OPINION
Opinion by
Justice CARTER.
This is a uniquely situated appeal. In this lawsuit, a drilling company (Sonat Exploration Company) sued an oil field contractor (Cudd Pressure Control, Inc.) to obtain indemnity for money paid as a settlement by Sonat to the survivors of employees killed in an oil field accident in Louisiana.
At trial, a jury decided that the millions of dollars paid by Sonat was not an unreasonable amount; that particular matter is not on appeal. Judgment was entered against Cudd in the amount of $20,719,166.74. Cudd appeals, contending that the trial court incorrectly applied the governing Texas statute on oil field indemnity agreements and that the evidence was inadequate to show that mutuality of agreement existed — or to prove, as required by statute, the amount of insurance coverage for indemnity that Sonat itself had acquired.
A critical issue below was the question of whether Texas or Louisiana law should apply to the action. The trial court decided that Texas law should apply. In a Rule 11 agreement, Cudd agreed not to raise that matter on appeal, in return for which Sonat agreed to nonsuit its pending breach-of-contract claim against Cudd. Cudd did not raise the issue in its brief, and Sonat nonsuited the claim.
That is the action that caused a notable reaction, and ultimately prompted the Texas Supreme Court into adding a unique third ingredient to this mixture. Lumber-mens Mutual Casualty Company, the company that is Cudd’s excess insurer, and not a party at the trial level, attempted to intervene in this case when it first arrived in this Court on appeal in mid-2003, based on the concept of “virtual representation.” We refused to allow the intervention, and Lumbermens immediately sought mandamus relief from the Texas Supreme Court. The Texas Supreme Court held that both Lumbermens’ and Cudd’s ultimate aim — to reverse the underlying judgment — was the same and that the identity of interest on which the doctrine turned was to protect the funds that the underlying judgment put at risk. The court concluded that Lumbermens was entitled to appeal the trial court’s choice-of-law ruling under the doctrine of virtual representation.
In re Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co.,
184 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex.2006).
Accordingly, we now have all of those issues before us.
Choice of Law
We first address the choice-of-law issue raised by Lumbermens. The question is whether the law of Louisiana (where the well was located and where the accident occurred) should apply, or whether the law of Texas (where the survivors filed suit) would apply to the indemnity contract between the parties. There is no clear choice of law provision in the Master Service Agreement or in the attachments governing the entire contract.
There are substantive differences between the application of contractual oil
field accident indemnity clauses in Louisiana and in Texas. Both states have policies that restrict indemnity agreements in the oil drilling business. Under Louisiana law, indemnity to a company from a third party is only available through insurance, so long as the company pays for the premium and is named an additional insured. The action is not a third-party action, but one brought directly against the insurer. In an oil and gas drilling case under Texas statutory law, indemnity provisions between companies are void unless specific requirements are met by the parties to make the obligation mutual through the purchase of insurance.
See
Tex. Civ. PRAo. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 127.003, 127.005 (Vernon 2005).
A trial court’s determination of choice of law is a question of law and is reviewed de novo.
Pittsburgh Corning Corp. v. Watters,
1 S.W.3d 759, 769 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied). The underlying principle is to protect the parties’ expectations. In that regard, the courts have repeatedly recognized that contracting parties frequently express their own choice of law for the construction and interpretation of their agreement. The Texas Supreme Court has stated that judicial respect for such a choice advances the policy of protecting the parties’ expectations.
DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp.,
793 S.W.2d 670, 677 (Tex.1990).
In this case, the contract is a “Master Service Agreement” clearly designed to be used in several different jurisdictions. It contains sections that show a specific intent to use Texas law (and the Texas indemnity statute) in relation to wells drilled in Texas, and to use New Mexico law and its parallel statute in relation to wells drilled in New Mexico. It also contains a provision with specific language concerning wells drilled in Louisiana designed to fit within the strictures of Louisiana law as to insurance and indemnity arrangements. What the document does not contain is specific language choosing a particular forum’s law in all situations.
The controlling case is
Maxus Exploration v. Moran Bros.,
817 S.W.2d 50 (Tex.1991), in which the Texas Supreme Court reviewed the choice of law for an indemnity provision in a tort claim in a drilling accident.
In
Maxus,
one party claimed the indemnity provisions within the general contract were governed by Texas law, while the other sought to apply Kansas law.
As in this case, the contract involved services connected with the drilling or operation of an oil well. Thus, the specific portion of the Restatement addressing service contracts was implicated, and the
Maxus
court recognized that it accords the place of performance paramount importance. Restatement (Seoond) of Conflict of Laws § 196 (1971). All services were actually rendered and expected to be rendered in the other state — being performable “almost entirely” in Kansas. The court stated that, “As a rule, that factor alone is
conclusive in determining what state’s law is to apply.”
Maxus,
817 S.W.2d at 54.
The
Maxus
court recognized that, occasionally, an approach directed at a single issue, such as indemnity, might be appropriate, rather than looking at the contract as a whole. However, the court did not find it appropriate to apply that concept, even though the only issue before the court was the indemnity provision of the contract. The court noted that, even if it was determined that indemnity should be considered separately, the indemnity was also performable, at least for the most part, in Kansas.
A. The First Step — No Choice of Law Selected by the Parties.
The court first recognized that the contract involved services associated with operating an oil well — and that all of those services were contemplated and were actually rendered in the other state — recognizing that this is a factor the courts have often held to be conclusive standing alone.
DeSantis,
793 S.W.2d at 679. That reasoning is based on Section 196 of the Restatement:
The validity of a contract for the rendition of services and the rights created thereby are determined,
in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties,
by the local law of the state where the contract requires that the services,
or a major portion of the services,
be rendered,
unless,
with respect to the particular issue, some other state has a more significant relationship under the principles stated in § 6 to the transaction and the parties,....
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 196 (emphasis added).
As in
Maxus,
the parties in this case made no explicit choice of law as to the entire contract. Cudd agreed to provide its labor and expertise in providing well drilling services for Sonat when requested. Although the contract contemplates the services could be provided in a number of states, no actual work was to be performed until requested by Sonat at a particular location. The drilling services to be provided in regal'd to the well in question were in Louisiana. Thus, under
Maxus
and the Restatement formulation, because all of the services to be provided as a result of this particular job controlled by the contract were rendered in Louisiana, Louisiana law should apply unless some other state has a more significant relationship to the issue, transaction, and the parties.
The Restatement provides that, in order to determine whether Texas has that “more significant relationship,” we look at the factors set out in Section 6. Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 196.
B. The Second Step — Does Texas Have a More Significant Relationship?
The court analyzed the contractual rights of the parties based on the principles set out in Section 6 of the Restatement.
Restatement (Seoond) of Conflicts of Law § 6 (1971). Those factors are:
(a) the needs of the interstate and international systems,
(b) the relevant policies of the forum,
(c) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of the particular issue,
(d) the protection of justified expectations,
(e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law,
(f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and
(g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.
1. Application of Restatement Section 188 — Contacts.
When there is no effective choice of law by the parties, the contacts to be taken into account in applying the above principles to determine the law applicable to an issue include:
(a) the place of contracting — Sonat argues that the contract was prepared in Texas by Sonat personnel and sent to Cudd in Oklahoma. Cudd argues that its representative signed the agreement in Louisiana. Standing alone, the place of contracting is a relatively insignificant contact. Restatement (Seoond) of Conflict of Laws § 188 cmt. e (1971).
(b) the place of negotiation of the contract — Cudd argues there was no negotiation of the contract, but it was a standard contract Sonat imposed on its contractors. Cudd alleges Sonat personnel were in Texas and Cudd in Oklahoma and Louisiana during any negotiation. Again, this is of less importance when there is no single place of negotiation and agreement.
Id.
(c) the place of performance — This appears to be the most important of all contacts. We will discuss this in detail later in the opinion.
(d) the location of the subject matter of the contract — The contract itself is written so that it could apply in more than one state. However, as it is relevant to this occurrence, the implementation of the work pursuant to the contract occurred when Sonat requested Cudd to work on a particular well site in Louisiana.
(e)the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties — Sonat and Cudd are both Delaware corporations. Sonat has its principal place of business in Texas and Cudd alleges its principal place of business is in Louisiana, although there is some conflicting evidence.
See
Restatement (Seoond) of Conflict of Laws § 188(2).
The most important of these contacts is the place of performance. In the case of a contract for the rendition of services, the place of performance is given paramount importance.
Maxus,
817 S.W.2d at 53. In
Maxus,
the court found that four of the seven principles militated clearly in favor of applying Kansas law: the protection of justified expectations; certainty, predictability, and uniformity of result; ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied; and the basic policies underlying the particular field of law.
Id.
at 57.
2. Analysis of the Restatement Section 6 — Factors.
(a) The needs of the interstate and international systems
The court found that the needs of the interstate and international systems were not implicated much — if at all — in
Maxus,
and the same situation exists here. Lumbermens suggests that the concept of comity would apply. Under the doctrine of comity, Texas will recognize the laws of other states with the expectation that those states will extend Texas the same consideration.
K.D.F. v. Rex,
878 S.W.2d 589, 593-94 (Tex.1994);
Greenwell v. Davis,
180 S.W.3d 287, 292 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2005, pet. denied). Lumbermens suggests that a choice of law was effectively made in this case by a Louisiana court and that we should thus defer to that determination. Our review of the materi
als cited does not show that such a situation clearly exists in connection with this litigation — although it does in a parallel litigation with another party. Although quite weak, any strength to that factor leans in favor of respecting Louisiana decisions and choosing that state’s law.
(b) & (c) Relevant polices of the forum— other interested states’ policies, and relative interests of states in the determination of the particular issue
Review of the policies of Texas, and of the other interested states, and their relative interests in determining the particular issue, as well as the policies underlying the particular field of law, were matters of considerable concern in the
Maxus
decision. Those principles and the policies of Texas and Kansas, and the relative interests of each in determining the validity of indemnity agreements, were discussed in some detail. The court recognized that Kansas had no clear policy that it could ascertain, while Texas had a clearly formulated policy by statute about such indemnity agreements.
In
Maxus,
it appears that the lack of a clearly articulated policy in Kansas would make a stronger case for applying Texas law. The court did not find it so. In a critical piece of descriptive wording, the court noted that, although one could argue that the purpose of the statute was to protect Texas contractors working on wells
wherever they might be situated, ... we think it more plausible that it had the more limited objective of protecting contractors who drill wells in Texas. We do not read the statute to have an extraterritorial reach, absent some agreement between the parties.
See
Tex. Civ. PRAC. & Rem.Code § 127.002(a).
Maxus,
817 S.W.2d at 57.
Thus, we must also conclude in this situation that, where Louisiana does have a case-derived policy similar to that in the Texas statute, the argument for using the other state’s law is even stronger than in
Maxus
— while the reason for not extending the Texas statute across state lines similarly applies in this case.
Does either Texas or Louisiana have a dominant interest in application of its law? Both Texas and Louisiana have enacted laws voiding agreements, in oil and gas drilling operations, to indemnify a party for losses arising from death or injury caused by the indemnitee. Tex. Crv. Prao.
&
Rem.Code Ann. § 127.008; La. R.S. 9:2780 (2006). Texas has a statutory exception allowing indemnity when all conditions have been fulfilled. By caselaw interpretation, Louisiana allows indemnity by use of insurance. So the polices of both states are congruent. Therefore, it cannot be said that either state has a dominant interest in determining the indemnity issue.
(d) Protection of justified expectations
This factor recognizes that it is unfair to hold one liable under the law of one state when that person had justifiably conformed its conduct to the requirements of another state. When specific provisions are placed in a contract — one operative when a well is drilled in Texas and another when drilled in Louisiana, the parties could justifiably expect their conduct should conform to the state where the drilling operations occurred.
(e) Basic policies underlying the particular field of law
Both state policies are similar — they restrict oil well indemnity agreements. Which state’s policy best restricts abusive indemnity contracts? There is no clear answer.
(f) Predictability and Uniformity
It is predictable that the state law where the underlying work was performed should govern, particularly when the parties so contemplated by the provisions of the contract. Where a lawsuit may be filed for the damages is very unpredictable.
(g) Ease in determination of the law
Each state law is clear and not difficult to apply. This factor is of no particular weight in deciding the proper law to be applied.
Sonat argues that this case differs because Texas law was applied to the tort lawsuits. However, all of those suits settled, and choice of law was therefore irrelevant to the ultimate outcome of the dispute. This differs from
Maxus,
where Kansas law was used in the underlying lawsuit. Thus, the court’s statement that it was more desirable that the same law govern both the underlying lawsuit and the connected indemnity action is not directly applicable here.
See Maxus,
817 S.W.2d at 57. Even if it were, it remains only one factor of several, and by no means mandates a particular result.
C. The Impact of
Chesapeake Operating, Inc. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc.
and
Panatrol Corp. v. Emerson Elec. Co.
Sonat relies on
Chesapeake Operating, Inc. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc.,
94 S.W.3d 168 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.), as providing a different result. In
Chesapeake,
a deeply divided court stated that, after review under the Restatement concepts of choice of law— and reviewing the indemnity clause separately from the body of the contract, Texas law should apply.
In
Chesapeake,
the court noted that, although the drilling was in Louisiana, the suing was in Texas.
Id.
at 171. In this appeal, Sonat suggests that, since we have the same sequence of events, that should control the outcome. We disagree. A critical point in
Chesapeake
was the fact that there was a choice of law: the parties agreed that Texas law would apply to the contract. This invokes Section 187(2)(b) of the Restatement of Conflict of Laws. In that section, the application of the law of the chosen state (Texas) applies unless it is contrary to a fundamental policy of a state with a materially greater interest and which would be the state of applicable law in the absence of the choice of law.
The Houston court recognized that
Maxus
held that the place of performance was of “paramount importance” in service contract cases. The Houston court then differentiated its decision by stating that the Texas Supreme Court had noted that there were two different meanings of “the place of performance,” that being 1) where the drilling services were performed, and 2) where the indemnity obligation was performed by defending against the personal injury suit. Generally, it is held that the place of performance is almost conclusive in establishing the state with the most significant relationship to the issue, transaction, and parties. This contract was written in a manner that was intended and contemplated that it would control regardless of the location of the drilling operation. However, the parties did specify certain controlling indemnity law and statutes in the event a well was drilled in either Louisiana or Texas. The parties agreed in a paragraph entitled “Operations in the State of New Mexico or in the State of Texas or offshore of the State of Texas” specifically that such operations in Texas or offshore of the State of Texas, if maritime law was inapplicable, the provisions of Chapter 127 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code would apply.
See
Tex. Civ. PRAc. & Rem.Code Ann. § 127.001-.008
(Vernon 2005). The very statute regulating indemnity that is before this Court was specifically referred to by these parties in the contract. If this oil well had been drilled in Texas, this reference would indicate that Texas indemnity law should apply-
However, the parties provided for a similar scenario in the event a well was drilled in Louisiana. Since Louisiana law is different than Texas law on the issue of oil field indemnity, a different provision was necessary. In Louisiana, the courts have recognized that the only effective way to obtain indemnity in oil well drilling operations is through indemnitee’s purchasing and paying for such insurance and becoming an additional insured under the contractor’s insurance.
Marcel v. Placid Oil Co.,
11 F.3d 563 (5th Cir.1994).
In an apparent effort to comply with that decision concerning Louisiana law, the parties included a provision entitled “Louisiana and Offshore Louisiana Operations.” Contained in that provision is an authorization for Cudd, in return for payment of the applicable premium by Sonat, to name So-nat as an additional insured. This procedure is predicated on work performed “in the State of Louisiana.” When the parties incorporated indemnity provisions into their contract, the performance contemplated to engage these indemnity provisions was the drilling of an oil well in the particular state. The parties recognized that, in the event of a catastrophic accident at that well site, potential indemnity claims would be bound by these indemnity provisions. These provisions relate directly to indemnity, and without them, the indemnity provisions would be void according to Texas or Louisiana law. In essence, these provisions establish that indemnity rights in Texas and Louisiana were tethered to the state where the well was drilled. To say that the place of performance, even concerning the indemnity issue, was established by the location of the lawsuit filed years after the acts took place that activated the contractual indemnity right, is to ignore the plain language the parties used in their contract. Further, when the parties’ contract specifically includes provisions designed to incorporate the unique requirements of a particular state regarding indemnity for events occurring in that state, we believe that state has a more significant relationship with the parties, the transaction, and issue for those events than the place where one of the parties later chose to file a lawsuit. This analysis protects the parties’ justified expectations and lends itself to certainty, predictability, and uniformity. Since the policy of Texas and Louisiana concerning oil well indemnities is consistent, each state’s policy is promoted, not violated, by this conclusion.
Sonat urges us to consider the indemnity issue separate and apart from the entire contract in determining the application of the appropriate law. If we analyze that issue alone, we are confronted with the argument that the parties agreed to use the law of the State of Louisiana concerning the indemnity issue for operations conducted in Louisiana. Section 187 of the Restatement of Conflict recognizes that, even when the contract does not have an express choice of law, it may be possible to conclude from its provisions that the parties intended to have a particular issue
governed by a chosen state’s law. “[T]he fact that the contract contains legal expressions, or makes reference to legal doctrines, that are peculiar to the local law of a particular state may provide persuasive evidence that the parties wished to have this law applied.” Restatement (Second) op ConfliCt of Laws § 187 cmt. a. By then-contract, the parties recognized the unique features of the Louisiana law regarding indemnity and agreed that, as to work performed in Louisiana, Cudd would name Sonat as an additional insured on its insurance policies — thereby employing the only method to accomplish indemnity in oil well operations in Louisiana. Considering those references to the peculiar law of Louisiana to be a choice of the law applicable to the indemnity issue, Louisiana law would apply to the indemnification issue unless either: (1) the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice, or (2) application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule of Section 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties. Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187(2)(a), (b). Louisiana has a substantial relationship to the parties and the transaction because the well site where the accident occurred giving rise to all liabilities is located in Louisiana. Further, we have found that application of Louisiana law would not be contrary to a fundamental policy of the State of Texas as each of the states have a similar purpose in their indemnity laws — to restrict abusive indemnity practices in well drilling operations. If we consider the indemnity issue completely separately from the entire contract, we believe the parties chose Louisiana law to apply to the indemnity issue and are required to respect that choice.
We also recognize, in
Chesapeake,
two important distinctions: (1) two sophisticated parties had made an express choice of the applicable law, and (2) the indemnity and insurance clauses in that contract were specifically drafted to meet Texas law.
Chesapeake,
94 S.W.3d at 177. We have no express choice of law for the entire contract, and the indemnity and insurance clauses in this contract were expressly designed to invoke Louisiana law for operations conducted in Louisiana. We ultimately agree with the conclusion of the
Chesapeake
majority, which was that the parties should “have what they bargained for.”
Id.
at 180.
Sonat also cites
Panatrol Carp. v. Emerson Elec. Co.,
163 S.W.3d 182 (Tex.App.San Antonio 2005, pet. denied), which analyzes the particular issue of indemnity, rather than the entire contract, in determining which state law to apply. In
Pana-trol,
the claim for indemnity emanated from a statutory right in Texas (Products Liability Act), rather from contractual rights agreed to by the parties. The court found that the parties’ agreement did not have a provision regarding which state law controlled indemnification and, therefore, the “parties could not have resolved the issue of whether Emerson must indemnify Panatrol by reference to the invoice.”
Id.
at 187. Whereas, here, the parties included a provision providing for the unique manner in which Louisiana law allowed indemnity. Further, the court in
Panatrol
found that Texas was the only one of the states involved that had a statute authorizing the seller of a defective product indemnification from the manufacturer. The Texas statute created a new statutory duty. It was determined that Texas had a strong policy favoring protection of the innocent seller — thus, Texas had the most
significant relationship to the transaction and the parties.
Id.
at 188-89. Application of Illinois or Missouri law would have been contrary to a fundamental policy of Texas.
Id.
at 189. Here, as we have pointed out, both Texas and Louisiana statutorily regulate oil field indemnity agreements and it is not possible to conclude that application of Louisiana law is contrary to Texas public policy, but in fact, the policies of Texas and Louisiana are in accord on the issue of oil field indemnity.
See Chesapeake,
94 S.W.3d at 178 (“because the policies are identical, we do not see how one can contravene the other”). These distinctions make
Panatrol
inapplicable to this case.
We reiterate: Section 196 of the Restatement provides that, in the absence of a choice of law, we apply the law where the contract requires a major portion of the services be rendered unless with respect to the particular issue some other state has a more significant relationship under the factors set out above to the transaction and parties. Although the particular issue is indemnity, the transaction is the service contract. Whether we examine the service contract as a whole, as in
Maxus,
or the issue of indemnity only, as in
Chesapeake
and
Panatrol,
we cannot say that Texas has a more significant relationship than Louisiana to the issue of indemnity or the transaction of the parties. Thus, as the
Maxus
court concluded that, on balance, the factors required the application of Kansas law, we likewise find that the factors require the application of Louisiana law to this case. If we examine the indemnity issue separately, we conclude the parties selected Louisiana law to apply to the indemnity issue for operations conducted in Louisiana.
D. Does the Choice of Law Determination Apply to Cudd?
There is one remaining issue. So-nat has argued in a reply brief that, should we reverse on this basis in favor of Lum-bermens, that cannot and should not inure to the benefit of Cudd because Cudd agreed not to raise the choice-of-law issue on appeal. We disagree.
First: Cudd did not violate its agreement. Both in briefing and at oral argument, counsel scrupulously avoided even the barest mention of the choice-of-law issue. That issue was raised solely by Lumbermens.
Second: Even though Sonat, relying on the Rule 11 agreement that Cudd would not assert the choice-of-law issue, dismissed with prejudice its claims against Cudd for breach of contract (failing to invoice Sonat for the insurance premium to become an additional insured on Cudd’s policy), the Texas Supreme Court specifically directed this Court to allow Lumber-mens to contest the choice-of-law ruling. The Texas Supreme Court found that this issue could be dispositive, which we believe to be the case. Since the Texas Supreme Court authorized the presentation of this issue, we must determine its merits and apply it to those bound by the judgment.
Third: The judgment is not against Lumbermens; it is against Cudd. Lumber-mens was not a party below and is not a party to the judgment. We cannot reverse the judgment without reversing it as to the party against whom it was taken. Further, for us to render any sort of a judgment expounding on the law without applying it to this case would fit squarely within the definition of an advisory opinion. We are prohibited from issuing advisory opinions, the distinctive feature of which is that it decides an abstract question of law without binding the parties. Tex. CONST, art. II, § 1;
see Valley Baptist Med. Ctr. v. Gonzalez,
33 S.W.3d 821 (Tex.2000).
We reverse the judgment and remand the cause to the trial court for further
proceedings in accordance with this opinion.