lender’s attempt to foreclose, reasoning that when a mortgage clause requires the borrower, on pain of default, to maintain insurance in a given amount, the clause will, “in the absence of a clear provision to the contrary ... be construed to mean that the mortgagor will procure it [only] if obtainable.”
Id.
at 494.
Clay
has nothing to say about this dispute. Although the District Court assumed (as we will assume) that Curtis was unable to purchase wind insurance himself, the similarity between the two cases ends there. Unlike the borrower in
Clay,
Curtis did not simply pledge to obtain such insurance as the lender may have required, with nothing more said about the matter. Rather, the parties not only agreed that Curtis would secure all required coverage, but expressly made provision for any failure on his part to do so by agreeing that Freddie Mac would force-place coverage if Curtis did not procure it himself.
See
J.A. 258.
Clay’s
rule of construction does no more than save a borrower from foreclosure (in the absence of clear language authorizing it) as a penalty for failing to perform an impossible task; it does not here deprive defendants of then.- bargained-for authority to force-place coverage.
Curtis also contends that the mortgage agreement, if read as defendants urge, would repose in Freddie Mac too broad an authority to define the- borrower’s obligations, empowering it to require coverage “arbitrarily and without reason.” That is not necessarily so. Under Florida law, when “the terms of [a] contract afford a party substantial discretion to promote that party’s self-interest, the duty to act in good faith ... limits that party’s ability to act capriciously to contravene the reasonable contractual expectations of the other party.”
Speedway SuperAmerica, LLC v. Tropic Enters., Inc.,
966 So.2d 1, 3 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). It has been held that a lender’s bad-faith exercise of its contractual power to force-place insurance coverage violates this duty and breaches the mortgage contract.
See, e.g., Treece v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.,
No. 14 Civ. 22602, 2015 WL 3935761, at *2-4 (S.D. Fla. June 26, 2015);
Hamilton v. Suntrust Mortg., Inc.,
6 F.Supp.3d 1300, 1310 (S.D. Fla. 2014). But we have no occasion to opine on whether or how the duty of good faith might limit the lender’s apparently broad power to force-place coverage: Curtis neither argues that Freddie Mac violated any such duty nor directs us to record evidence tending to suggest that it did.
We further conclude that the District Court properly entered judgment for defendants on Curtis’s claims under the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (“FDUTPA”), Fla. Stat. § 501.201
et seq.
Curtis argues that these claims should have survived because the verified complaint’s allegations of FDUT-PA violations “are sufficient as against Cenlar.” Pl’s. Br. 29. Though we may treat Curtis’s verified complaint “as an affidavit for summary judgment purposes,” the allegations contained therein can suffice to defeat summary judgment only insofar as they were made on personal knowledge.
See Colon v. Coughlin,
58 F.3d 865, 872 (2d Cir. 1995);
see also
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). The relevant allegations in the verified complaint—all made “[u]pon infor
mation and belief’—are merely speculative, and by themselves insufficient to defeat defendants’ motion.
See
J.A. 239-241.
Finally, we decline to consider Curtis’s argument that Cenlar breached the mortgage agreement by refusing to accept certain payments. This allegation appears nowhere in the complaint and was not addressed in the District Court’s ruling. Curtis mentioned it in passing in an affidavit produced in support of his motion for partial summary judgment,
see
J.A. 389-90, but never moved to amend the complaint or otherwise endeavored to put his claim before the District Court.
See Greenidge v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
446 F.3d 356, 361 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[PJlaintiffs who fail[] to include a claim in their complaint can move to amend the complaint[,].... [but] a district court does not abuse its discretion when it fails to grant leave to amend a complaint without being asked to do so.”). Accordingly, this argument has been forfeited.
CONCLUSION
We have reviewed all of Curtis’s arguments on appeal and find them to be without merit. We thus AFFIRM the November 6, 2014 judgment of the District Court.