IN THE OREGON TAX COURT MAGISTRATE DIVISION Income Tax
STEPHEN W. CRUTHIRDS and ERIN A. ) CRUTHIRDS, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) TC-MD 150473N ) v. ) ) DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, ) State of Oregon, ) ) Defendant. ) FINAL DECISION
This Final Decision incorporates without change the court’s Decision, entered May 20,
2016. The court did not receive a statement of costs and disbursements within 14 days after its
Decision was entered. See TCR–MD 16 C(1).1
Plaintiffs appeal Defendant’s Notice of Deficiency Assessment, dated August 18, 2015,
for the 2011 tax year. A telephone trial was held on February 2, 2016. Plaintiff Erin A.
Cruthirds (Erin) appeared and testified on behalf of Plaintiffs.2 Johnny Helt (Helt), tax auditor,
appeared and testified on behalf of Defendant. Plaintiffs’ Exhibits 1 to 34 and Defendant’s
Exhibits A to I were received without objection.
I. STATEMENT OF FACTS
Plaintiffs claimed the following unreimbursed employee business expenses on their 2011
Schedule A: $10,029 vehicle; $13,192 lodging; $7,803 meals; $974 other. (Ptfs’ Ex 26 at 1.)
They were all related to Plaintiff Stephen Cruthirds’ (Stephen) work as a cable splicer. (See id.)
Erin testified that Stephen has been a cable splicer for over 30 years. She testified that 1 Tax Court Rules–Magistrate Division (TCR–MD) 2 When referring to a party in a written decision, it is customary for the court to use the last name. However, in this case, the court’s Decision recites facts and references to two individuals with the same last name, Cruthirds. To avoid confusion, the court will use the first name of the individual being referenced.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 1 there are not many cable splicers in the Pacific Northwest. Erin testified that Stephen works for
phone companies and has had jobs in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah. She
testified that, in April 2011, Stephen took a job with ADEX Corporation (ADEX), which won its
bid for a contract with Qwest. Erin testified that ADEX is a Pennsylvania company that has a
yard in Eugene, Oregon. (See Ptfs’ Ex 6.) She testified that Stephen’s job with ADEX ended in
spring 2012; either April or May. Erin testified that, before Stephen obtained his contract with
ADEX in April 2011, he was unemployed and looking for work. She testified that it was typical
for Stephen to be unemployed for a period of time between jobs.
Plaintiffs provided a copy of the ADEX offer letter, dated April 7, 2011, which stated that
Stephen’s position as a “Cable Splicer” would begin on April 11, 2011, and end “tbd.” (Ptfs’ Ex
6 at 1.) It included hourly compensation and a “Vehicle & Equip Lease.” (Id. at 1, 5-6.) Under
the heading “Expenses,” the offer stated that “[e]xpenses will be reimbursed and identified on
ADEX expense reports with appropriate receipts attached.” (Id. at 2.) Under the heading
“Travel/Expense Reports,” the offer stated:
“ADEX expense reports are to be completed weekly and approved by authorized ADEX or client personnel. The original expense report with receipts attached will be submitted to the authorized ADEX representative. You are responsible to FAX a copy of the approved weekly expense report and receipts SUNDAY of each week * * *. Failure to submit weekly will result in delay of payment for wages and expenses.”
(Id. (emphases in original).) The ADEX Employment Agreement listed ADEX’s location as
Eugene, Oregon. (Id. at 4.) It stated that “[e]mployee, during each period as he/she is eligible
for subsistence allowances as herein provided, will be paid a per diem allowance of $ N/A per
day * * *.” (Id.) Helt testified that the ADEX offer indicated that Stephen had a right to
reimbursement from ADEX for his travel expenses. Erin testified that reimbursement provision
did not apply to Stephen, noting the provision identifying his per diem allowance as “N/A.”
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 2 Erin testified that, as required by ADEX, Stephen kept a weekly log in which he recorded
job numbers. (See Ptfs’ Exs 8, 21.) She testified that he did not record specific job locations and
QWEST would not provide the locations due to security reasons; in any event, the job locations
would have been GPS coordinates, not addresses, because they were telephone poles, manhole
covers, and similar sites. (See Ptfs’ Ex 34.) The timesheets that Stephen submitted to ADEX all
list the “Location” as Eugene, Oregon. (Ptfs’ Ex 8.) Erin testified that Stephen’s jobs for ADEX
in 2011 were all over Western Oregon; not only in the Eugene metropolitan area. She testified
that, in 2011, Stephen went to the ADEX yard in Eugene to pick up supplies, but he was not
required to check in at the yard every day and did not go to the yard every day.
Plaintiffs provided a letter from ADEX’s General Manager stating that Stephen’s work
orders from ADEX were “scattered throughout the state.” (Ptfs’ Ex 34.) The letter stated that
Stephen’s employment agreement with ADEX and “ADEX Corporation’s contract with Qwest
prohibit the divulging of client proprietary information. Specific work addresses are considered
proprietary for security reasons.” (Id.) As a result, ADEX would not provide specific work
addresses.
Plaintiffs provided a weekly travel log from 2011. (Ptfs’ Ex 21.) The log identifies the
date (on a weekly basis), the job number, and several numbers associated with each trip. (Id.) A
city location is written next to some of the entries. (See id.) The locations listed on the log are:
Cottage Grove, Eugene, Albany, Springfield, Corvallis, Veneta, and Leaburg. (See id.)
Erin testified that, in 2011, Stephen had a “bucket van” that he used for “aerial work” and
a truck that he used for other work. She testified that Plaintiffs had two other vehicles that they
used for personal purposes. Erin testified that both of Stephen’s vehicles--the van and truck--
were used 100 percent for business. She testified that Stephen’s truck had magnetic decals on it
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 3 for his various employers; it had tool shelves built in; and it was covered in “icky-pick.” (See
Ptfs’ Ex 31 at 2 (describing “icky-pick”).) Erin testified that Stephen often needed both the truck
and the van for a job. The “Vehicle and Equipment Rental Agreement” between Stephen and
ADEX was for the van. (Ptfs’ Ex 27 at 5.) Pursuant to that agreement, Stephen received a lease
payment for each day that he used the van at least four hours. (Id.)
Erin testified that Plaintiffs’ home in 2011 was in Redmond and she concluded Redmond
was their tax home. She testified that all of Stephen’s jobs were temporary and, therefore, away
from home. Erin testified that, depending on the job location, Stephen would return home to
Redmond on the weekends if he could. She testified that when he worked in Idaho, for example,
he typically could not return home on the weekend, but when he was working in the Eugene
area, he could. Erin testified that if Stephen returned home for a weekend he drove his truck.
A. Plaintiffs’ Claimed Employee Business Expense Deductions
1. Mileage
Erin testified that she used the odometer readings from the van and truck to determine
Stephen’s 2011 business mileage. (See Ptfs’ Ex 27 at 1.) She testified that Plaintiffs deducted
all of Stephen’s 2011 mileage for the truck and van because they determined the truck and van
were used solely for business. Plaintiffs reported Stephen’s truck’s odometer reading as 224,993
on January 1, 2011, and 238,511 on December 31, 2011, for a total of 13,518 miles. (Id.) They
reported his van’s odometer reading at 115,589 on January 1, 2011, and at 120,502 on December
31, 2011, for a total of 4,913 miles. (Id.) Erin testified that she provided service receipts for the
van and truck to substantiate Plaintiffs’ reported business mileage. (See id. at 2-10.) Plaintiffs
provided a copy of the Vehicle and Equipment Rental Agreement that Stephen signed with
ADEX and it stated the “Current Mileage” as 115,589 as of April 9, 2011. (Id. at 5.)
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 4 2. Meals and lodging
Erin testified that, in 2011, Stephen worked 34 weeks with 4 nights of lodging each week.
(See Ptfs’ Ex 23 at 2.) She testified that Stephen typically shared motels or similar
accommodations with other workers when he was away for work. Erin testified that she used the
federal GSA per diem rates for Eugene/Lane County to calculate Stephen’s meals and lodging;
he did not keep any receipts. (See id. at 1.) Plaintiffs calculated a total lodging deduction of
$13,192 based on 136 nights multiplied by $97 per night. (Id. at 2.) They calculated a total meal
deduction of $7,803 based upon $51 per day for Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, and
$38.25 per day for Mondays and Fridays. (See id.)
3. Other business expenses
Plaintiffs provided a one-page list entitled “Gross Miscellaneous Deductions.” (Ptfs’ Ex
31 at 1.) It included a list of purchases, primarily “small tools needed for work,” a calculation of
Plaintiffs’ cell phone expense allocated to business, a calculation of Plaintiffs’ internet expense
allocated to business, a vehicle wash expense, and a laundry expense. (Id.) The expenses listed
totaled $974. (Id.) Plaintiffs attached receipts to substantiate Stephen’s expenses for tools and a
few other items, totaling $175.63. (Id., Ex 32.)
Erin testified that Stephen was required to have a cell phone for work; he would not have
had one otherwise. She testified that Stephen’s cell phone was a basic flip phone and he used it
to communicate with the central office and with his family when he was working. Erin testified
that Plaintiffs had a family plan that cost about $127 to $131 per month, total, for 1500 minutes;
under the plan, the first phone was $70 and each additional line was $10. She testified that she
allocated about one-quarter of the cost to Stephen’s work and deducted $35 per month for the
phone. (See Ptfs’ Ex 31.)
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 5 Erin testified that Stephen used the internet to submit his weekly timesheets and when he
was job hunting, so she allocated $10 per month for business use of the internet. (See Ptfs’ Ex
31 at 1.) She testified that Stephen’s internet access was from Plaintiffs’ house. Plaintiffs wrote
that their internet bills were “approximately $30/month in 2011.” (Id.)
Erin testified that Stephen had to wash his vehicles every week to remove the “icky-
pick,” which is flammable, so she estimated an expense for vehicle washes and also for laundry
because Stephen did not wash his work clothes at home; he had to go to a laundromat. Plaintiffs
estimated a vehicle wash expense of $153 based on $9 per week multiplied by 17 weeks. (Ptfs’
Ex 31 at 1.) They estimated a laundry expense of $105. (Id.) Erin testified that she did not have
any receipts; those were reasonable estimates.
Erin testified that Plaintiffs have been audited by the IRS twice and, each time, the IRS
allowed Plaintiffs’ claimed deductions. (See Ptfs’ Exs 1 to 5.)
B. Defendant’s Audit and Conference
Following its audit of Plaintiffs’ 2011 income tax return, Defendant disallowed all but
$54 of Plaintiffs’ claimed vehicle expenses; disallowed all of Plaintiffs’ claimed meals and
lodging expenses; and disallowed all but $178 of Plaintiffs’ other claimed business expenses.
(Ptfs’ Ex 33.) The $178 allowed was for Stephen’s tool expenses. (Id. at 2.)
In its conference decision, Defendant upheld the audit adjustments. (See Ptfs’ Ex 26.)
Defendant’s conference officer determined that Stephen’s “tax home was the Eugene-Springfield
metropolitan area until December 2012. During 2012 and nine months of 2011 [Stephen]
worked at different job assignments in Lane County.” (Id. at 2.) She found that Stephen’s only
temporary job site outside of the Eugene-Springfield metropolitan area was one located in
///
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 6 Albany. (Id.) The conference officer also found that Stephen’s employment in the Eugene area
lasted for more than one year and was not, therefore, temporary. (Id. at 3.)
Defendant’s conference officer determined that Stephen’s van qualified for the
“exception to the strict documentary and substantiation requirements for a qualified nonpersonal
use vehicle,” but concluded his truck was a general purpose truck” and did not qualify for that
exception. (Ptfs’ Ex 26 at 3.) However, she upheld the auditor’s disallowance of all of
Stephen’s mileage because his “log did not indicate whether [he was] driving [his] truck or van,
nor did it verify [his] commuting miles, or [his] job locations[.]” (Id.)
Helt testified that Defendant’s position is that Stephen’s tax home was the Eugene
metropolitan area in 2011. He testified that he found 98 percent of Stephen’s job sites for ADEX
were in the Eugene metropolitan area. Helt testified that he agreed Stephen’s van was 100
percent business because it was a “bucket truck” but he did not allow any mileage for the van
based on his tax home determination; any mileage was commuting, which is personal.
II. ANALYSIS
The issue presented is whether Plaintiffs are entitled to deduct certain unreimbursed
employee business expenses for the 2011 tax year. Specifically, Plaintiffs challenge Defendant’s
disallowance of their claimed deductions for mileage, lodging, meal, cell phone, internet,
laundry, and vehicle wash expenses.
The Oregon Legislature intended to “[m]ake the Oregon personal income tax law
identical in effect to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relating to the measurement of
taxable income of individuals, estates and trusts, modified as necessary by the state’s jurisdiction
to tax and the revenue needs of the state[.]” ORS 316.007(1).3 “Any term used in this chapter
3 The court’s references to the Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) are to 2009.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 7 has the same meaning as when used in a comparable context in the laws of the United States
relating to federal income taxes, unless a different meaning is clearly required or the term is
specifically defined in this chapter.” ORS 316.012. On the issue presented in this case,
“Oregon law makes no adjustments to the rules under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and
therefore, federal law governs the analysis.” See Porter v. Dept. of Rev., 20 OTR 30, 31 (2009).
IRC section 162(a) allows a deduction for “all ordinary and necessary expenses paid or
incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business. To be ‘necessary[,]’ an
expense must be ‘appropriate and helpful’ to the taxpayer’s business. * * * To be ‘ordinary[,]’
the transaction which gives rise to the expense must be of a common or frequent occurrence in
the type of business involved.” Boyd v. Comm’r, 83 TCM (CCH) 1253, WL 236685 at *2
(2002) (internal citations omitted). IRC section 262 generally disallows deductions
for “personal, living, or family expenses” not otherwise expressly allowed under the IRC.
Taxpayers must be prepared to produce “any books, papers, records or memoranda
bearing upon [any] matter required to be included in the return[.]” ORS 314.425(1); see also
Gapikia v. Comm’r, 81 TCM (CCH) 1488, WL 332038 at *2 (2001) (“[t]axpayers are required to
maintain records sufficient to substantiate their claimed deductions”). Generally, if a claimed
business expense is deductible, but the taxpayer is unable to substantiate it fully, the court is
permitted to make an approximation of an allowable amount. Cohan v. Comm’r, 39 F2d 540,
543-44 (2nd Cir 1930). The estimate must have a reasonable evidentiary basis. Vanicek v.
Comm’r, 85 TC 731, 743 (1985). IRC section 274(d) supersedes the Cohan rule and imposes
more stringent substantiation requirements for travel, meals, entertainment, gifts, and listed
property under IRC section 280F(d)(4). Treas Reg § 1.274-5T(a).
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 8 Deductions are “a matter of legislative grace” and taxpayers bear the burden of proving
their entitlement to the deductions claimed. INDOPCO, Inc. v. Comm’r, 503 US 79, 84,
112 S Ct 1039, 117 L Ed 2d 226 (1992). “In all proceedings before the judge or a magistrate of
the tax court and upon appeal therefrom, a preponderance of the evidence shall suffice to sustain
the burden of proof. The burden of proof shall fall upon the party seeking affirmative relief
* * *.” ORS 305.427. Plaintiffs must establish their claim “by a preponderance of the
evidence[,]” which “means the greater weight of evidence, the more convincing evidence.”
Feves v. Dept. of Revenue, 4 OTR 302, 312 (1971). “[I]f the evidence is inconclusive or
unpersuasive, the taxpayer will have failed to meet his burden of proof * * *.” Reed v. Dept. of
Rev., 310 Or 260, 265, 798 P2d 235 (1990). “In an appeal to the Oregon Tax Court from an
assessment made under ORS 305.265, the tax court has jurisdiction to determine the correct
amount of deficiency * * *.” ORS 305.575.
A. Right to Reimbursement
“Numerous courts have held that an expense is not ‘necessary’ under § 162(a) when an
employee fails to claim reimbursement for the expense, incurred in the course of his
employment, when entitled to do so.” Orvis v. Comm’r, 788 F2d 1406, 1408 (9th Cir 1986)
(citations omitted). Stephen’s Employment Agreement with ADEX stated that “[e]xpenses will
be reimbursed and identified on ADEX expense reports with appropriate receipts attached” and
included a clause addressing how to submit receipts for weekly expenses. Erin testified that,
contrary to that language, Stephen had no right to reimbursement of travel expenses from ADEX.
She noted that the contract clause identifying Stephen’s per diem allowance had been filled in
with “N/A.” It would have been helpful to receive additional evidence on this issue, such as a
letter from ADEX clarifying its reimbursement policy with respect to Stephen. Nevertheless, the
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 9 court is persuaded based on the evidence and Erin’s credible testimony that Stephen more likely
than not lacked a right to reimbursement from ADEX.
B. Traveling Expenses
A taxpayer may deduct “traveling expenses * * * while away from home in the pursuit of
a trade or business[.]” IRC § 162(a)(2). “The purpose of IRC section 162(a)(2) is to ameliorate
the effects of business which requires taxpayers to duplicate personal living expenses.” Harding
v. Dept. of Rev., 13 OTR 454, 458 (1996). “Consequently, courts must determine whether the
claimed expense is actually required by the business rather than by the taxpayer’s personal
choice.” Id. To deduct travel expenses under IRC section 162(a)(2), taxpayers must show that
the expenses “(1) were incurred in connection with a trade or business; (2) were incurred while
away from home; and (3) were reasonable and necessary.” Morey v. Dept. of Rev., 18 OTR 76,
80-81 (2004) (citation omitted). For a taxpayer to be considered “away from home” within the
meaning of IRC section 162(a)(2), the taxpayer must be on a trip requiring sleep or rest. United
States v. Correll, 389 US 299, 302-03, 88 S Ct 445, 19 L Ed 2d 537 (1967).
The question in this case is whether Stephen was “away from home” for purposes of
IRC section 162(a)(2). Plaintiffs contend that Stephen’s tax home was his personal residence in
Redmond, whereas Defendant concluded that Stephen’s tax home was the Eugene metropolitan
area, where he had a number of jobs in 2011.
“In general, a taxpayer’s home for the purposes of section 162(a)(2)—i.e., the taxpayer’s
‘tax home’—is the taxpayer’s principal place of business or employment.” Morey, 18 OTR at 81
(citation omitted); see also Henderson v. Comm’r, 143 F3d 497, 499 (9th Cir 1998) (“ ‘home’
means ‘the taxpayer’s abode at his or her principal place of employment.’ ”). “[A] person’s
principal place of business need not be limited to a specific location or job site. A principal
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 10 place of business may include an entire metropolitan area. Rather than looking at particular jobs,
all of the job prospects in the area must be considered.” Hintz v. Dept. of Rev., 13 OTR 462, 467
(1996), citing Ellwein v. United States, 778 F2d 506, 510 (8th Cir 1985). “If a taxpayer has no
regular or principal place of business, he may be able to claim his place of abode as his tax
home.” Henderson, 143 F3d at 499, citing Holdreith v. Comm’r, 57 TCM (CCH) 1383, 1989
WL 97400 (1989). “[T]he taxpayer’s personal residence is the individual’s tax home if the
principal place of business is ‘temporary’ as opposed to ‘indefinite’ or ‘indeterminate.’ ” Morey,
18 OTR at 81 (citations omitted). However, under IRC section 162(a), “any employment period
in excess of one year is per se indefinite.” Id.
In Morey, the taxpayer was a pipefitter who had jobs in the following locations during the
1997 and 1998 tax years: Aloha, Coos Bay, Eugene (three jobs), and Hillsboro. 18 OTR at 78.
The taxpayer maintained his personal residence and a ranch in Coquille. Id. at 79. The court
considered three different standards for determining whether the taxpayer was “away from
home” and, ultimately, found that the taxpayer’s tax home was Eugene for the duration of his
three jobs in Eugene and also during his job in Hillsboro. Id. at 87. Based on that finding, the
court allowed a deduction for the taxpayer’s business travel from Eugene to Hillsboro during the
Hillsboro job. Id.
As noted above, Plaintiffs contend that Stephen had no principal place of business so his
tax home was his personal residence in Redmond. Erin testified that Stephen has had jobs in
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah. The evidence presented for the 2011 tax year
demonstrates that Stephen accepted employment with ADEX in April 2011. The ADEX
Employment Agreement did not specify an end date and Stephen continued working for ADEX
until April or May 2012. Thus, the court finds that Stephen’s job with ADEX was indefinite.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 11 ADEX’s yard was located in Eugene. ADEX sent Stephen to work at various job sites in
2011. According to Stephen’s log, those job sites were located in Cottage Grove, Eugene,
Albany, Springfield, Corvallis, Veneta, and Leaburg. Defendant concluded that, with the
exception of job sites in Albany and Corvallis, all of Stephen’s job sites were located in the
Eugene metropolitan area. The court agrees and finds that Stephen’s principal place of business
in 2011 was the Eugene metropolitan area. Accordingly, Plaintiffs may not deduct traveling
expenses associated with traveling between Redmond and Eugene. However, Plaintiffs may
deduct traveling expenses associated with traveling between Eugene and locations outside of the
Eugene metropolitan area, such as Corvallis and Albany.
Stephen’s deductible traveling expenses potentially include his truck mileage associated
with business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area, as well as meals and lodging for
overnight business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area. Although several entries in
Stephen’s log are associated with Albany and Corvallis, the court is unable to determine
Stephen’s deductible truck mileage based on his travel log.
With respect to meals and lodging, it is unclear whether Stephen traveled outside of the
Eugene metropolitan area for any trips requiring sleep or rest. Plaintiffs relied on federal per
diem rates for Eugene/Lane County to calculate their claimed deductions for meals and lodging.
That suggests that Stephen’s overnight travel was confined to the Eugene metropolitan area and
Plaintiffs are not, therefore, allowed any deduction for lodging and meals because Stephen was
not considered “away from home” in Eugene. Furthermore, Plaintiffs are not permitted to use
the federal per diem rates to substantiate Stephen’s lodging and they did not substantiate a
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 12 lodging expense by adequate records under IRC section 274(d).4 Plaintiffs’ deductions for meals
and lodging are denied.
C. Business Use of Van
In 2011, Stephen had a “bucket van” that he used for “aerial work” and he received lease
payments from ADEX for the use of his van on ADEX jobs. Stephen drove the van to job sites
when necessary, but did not use it to drive home on weekends or for other personal purposes.
Defendant’s conference officer determined that Stephen’s van was a “qualified nonpersonal use
vehicle” for purposes of the “exception to the strict documentary and substantiation
requirements,” but declined to allow any deduction for Stephen’s van because his “log did not
indicate whether [he] was driving [his] truck or van[.]” (Ptfs’ Ex 26 at 3.) Helt testified that he
agreed that Stephen’s van was used 100 percent for business, but did not allow any mileage
deduction for the van because he determined any mileage was personal commuting mileage.
IRC section 274(d) requires substantiation “by adequate records or by sufficient evidence
corroborating the taxpayer’s own statement” with respect to traveling expenses, entertainment,
gifts, and listed property under section 280F(d)(4). It further states, “[t]his subsection shall not
apply to any qualified nonpersonal use vehicle (as defined in subsection (i)).” IRC section 274(i)
states, “[f]or purposes of subsection (d), the term ‘qualified nonpersonal use vehicle’ means any
vehicle which, by reason of its nature, is not likely to be used more than a de minimis amount for
personal purposes.”
There is no dispute in this case that Stephen’s van was a qualified nonpersonal use
vehicle and that he used it 100 percent for business in 2011. Plaintiffs are entitled to a deduction
4 “[U]se of the per-diem method to substantiate the amount of lodging * * * is available only where employers pay a per-diem allowance in lieu of reimbursing the actual expenses an employee incurs while traveling away from home.” Duncan v. Comm’r, 80 TCM (CCH) 283, WL 1204820 at *3 (2000); see also Rev. Proc. 2011- 47, 2011-42 IRB 520.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 13 for Stephen’s 2011 van mileage, assuming the amount of mileage can be determined. The
deduction need not be substantiated in accordance with the strict substantiation requirements of
IRC section 274(d). Plaintiffs submitted evidence that the van odometer was 115,589 both at the
beginning of 2011 and in April 2011 when he started working for ADEX. They submitted
evidence that the van odometer was 120,502 at the end of 2011, for a total of 4,913 miles.
Plaintiffs are allowed a mileage deduction for 4,913 miles for Stephen’s business use of the van.
C. Other Business Expenses
Plaintiffs claimed deductions for Stephen’s tools, a portion of Plaintiffs’ cell phone
expenses, a portion of Plaintiffs’ internet expenses, Stephen’s vehicle wash expenses, and his
laundry expenses. Plaintiffs’ deduction for Stephen’s tools was allowed by Defendant.
1. Cell phone expenses
As discussed above, “listed property” under IRC section 280F(d)(4) is subject to the strict
substantiation requirements of IRC section 274(d). As of the 2011 tax year, cell phones were not
included as “listed property.” See IRC § 280F(d)(4).5 Thus, Plaintiffs were not required to
maintain a log or similar record of Stephen’s cell phone use. The court is permitted under the
Cohan rule to make an approximation of Plaintiffs’ allowed deduction, but the estimate must
have a reasonable evidentiary basis.
Plaintiffs reported that their total monthly cell phone expenses for a family plan were in
the range of $127 to $131. Of that amount, Plaintiffs allocated $35 per month for Stephen’s
business use, which is slightly more than 25 percent of the total. Plaintiffs provided no 2011 cell
phone bills or similar documents to substantiate their total cell phone bill. Erin testified that
Stephen used his cell phone both to communicate with his employer and with his family. That
5 For tax years 2009 and prior, “cellular phones” were listed property under IRC section 280F(d)(4).
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 14 indicates a mixed business and personal use of the cell phone. The court finds that Plaintiffs
have not provided sufficient evidence of their total cell phone expense in 2011 or of a reasonable
business allocation of the total amount. Plaintiffs’ cell phone expense deduction is denied.
2. Internet expenses
“A taxpayer may deduct the cost of home internet service pursuant to section 162 if
the expense is ordinary and necessary in the taxpayer’s trade or business. * * * To the extent that
the taxpayer’s home internet expense is attributable to nonbusiness use, it constitutes a
nondeductible personal expense. * * * [H]ome internet expenses are not subject to the strict
substantiation rules of section 274(d).” Noz v. Comm’r, 104 TCM (CCH) 350, WL 4344158 at
*8 (2012) (citations omitted).
Plaintiffs reported that their total home internet expenses were $30 per month in 2011.6
Plaintiffs allocated $10 per month, or 33.3 percent, to Stephen’s business use. Stephen’s
business use of the internet in 2011 included job hunting while he was unemployed and
submitting weekly timesheets while he was employed for ADEX. Plaintiffs presented no
evidence or testimony regarding Stephen’s use of the internet to search for work in 2011. The
court did not receive any evidence of Plaintiffs’ total home internet expenses in 2011. Even if
the court accepts Plaintiffs’ estimate of $30 per month, use of home internet once per week to
submit a timesheet does not support a 33.3 percent business deduction of that expense.
Plaintiffs’ internet expense deduction is denied.
6 Plaintiffs provided three CenturyLink bills from 2012, 2013, and 2014, showing payments of $25.00, $25.94, and $34.35, respectively. (Ptfs’ Ex 30 at 2-4.) The bills do not specify the service received, but are presumably for Plaintiffs’ home internet. (See id.) No other evidence of this expense was provided.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 15 3. Laundry expenses and vehicle wash expenses
Expenses for work clothes may be deductible under IRC section 162(a). “The generally
accepted rule governing the deductibility of clothing expenses is that the cost of clothing is
deductible as a business expense only if: (1) the clothing is of a type specifically required as a
condition of employment, (2) it is not adaptable to general usage as ordinary clothing, and (3) it
is not so worn.” Pevsner v. Comm’r, 628 F2d 467, 469 (5th Cir 1980), citing Donelly v.
Comm’r, 262 F2d 411, 412 (2nd Cir 1959); see also Popov v. Comm’r, 246 F3d 1190, 1192 n2
(9th Cir 2001).
Plaintiffs presented no evidence regarding Stephen’s work clothes. It is unclear if he was
required to wear a uniform or other specialized clothing not adaptable to general usage. Without
that information, the court is unable to determine whether Plaintiffs are entitled to any deduction
for laundry expenses. Moreover, Plaintiffs provided no evidence of their laundry expenses,
instead relying upon an estimate of $105. Similarly, Plaintiffs provided no evidence of their
vehicle wash expenses. Plaintiffs laundry and vehicle wash expense deductions are denied.
III. CONCLUSION
After careful consideration, the court finds that Stephen’s 2011 tax home was the Eugene
metropolitan area. Plaintiffs are entitled to deduct traveling expenses associated with Stephen’s
business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area. The parties shall confer and, within 14
days from the date of this Decision, submit a written stipulation with respect to Stephen’s truck
mileage for business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area.
The court finds that, as agreed by the parties, Stephen’s van was a qualified nonpersonal
use vehicle under IRC section 274(d) and (i). Plaintiffs are allowed a mileage deduction for
Stephen’s van based on 4,913 miles.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 16 The court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to prove their entitlement to any deductions for
lodging, meal, cell phone, home internet, laundry, or vehicle wash expenses. Now, therefore,
IT IS THE DECISION OF THIS COURT that, for the 2011 tax year, Stephen Cruthirds’
tax home was the Eugene metropolitan area. Plaintiffs are entitled to deduct traveling expenses
associated with Stephen’s business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area. The parties
shall confer and, within 14 days from the date of this Decision, submit a written stipulation with
respect to Stephen’s truck mileage for business travel outside of the Eugene metropolitan area.
IT IS FURTHER DECIDED that, as agreed by the parties, Stephen’s van was a qualified
nonpersonal use vehicle under IRC section 274(d) and (i). Plaintiffs are allowed a mileage
deduction for Stephen’s van based on 4,913 miles for the 2011 tax year.
IT IS FURTHER DECIDED that Plaintiffs have failed to prove their entitlement to any
deductions for lodging, meal, cell phone, home internet, laundry, or vehicle wash expenses for
the 2011 tax year.
Dated this day of June 2016.
ALLISON R. BOOMER MAGISTRATE
If you want to appeal this Final Decision, file a complaint in the Regular Division of the Oregon Tax Court, by mailing to: 1163 State Street, Salem, OR 97301-2563; or by hand delivery to: Fourth Floor, 1241 State Street, Salem, OR.
Your complaint must be submitted within 60 days after the date of the Final Decision or this Final Decision cannot be changed. TCR-MD 19 B.
This document was filed and entered on June 9, 2016.
FINAL DECISION TC-MD 150473N 17