FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT August 22, 2018 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court KEITH CUNNINGHAM,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 18-6064 (D.C. No. 5:17-CV-01294-R) CITY OF WAUKOMIS POLICE (W.D. Okla.) DEPARTMENT,
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McKAY, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Keith Cunningham, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se,1 sued the City of
Waukomis Police Department under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court dismissed his
suit as barred by the statute of limitations. Cunningham now appeals, and moves to
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We construe a pro se appellant’s complaint liberally. Gaines v. Stenseng, 292 F.3d 1222, 1224 (10th Cir. 2002). But this liberal treatment has limits. Though we can make allowances for “the [pro se] plaintiff’s failure to cite proper legal authority, his confusion of various legal theories, his poor syntax and sentence construction, or his unfamiliarity with pleading requirements,” we can’t serve as his advocate. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
We take the following facts from Cunningham’s Second Amended Complaint.
On April 16, 2013, in Waukomis, Oklahoma, Cunningham, a then-70-year-old
man, returned to his motel room at the Waukomis Country Inn. United States Marshals
Service deputies, along with police officers from the City of Waukomis, arrived at his
room and informed him he was under arrest on a warrant. Cunningham alleges that as the
United States Marshals Service took him into custody, a City of Waukomis police officer
tasered him “three times, [and] placed [him] in a prone position in the parking lot of the
motel.” R. at 62. Then, “with two officers kneeling on his back while handcuffing him,” a
Waukomis officer “kicked him twenty (20) times in the ribs.” Id. A witness “observed
officers ‘smashing’ [his] head into the large rocks in the parking lot.” Id. Other officers,
“seeing the witness watching from his motel window, pointed their weapons at [the
witness] and directed [the witness] to close the curtains.” Id. He contends that as a result
of these beatings, he had seven “broken ribs, a broken shoulder, a concussion, contusions
and abrasions to the face and head; as well as a collapsed lung.” Id. at 23.
On January 24, 2014, Cunningham’s sister filed a formal police-misconduct
complaint with the City of Waukomis on Cunningham’s behalf. The city never responded
to her complaint. On April 11, 2014, his sister filed a “Notice of Tort Claim” against the
City of Waukomis with the Oklahoma Municipal Assurance Group. Id. at 50. In her
2 “Notice of Tort Claim,” she alleged that Cunningham had “suffered severe injuries from
being repeatedly kicked by a Waukomis Police Officer after being neutralized by law
enforcement personnel during the course of an arrest.” Id. And she alleged that
Cunningham had suffered seven “broken ribs, collapsed/punctured lung, concussion,
nerve damage, seizure.” Id. That same day, she sent a letter to the City of Waukomis
notifying the city that she had filed the tort claim. She never received a response to her
Notice of Tort Claim. On April 2, 2015, Cunningham’s sister sent a letter to Oklahoma
Municipal Assurance Group requesting a status update on her Notice of Tort Claim and
threatening legal action. With the letter, she enclosed her January 24, 2014 police-
misconduct claim, and her April 11, 2014, Notice of Tort Claim.2
B. Procedural history
On December 1, 2017, Cunningham sued the City of Waukomis Police
Department under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth
Amendments of the United States Constitution. He alleged that the “Ci[t]y Police of
Waukomis . . . assault[ed]” him and used excessive force. Id. at 12. On December 26,
2017, he filed his First Amended Complaint. Still proceeding under § 1983 against the
City of Waukomis Police Department, his First Amended Complaint alleged violations of
his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Cunningham provided the district court his
inmate-savings statements.
2 The record doesn’t disclose whether Cunningham’s sister ever received a reply to her April 2, 2015 letter. 3 On January 3, 2018, a magistrate judge construed Cunningham’s providing his
inmate-savings statements as a motion to proceed IFP. Seeing that Cunningham had more
than $500 in his institutional savings account, the magistrate judge determined that
Cunningham had “sufficient funds to prepay the $400 filing fee.” Id. at 27. Further, the
magistrate noted that Cunningham’s “deposits for the six months preceding the filing of
his [First] Amended Complaint total[ed] $2104.56.” Id. So the magistrate judge
recommended denying Cunningham’s IFP motion. On January 22, 2018, the district court
adopted the magistrate’s recommendation and denied Cunningham’s IFP motion.
On January 24, 2018, the magistrate judge screened Cunningham’s First Amended
Complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a) and recommended dismissing it for failure to
state a claim. The magistrate judge concluded that the City of Waukomis Police
Department couldn’t be sued under § 1983. See, e.g., Moore v. Diggins, 633 F. App’x
672, 677 (10th Cir. 2015) (dismissing claims against Denver Sheriff’s Department
because § 1983 permits suit against persons and municipalities, not police departments).
Soon after, on February 9, 2018, Cunningham filed a motion to amend his First
Amended Complaint. In his motion, he advised that he wished to add as additional
defendants the City of Waukomis and, in their official capacities, the Chief of Police, the
police shift commander, and “Defendants E, F, G, H, I, J, K, and all other officers
involved in” his arrest on April 16, 2013. R. at 33.
On February 12, 2018, the district court granted Cunningham’s motion to amend.
On February 26, 2018, Cunningham filed his Second Amended Complaint. He again
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT August 22, 2018 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court KEITH CUNNINGHAM,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 18-6064 (D.C. No. 5:17-CV-01294-R) CITY OF WAUKOMIS POLICE (W.D. Okla.) DEPARTMENT,
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McKAY, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Keith Cunningham, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se,1 sued the City of
Waukomis Police Department under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court dismissed his
suit as barred by the statute of limitations. Cunningham now appeals, and moves to
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We construe a pro se appellant’s complaint liberally. Gaines v. Stenseng, 292 F.3d 1222, 1224 (10th Cir. 2002). But this liberal treatment has limits. Though we can make allowances for “the [pro se] plaintiff’s failure to cite proper legal authority, his confusion of various legal theories, his poor syntax and sentence construction, or his unfamiliarity with pleading requirements,” we can’t serve as his advocate. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
We take the following facts from Cunningham’s Second Amended Complaint.
On April 16, 2013, in Waukomis, Oklahoma, Cunningham, a then-70-year-old
man, returned to his motel room at the Waukomis Country Inn. United States Marshals
Service deputies, along with police officers from the City of Waukomis, arrived at his
room and informed him he was under arrest on a warrant. Cunningham alleges that as the
United States Marshals Service took him into custody, a City of Waukomis police officer
tasered him “three times, [and] placed [him] in a prone position in the parking lot of the
motel.” R. at 62. Then, “with two officers kneeling on his back while handcuffing him,” a
Waukomis officer “kicked him twenty (20) times in the ribs.” Id. A witness “observed
officers ‘smashing’ [his] head into the large rocks in the parking lot.” Id. Other officers,
“seeing the witness watching from his motel window, pointed their weapons at [the
witness] and directed [the witness] to close the curtains.” Id. He contends that as a result
of these beatings, he had seven “broken ribs, a broken shoulder, a concussion, contusions
and abrasions to the face and head; as well as a collapsed lung.” Id. at 23.
On January 24, 2014, Cunningham’s sister filed a formal police-misconduct
complaint with the City of Waukomis on Cunningham’s behalf. The city never responded
to her complaint. On April 11, 2014, his sister filed a “Notice of Tort Claim” against the
City of Waukomis with the Oklahoma Municipal Assurance Group. Id. at 50. In her
2 “Notice of Tort Claim,” she alleged that Cunningham had “suffered severe injuries from
being repeatedly kicked by a Waukomis Police Officer after being neutralized by law
enforcement personnel during the course of an arrest.” Id. And she alleged that
Cunningham had suffered seven “broken ribs, collapsed/punctured lung, concussion,
nerve damage, seizure.” Id. That same day, she sent a letter to the City of Waukomis
notifying the city that she had filed the tort claim. She never received a response to her
Notice of Tort Claim. On April 2, 2015, Cunningham’s sister sent a letter to Oklahoma
Municipal Assurance Group requesting a status update on her Notice of Tort Claim and
threatening legal action. With the letter, she enclosed her January 24, 2014 police-
misconduct claim, and her April 11, 2014, Notice of Tort Claim.2
B. Procedural history
On December 1, 2017, Cunningham sued the City of Waukomis Police
Department under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth
Amendments of the United States Constitution. He alleged that the “Ci[t]y Police of
Waukomis . . . assault[ed]” him and used excessive force. Id. at 12. On December 26,
2017, he filed his First Amended Complaint. Still proceeding under § 1983 against the
City of Waukomis Police Department, his First Amended Complaint alleged violations of
his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Cunningham provided the district court his
inmate-savings statements.
2 The record doesn’t disclose whether Cunningham’s sister ever received a reply to her April 2, 2015 letter. 3 On January 3, 2018, a magistrate judge construed Cunningham’s providing his
inmate-savings statements as a motion to proceed IFP. Seeing that Cunningham had more
than $500 in his institutional savings account, the magistrate judge determined that
Cunningham had “sufficient funds to prepay the $400 filing fee.” Id. at 27. Further, the
magistrate noted that Cunningham’s “deposits for the six months preceding the filing of
his [First] Amended Complaint total[ed] $2104.56.” Id. So the magistrate judge
recommended denying Cunningham’s IFP motion. On January 22, 2018, the district court
adopted the magistrate’s recommendation and denied Cunningham’s IFP motion.
On January 24, 2018, the magistrate judge screened Cunningham’s First Amended
Complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a) and recommended dismissing it for failure to
state a claim. The magistrate judge concluded that the City of Waukomis Police
Department couldn’t be sued under § 1983. See, e.g., Moore v. Diggins, 633 F. App’x
672, 677 (10th Cir. 2015) (dismissing claims against Denver Sheriff’s Department
because § 1983 permits suit against persons and municipalities, not police departments).
Soon after, on February 9, 2018, Cunningham filed a motion to amend his First
Amended Complaint. In his motion, he advised that he wished to add as additional
defendants the City of Waukomis and, in their official capacities, the Chief of Police, the
police shift commander, and “Defendants E, F, G, H, I, J, K, and all other officers
involved in” his arrest on April 16, 2013. R. at 33.
On February 12, 2018, the district court granted Cunningham’s motion to amend.
On February 26, 2018, Cunningham filed his Second Amended Complaint. He again
4 alleged an excessive-force claim, contending that the City of Waukomis police officers
had violated his Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth Amendment rights.
On March 5, 2018, the magistrate judge again recommended dismissing
Cunningham’s complaint. This time, the magistrate judge recommended dismissal under
28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1)–(2) based on statute-of-limitations grounds. Specifically, the
magistrate judge noted that Cunningham’s claims had expired on April 16, 2015, two
years after his claim for relief accrued. And the magistrate judge saw no disability or
other special circumstance that would justify tolling the statute of limitations.
Cunningham objected to the magistrate judge’s recommendation, arguing that he had
pursued his excessive-force claims through his sister, who filed both a police-misconduct
complaint and a notice of tort claim with the City of Waukomis.
The district court, after considering the magistrate judge’s recommendation and
Cunningham’s objection, dismissed Cunningham’s complaint as time barred. Though
Cunningham had pursued his excessive-force claim through other avenues, he hadn’t
timely filed a § 1983 claim, and finding no exception to the statute of limitations, the
court determined that his claims were time-barred.
Cunningham now appeals.
DISCUSSION
A. Failure to state a claim
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of Cunningham’s claims for
failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. Ames v. Oklahoma, 158 F. App’x
114, 116 (10th Cir. 2005). Dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper where the
5 allegations in the complaint, taken as true, show that the statute of limitations bars
the requested relief. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007).
Federal law determines when a claim accrues. Beck v. City of Muskogee Police
Dep’t, 195 F.3d 553, 557 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing Smith v. City of Enid ex rel. Enid
City Comm’n, 149 F.3d 1151, 1154 (10th Cir. 1998)). Injuries based on violations of
constitutional rights accrue “when the plaintiff knows or should know that” his rights
have been violated. Id. (quoting Smith, 149 F.3d at 1154). Cunningham alleges that
the City of Waukomis police beat him and violated his rights on April 16, 2013. On
that day, Cunningham knew or should have known the police officers had violated
his rights.
But state law determines the appropriate limitations period and tolling
provisions. Id. (citing Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 249–50 (1989), and Arnold v.
Duchesne County, 26 F.3d 982, 985 (10th Cir. 1994)); see Braxton v. Zavaras, 614
F.3d 1156, 1159 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing Fratus v. DeLand, 49 F.3d 673, 675 (10th
Cir. 1995)). Oklahoma has a two-year statute of limitations for personal-injury
claims, which also applies to § 1983 claims. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 95(A)(3). So,
barring any tolling provisions, Cunningham’s claims expired on April 16, 2015.
Cunningham alleges he is entitled to equitable tolling because on January 24,
2014, his sister filed a formal police misconduct complaint with the City of
Waukomis, and on April 11, 2014, his sister filed a Notice of Tort Claim with the
Oklahoma Municipal Assurance Group. Under the Oklahoma Governmental Tort
Claims Act, the City of Waukomis had 90 days to respond to his sister’s April 11,
6 2014 complaint, or it would be deemed denied by default. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 51,
§ 157(A); see Mansell v. City of Lawton, 901 P.2d 826, 831 (Okla. 1995) (noting that
after 90 days, failure of the city to respond to a tort claim constitutes denial by
default), superseded by statute on other grounds, Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 51, § 156(D),
as recognized in Minie v. Hudson, 934 P.2d 1082, 1085 & n.12 (Okla. 1997). The
city never responded to the complaint. So, beginning July 11, 2014, Cunningham had
180 days to commence the lawsuit before us. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 51, § 157(B). That
180-day period expired on January 11, 2015. He filed his complaint on December 1,
2017. So even if his sister’s filing the Notice of Tort Claim with the Oklahoma
Municipal Assurance Group tolled the statute of limitations for the § 1983 claims he
seeks to pursue now, he is still too late.
And Cunningham hasn’t shown that he suffered a “legal disability” at the time
his claims for relief accrued or that “exceptional circumstances” justify tolling the
limitations period here. Young v. Davis, 554 F.3d 1254, 1258 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing
and quoting Alexander v. Oklahoma, 382 F.3d 1206, 1217, 1219 (10th Cir. 2004)). So
we agree with the district court that the statute of limitations has run on
Cunningham’s claims.
B. IFP Motion
Cunningham’s financial disclosures show that he receives an $800 per month
pension. When he filed this appeal, his current account balance exceeded the $505
filing fee to proceed with this appeal. We find that he has the financial ability to
prepay the filing fee. McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812–13 (10th
7 Cir. 1997) (quoting DeBardeleben v. Quinlan, 937 F.2d 502, 505 (10th Cir. 1991)).
So we deny his IFP motion and order the immediate payment of the unpaid balance
due.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips Circuit Judge