Crypto Asset Fund, LLC v. Medcredits, Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: March 30, 2020
• Docket: 3:19-cv-01869
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 CRYPTO ASSET FUND, LLC, et al., CASE NO. 19cv1869-LAB (MDD) 9

Plaintiffs, 10 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND vs. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ 11 MOTION TO DISMISS [Dkt. 9]; MEDCREDITS, INC., et al., 12 Defendants. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 13 COMPEL [Dkt. 9];

14 ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS [Dkt. 15 9]

17 Plaintiffs Crypto Asset Fund, LLC (“CAF”), Timothy Enneking, and Kyle 18 Chaykowski brought this suit in September 2019, alleging that Defendants violated an 19 array of state and federal laws by soliciting and inducing Plaintiffs to invest in a “token 20 sale” related to Defendants’ new medical platform, MedCredits. Currently before the 21 Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Complaint for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction 22 and Failure to State a Claim, or alternatively, to Compel the Plaintiffs to Arbitration. As 23 discussed below, the Court finds that it has personal jurisdiction over some of the 24 Defendants, but that all of Plaintiffs’ claims are subject to arbitration. 25 BACKGROUND 26 1. Plaintiffs’ Investments 27 “Token Sales” and “Initial Coin Offerings” are sales and offerings of “digital assets 28 conducted by organizations using distributed ledger or blockchain technology[.]” 1 Complaint (“Compl.”), Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 15. In 2017, Defendants James Todaro and 2 MedCredits, Inc. began planning an Initial Coin Offering for the “MEDX token,” a 3 blockchain-based technology that “efficiently and privately connect[s] patients seeking 4 medical care with doctors worldwide.” Id. at ¶ 16; Todaro Decl., Dkt. 9-9, at ¶ 5. 5 Defendants James Todaro, Joseph Todaro, John Todaro, Moshe Praver, and Ryan Cody 6 are each executive officers and/or directors of MedCredits and its sister company, 7 Blocktown Holdings LP. 8 Plaintiff Timothy Enneking and Kyle Chaykowski are officers of Crypto Asset Fund, 9 LLC. In late 2017, Plaintiff Tim Enneking and Defendant James Todaro began 10 discussions about a potential collaboration on the MEDX token. The parties dispute the 11 nature of this collaboration. Plaintiffs claim that Todaro “solicit[ed] and induce[d] Mr. 12 Enneking to invest” in MEDX. Compl. at ¶ 17. Defendants, on the other hand, allege that 13 Enneking approached them in early 2017 to inquire about whether the parties could work 14 together. See Todaro Decl. ¶ 12. The exact details are not especially relevant at this 15 stage. What is relevant is that, in January 2018, Enneking (on behalf of CAF) purchased 16 “$1.3 million worth of MEDX tokens” from MedCredits. Compl. at ¶ 26. Chaykowski, after 17 being introduced to Todaro by Enneking, individually purchased another $50,000 worth 18 of MEDX tokens, and Enneking signed on as an advisor with MedCredits. Id. Plaintiffs 19 claim that Defendants, having accepted their money, then abandoned the MEDX platform 20 and never completed the MEDX token sale or distribution. Id. It is undisputed that 21 Defendants did not return Plaintiffs’ investment. 22 On July 12, 2019, Plaintiffs’ counsel sent a letter to Defendants informing them 23 that Plaintiffs intended to file suit. See Miller Decl., Dkt. 9-2, at ¶ 3. On August 2, 2019, 24 counsel for the parties conducted a teleconference and discussed, among other things, 25 the arbitration portions of the Seed Round Agreement that governed Plaintiffs’ purchase 26 of MEDX tokens. Id. at ¶ 5. On September 18, 2019, Plaintiffs’ counsel sent Defendants’ 27 counsel a draft complaint containing 20 purported claims and indicated that he intended 28 to file the complaint in the coming days. Id. at ¶ 6. Before Plaintiffs could file that 1 Complaint, however, MedCredits filed a Request for Arbitration with the International 2 Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) on September 25, 2019. Id. at ¶ 7. Two days later, on 3 September 27, 2019, Plaintiffs’ counsel filed the complaint in this case. 4 2. The Arbitration Agreement 5 Plaintiffs’ purchase of MEDX tokens was governed by the “Terms and Conditions 6 Regarding MEDX Seed Round Token Sale” (“Seed Round Agreement”). See Todaro 7 Decl., Ex A. Enneking signed this document on January 23, 2018, shortly before he 8 transmitted 1340 Ethereum coins1 to MedCredits on behalf of CAF. See Todaro Decl. at 9 ¶ 13. A few days later, on February 8, 2018, Chaykowski also “review[ed] the Seed 10 Round Agreement, checked a box to accept its terms and conditions” and then transferred 11 approximately 63 Ethereum coins to CAF. Id. at ¶ 14. 12 The Seed Round Agreement contains a broad arbitration provision requiring that 13 any disputes “arising from or related to” the Agreement be arbitrated individually in front 14 of the ICC. See Todaro Decl., Ex A at § 17.1. In relevant part, that provision provides: 15 Except for any disputes, claims, suits, actions, causes of action, demands or proceedings (collectively, “Disputes”) in 16 which either Party seeks injunctive or other equitable relief for the alleged unlawful use of intellectual property, including, 17 without limitation, copyrights, trademarks, trade names, logos, 18 trade secrets or patents, you and Company (i) waive your and Company’s respective rights to have any and all Disputes 19 arising from or related to these T&Cs resolved in a court, and (ii) waive your and Company’s respective rights to a jury trial. 20 Instead, you and Company agree to arbitrate Disputes 21 through binding arbitration . . . .

22 Id. The agreement delegates to the arbitrator any disputes related to arbitrability, 23 and it further requires that an arbitration be conducted on an individual basis. Id. at 24 §§ 17.2, 17.6. 25 / / / 26

27 1 Ethereum is a cryptocurrency. According to Plaintiffs, 1340 Ethereum coins were worth 28 approximately $1,300,000 at the time of the investment. Compl. at ¶ 26. 1 DISCUSSION 2 Defendants MedCredits, James Todaro, and Blocktown bring several motions. 3 First, Defendants move to dismiss the case against them for lack of personal jurisdiction 4 and for failure to state a claim. In the alternative, Defendants move to compel arbitration 5 and stay litigation based on the Seed Round Agreement’s arbitration provision. Finally, 6 Defendants move for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. 7 Individual Defendants Joseph Todaro, John Todaro, and Moshe Praver—who were first 8 served in this case after the other Defendants filed these motions—join in those motions. 9 See Notice of Joinder, Dkt. 22. 10 1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction 11 Defendants move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, arguing that their 12 contacts with the state of California are insufficient to permit this Court to exercise 13 jurisdiction over them. The Court agrees in part and disagrees in part. 14 When a defendant moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the burden of 15 proving personal jurisdiction rests with the plaintiff. Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 16 1151, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006). Personal jurisdiction over each defendant must be assessed 17 individually. Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 784 (1984). Courts may not assume the 18 truth of allegations in a pleading when those allegations are contradicted by affidavit. 19 Data Disc, Inc. v. Systems Technology Associates, Inc., 557 F.2d 1280, 1284 (9th Cir. 20 1977). 21 Specific personal jurisdiction2 in the Ninth Circuit is analyzed through a three-prong 22 test. See Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004). 23 The first prong requires that Defendants have purposefully directed their activities at the 24 forum state or purposefully availed themselves of the benefits of the forum state. Id. The 25 26 2 Neither party meaningfully contends the Court has general personal jurisdiction over 27 any of the Defendants—two Delaware corporations headquartered in Michigan and a handful of individuals residing in states other than California—so the Court limits its 28 analysis to specific personal jurisdiction. 1 second prong requires that Plaintiffs’ claims arise out of the Defendants’ forum-related 2 activity. Id. The third prong requires that the exercise of personal jurisdiction be 3 reasonable. Id. The first prong follows an effects test, under which the defendant must 4 commit an intentional act, the act must be expressly aimed at the forum state, and the act 5 must cause harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state. See 6 Dole Food Co., Inc. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002). The second prong 7 must satisfy a “but for” causation test. Ziegler v. Indian River Cty., 64 F.3d 470, 474 (9th 8 Cir. 1995) 9 A defendant's status as an employee or officer of a corporation does not shield 10 them from liability for intentionally tortious acts. Calder, 465 U.S. at 790. But mere 11 association with a corporation that causes injury is not sufficient to permit personal 12 jurisdiction without a further reason for the court to disregard the corporate form. Davis 13 v. Metro Productions, Inc., 885 F.2d 515, 520 (9th Cir. 1989). 14 Applying Schwarzenegger’s three-part test, the Court finds it has specific personal 15 jurisdiction over James Todaro and MedCredits. As discussed above, the parties 16 disagree about the origins of the parties’ relationship. What’s clear, though, is that James 17 Todaro, on behalf of MedCredits, corresponded heavily with the Plaintiffs over multiple 18 months in the spring of 2018 in hopes that Plaintiffs would invest in his new platform, 19 MEDX. He did this presumably knowing that Plaintiffs lived in California and that any 20 harm from the transaction falling through would necessarily be felt there. Indeed, 21 Defendants note that the MEDX token sale was a “seed round to a limited number of 22 investors,” not a widespread public offering. See Reply, Dkt. 20, at 9; Todaro Decl. at 23 ¶ 8. Were this a blanket offering open to any interested party in the United States, 24 perhaps there would be a better argument that the Defendants could not foresee specific 25 harm being felt in California. But given the limited (and personal) nature of this 26 transaction, it was imminently foreseeable who would feel the harm if the deal fell through 27 and where that harm would be felt. The Court therefore finds it has specific personal 28 jurisdiction over James Todaro and MedCredits because they purposefully directed their 1 activities at California, Plaintiffs’ claims arise out of that forum-related activity, and the 2 exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. 3 The same cannot be said for the remaining Defendants. Again, “mere association 4 with a corporation that causes injury is insufficient to permit personal jurisdiction without 5 a further reason for the court to disregard the corporate form.” Davis, 885 F.2d at 520. 6 Although Plaintiffs could have shown—through affidavits or other supporting materials— 7 how the remaining Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction, they haven’t attempted 8 to make such a showing. As pled, the only way these Defendants can be said to have 9 targeted the state of California is by virtue of their status as officers of—or, in Blocktown 10 LP’s case, as an associated entity of—Medcredits. Because that is insufficient as a 11 matter of law, the Court lacks specific personal jurisdiction over these Defendants. 12 Plaintiffs’ claims against Joseph Todaro, John Todaro, Moshe Praver, Ryan Cody3, and 13 Blocktown LP are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 14 2. Defendants’ Motion to Compel 15 Defendants next argue that the Court must compel Plaintiffs to arbitrate their 16 claims based on the arbitration provision found in the Seed Round Agreement. The Court 17 agrees. 18 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 1, et seq., reflects a strong public 19 policy in favor of arbitration. The FAA applies to any “contract evidencing a transaction 20 involving commerce,” and provides that any arbitration agreement within its scope “shall 21 be valid, irrevocable and enforceable.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. “A party aggrieved by the alleged 22 . . . refusal of another to arbitrate” may petition any federal district court for an order 23 compelling arbitration. Id. at § 4. Congress enacted the FAA to overcome “widespread 24 judicial hostility to arbitration agreements,” and to ensure that courts enforce valid 25 agreements to arbitrate. See AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 26

27 3 Although Defendant Ryan Cody is not listed in the Notice of Joinder filed by Defendants 28 Joseph Todaro, John Todaro, and Moshe Praver, the same analysis applies to him. 1 (2011). “The FAA ‘leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but 2 instead mandates that district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration’” if it 3 concludes the parties have agreed to arbitrate the dispute. Kilgore v. KeyBank Nat'l 4 Ass'n, 673 F.3d 947, 955 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Byrd, 470 5 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) (emphasis in original)). “The court's role under the [FAA] is 6 therefore limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it 7 does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Kilgore, 673 F.3d 8 at 955 (citation omitted). If the answer to both questions is yes, the court is required to 9 enforce the arbitration agreement. Id. 10 Further, recent Supreme Court precedent makes clear that parties may delegate 11 to the arbitrator even these threshold issues of arbitrability—that is, whether the case is 12 subject to arbitration at all. “[P]arties may delegate threshold arbitrability questions to the 13 arbitrator, so long as the parties' agreement does so by ‘clear and unmistakable’ 14 evidence.” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 530 (2019) 15 (quoting First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). In this 16 situation, the court first “determines whether a valid arbitration agreement exists.” Id. If 17 it does, “and if the agreement delegates the arbitrability issue to an arbitrator, a court may 18 not decide the arbitrability issue.” Id. 19 There’s little doubt valid arbitration agreements exist here. As to Enneking, 20 Defendants have submitted an executed copy of the Seed Round Agreement that was 21 signed on January 23, 2018 by James Todaro (on behalf of MedCredits) and Timothy 22 Enneking (on behalf of CAF). See Todaro Decl., Ex. A.4 The beginning of that agreement 23

24 4 Plaintiffs raise various evidentiary objections to James Todaro’s declaration. See Dkt. 16-8. The Court relies on Todaro’s declaration only as necessary to authenticate the 25 arbitration agreements. As an officer of Medcredits, Todaro has the personal knowledge to testify about MedCredits’ practices and policies, as well as to authenticate the various 26 documents attached to his declaration. See Fed. R. Evid. 602 (“A witness may testify to 27 a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter.”); see also Barthelemy v. Air Lines Pilots Ass'n, 897 28 1 explicitly provides, “BY CONTRIBUTING TO MEDREDITS, INC FOR THE PURCHASE 2 OF MEDX TOKENS (‘MEDX’) DURING THE ‘SEED ROUND TOKEN SALE’, YOU WILL 3 BE BOUND BY THESE T&Cs AND ALL TERMS INCORPORATED HEREIN BY 4 REFERENCE. . . . THESE T&Cs CONTAIN PROVISIONS WHICH AFFECT YOUR 5 LEGAL RIGHTS.” Id. Section 17 of the Seed Round Agreement waives any right by the 6 parties to have “[d]isputes arising from or related to these T&Cs resolved in a Court.” Id. 7 “Instead, you and Company agree to arbitrate Disputes through binding arbitration.” Id. 8 Given this language, the Court has little difficulty concluding that there is a valid arbitration 9 agreement between MedCredits and Enneking. 10 Whether there is a valid arbitration agreement between MedCredits and 11 Chaykowski is less straightforward. Because Chaykowski’s contribution was significantly 12 smaller than Enneking’s—roughly $50,000 versus $1,300,000—MedCredits apparently 13 did not execute a personal agreement with him. Instead, when Chaykowski expressed 14 interest in contributing, Todaro sent him instructions requiring Chaykowski to (1) visit a 15 website (https://medcredits.io/seedround); (2) agree to the terms of the token sale on that 16 site; (3) enter his email address to receive an Ethereum “deposit address”; and (4) transfer 17 the Ethereum deposit. See Todaro Decl. at ¶ 14; Exs. E, F. As such, even if there is no 18 copy of an executed agreement, Todaro’s testimony is that Chaykowski could not have 19 contributed money to MedCredits without first accepting the same Seed Round 20 Agreement that Enneking signed. Id. It is not unusual for a defendant to be unable to 21 produce “executed” versions of online agreements. Indeed, so long as there is 22 “admissible evidence that all users during the relevant time period were required to 23 affirmatively agree to the Terms of Use,” it is irrelevant that there is no formal document. 24 Graf v. Match.com, LLC, 2015 WL 4263957, at *4 (C.D. Cal. 2015); see also Roberts v. 25 Obelisk, Inc., 2019 WL 1902605, at *6 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (rejecting a similar argument that 26 F.2d 999, 1018 (9th Cir. 1990) (A declarant’s personal knowledge may be inferred from 27 a declarant’s “position[ ] and the nature of their participation in the matters.”). These 28 objections are therefore OVERRULED. 1 the defendant had failed to produce executed copies of the online terms and conditions). 2 The evidence submitted by Todaro is that Chaykowski could not have submitted his 3 Ethereum payment without first agreeing to the same Seed Round Agreement terms. See 4 Todaro Decl. at ¶ 9 (“All supporters of the project were required to agree to the terms and 5 conditions of the Seed Round Agreement[,] . . . which included an arbitration clause 6 captioned ‘Dispute Resolution by Arbitration,’ which was identical in each individual 7 supporter’s Seed Round Agreement.”). The Court therefore has no difficulty concluding 8 that a valid arbitration agreement exists between Chaykowski and the Defendants. 9 The Court also finds that the arbitration agreements signed by Enneking and 10 Chaykowski delegate the threshold issue of arbitrability to the arbitrator. Section 17.6 of 11 the Seed Round Agreement grants the arbitrator the “exclusive authority and jurisdiction 12 to make all procedural and substantive decisions regarding a dispute, including the 13 determination of whether a [d]ispute is appropriate for arbitration.” Todaro Decl., Ex A at 14 § 17.6. This language evinces an unmistakable intent to delegate the issue of arbitrability 15 to the arbitrator. The Court therefore “has no power to decide the arbitrability issue.” 16 Schein, 139 S. Ct. at 529. 17 Plaintiffs make a variety of arguments as to why they cannot be forced to arbitrate, 18 which the Court will address in turn. First, Plaintiffs argue, they cannot be forced to 19 arbitrate because there is a third agreement at issue here—the Advisory Agreement 20 between Enneking and MedCredits—that does not contain an arbitration provision. 21 That’s true enough, but it’s also (for all practical purposes) irrelevant. Plaintiff’s Complaint 22 contains twenty causes of action and none is premised solely on the Advisory Agreement. 23 The only two claims that explicitly reference the Advisory Agreement—Count 13 for 24 Breach of Contract and Count 14 for Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair 25 Dealing—reference that agreement only as an afterthought. See Compl. at ¶ 125 26 (“Pursuant to MedCredits’ offer to sell MEDX tokens, Plaintiffs and MedCredits entered 27 into agreements whereby Plaintiffs purchased MEDX tokens from Defendants. Mr. 28 Enneking also entered into an agreement to provide advisory services for MedCredits.) 1 (emphasis added); Compl. at ¶ 131 (“MedCredits breached the covenant of good faith 2 and fair dealing when it failed to build and launch the MEDX platform, failed to release 3 and distribute MEDX tokens to investors including Plaintiffs, and failed to compensate Mr. 4 Enneking for his advisory services.”) (emphasis added). As such, even assuming the 5 Advisory Agreement does not contain an arbitration clause, any claim premised on that 6 agreement is also premised on the Seed Round Agreement, which does contain an 7 arbitration clause. The lack of an arbitration agreement in the Advisory Agreement 8 doesn’t affect the arbitrability of Plaintiffs’ claims. 9 Plaintiffs next argue that Defendants failed to comply with a requirement in the 10 Seed Round Agreement that they provide notice to the other side before filing the 11 arbitration demand. See Todaro Decl., Ex. A at § 17.4. According to Plaintiffs, 12 Defendants’ failure to provide notice means that any arbitrator ultimately appointed by the 13 ICC will lack jurisdiction over the parties. See Opp. at 7. This argument proves too much. 14 Whether the Court may enforce the arbitration agreement does not turn on whether 15 Defendants have to this point complied with that agreement’s provisions. It is enough that 16 there is an arbitration agreement that manifests an intent to arbitrate. Indeed, if the 17 current iteration of Defendants’ arbitration demand is procedurally unsound, there seems 18 to be no issue with them re-filing the demand after complying with the applicable notice 19 rules. 20 Next, Plaintiffs submit that the arbitration agreements are “unenforceable on 21 grounds of fraud, unconscionability, and public policy.” Opp. at 10. Specifically, they 22 argue, they would not have agreed to the Seed Round Agreement but for Defendants’ 23 misrepresentations that they planned to develop and utilize the MEDX token. The 24 agreement was therefore procured by fraud. Relatedly, Plaintiffs argue, the agreement 25 is unconscionable because the Seed Round Agreement was a “contract of adhesion” 26 presented on a take-it-or-leave-it basis that generated one-sided result. Putting aside the 27 fact that both parties were sophisticated entities, these various arguments are not 28 challenges the arbitration provision specifically, but challenges to the Seed Round 1 Agreement as a whole. “[A]s a matter of substantive federal arbitration law, an arbitration 2 provision is severable from the remainder of the contract, [and] unless the challenge is to 3 the arbitration clause itself, the issue of the contract’s validity is considered by the 4 arbitrator in the first instance.” Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cadegna, 546 U.S. 440, 5 445–46 (2006). Because Plaintiffs’ arguments concerning fraud and unconscionability go 6 to the validity of the contract as a whole, the arbitrator should consider those arguments 7 in the first instance. 8 Finally, Plaintiffs argue that Section 14 of the Securities Act and Section 29(a) of 9 the Exchange Act exempt their federal securities claims from arbitration. While it’s true 10 that the Securities and Exchange Commission generally refuses to approve initial public 11 offerings containing arbitration provisions, Plaintiffs have identified no case law (or any 12 other authority for that matter) suggesting that a party may rely on these provisions to 13 invalidate an existing arbitration clause. And, again, there is nothing precluding the 14 arbitrator from considering this argument to the extent it has teeth. 15 Having concluded that Plaintiffs’ claims should be referred to arbitration, that 16 leaves only the question of remedy. Section 3 of the FAA provides that a court must stay 17 litigation “upon being satisfied that the issue” is “referable to arbitration” under the 18 “agreement.” As such, this action is STAYED pending the parties’ arbitration. The case 19 won’t remain stayed forever, though. The parties are ORDERED to proceed immediately 20 to arbitration5 and to a submit joint status report to the Court every sixty days, with the 21 first status report due on June 1, 2020. The Court expects the parties to arbitrate their 22 claims expeditiously. Failure to do so will result in dismissal and possible sanctions. 23 24 5 Because the Court has personal jurisdiction only over James Todaro and MedCredits, 25 it lacks the authority to bind the remaining Defendants. That said, the Ninth Circuit’s opinion in Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d 1122, 1128 (9th Cir. 2013), makes 26 clear that non-signatories to an arbitration agreement may compel arbitration where the claims against them are “intimately founded in and intertwined with” the underlying 27 contractual obligations, as they are here. The Court would therefore reach the same 28 conclusion assuming it did have jurisdiction over these parties. 1 3. Defendants’ Remaining Motions 2 Defendants bring two other motions. First, they move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ 3 || Complaint for failure to state a claim. Second, they argue that Plaintiffs’ decision to file 4 || this case despite being aware their claims were subject to arbitration warrants the 5 || imposition of attorneys’ fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. 6 Because the Court has already determined Plaintiffs’ claims should be referred to 7 || arbitration, the Court lacks the ability to weigh in on whether the claims in Plaintiffs’ 8 || Complaint are sufficient as a matter of law. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Failure to 9 || State a Claim is DENIED AS MOOT. Further, based on the record before it, the Court 10 || cannot find that Plaintiffs’ litigation conduct to this point warrants the imposition of fees or 11 || costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, so that motion is likewise DENIED. 12 CONCLUSION 13 For the reasons discussed above, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of 14 || Personal Jurisdiction is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. All Defendants 15 || other than James Todaro and MedCredits are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE for 16 || lack of personal jurisdiction. Defendants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration is GRANTED as 17 || to the two remaining Defendants, and this case is STAYED. This stay is subject to the 18 || requirement that the parties submit regular status reports. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 19 || for Failure to State a Claim is DENIED AS MOOT. Defendants’ Motion for Attorneys’ 20 || Fees and Costs is DENIED. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 || Dated: March 30, 2020 lau Af. (Buywy 23 HONORABLE LARRY ALAN BURNS oA Chief United States District Judge 25 26 27 28