FIFTH DIVISION REESE, P. J., MARKLE and COLVIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
March 5, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A1631. CREEK HOUSE SEAFOOD & GRILL, LLC v. PROVATAS, AS SURVIVING SPOUSE OF MICHAEL PROVATAS et al.
REESE, Presiding Judge.
Creek House Seafood & Grill, LLC, appeals from the trial court’s order
granting Joyce Provatas’s motion for spoliation sanctions. Creek House contends that
the trial court abused its discretion because there was no evidence that video footage
of the fall still existed at the time it received a preservation letter, and that the
sanction imposed by the trial court was too harsh a penalty. We agree, and for the
reasons set forth infra, reverse the decision of the trial court. Viewed in the light most favorable to Creek House as the non-moving party,1
the record shows the following. Creek House was a restaurant that opened in May
2017. Prior to the opening, the facility was owned and operated by another restaurant.
Joyce Provatas, Michael Provatas, and their grandchildren visited Creek House about
two weeks after its opening. They sat down at one of the raised booths, which
required a step up to enter. When Michael Provatas attempted to enter the booth, he
slipped on the step2 and fell backwards onto the floor. A restaurant patron helped him
up and into the booth. The party ordered food and finished their meal, and when it
was time to leave, Michael Provatas asked the employees of Creek House to help him
exit the booth. The party asked if two staff members could carry him to his car, but
the manager declined that request. The party then asked Creek House for a
wheelchair. Although Creek House could not provide a wheelchair, the manager
offered to call an ambulance. According to the manager, the party initially resisted
this request, but acquiesced when the manager explained that the employees could not
1 See The Anthem Cos. v. Wills, 305 Ga. 313, 316 & n. 4 (2) (823 SE2d 781) (2019) (applying this standard where the trial court considered matters outside the pleadings in deciding a motion for spoliation sanctions, including witness affidavits and depositions, but did not hold an evidentiary hearing); Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. v. Koch, 303 Ga. 336, 344 (3) (812 SE2d 256) (2018) (same). 2 Some witnesses referred to this step as a ledge or riser.
2 carry Michael Provatas. An ambulance arrived and took Michael Provatas to the
hospital. He did not recover his ability to walk and died approximately two months
after the fall.
At the time of the fall, Creek House had a video surveillance system which the
previous owner had installed and programmed. It appeared to be working, but the
Creek House employees did not use the system and did not know the password to
access the recordings. Nine days after the fall, Creek House received a preservation
letter to preserve video recordings of the accident. After receiving the letter, the
manager attempted to access the recordings, but he did not have the password. He
contacted the former owners and an IT company in an attempt to access the
recordings, but they were unsuccessful. The manager ultimately sent the recording
device to Creek House’s managing company in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Joyce Provatas sued Creek House in 2019. During the course of the lawsuit,
she repeatedly asked for the recording of the fall, and eventually filed a motion to
compel. Creek House sent the recorder to an expert who was able to access some of
the recordings on the system.3 The recordings were primarily from November 2017.
The expert opined that the system recorded on a week-to-week basis and would
3 According to Joyce Provatas, her counsel was able to access the recordings once provided with the physical recorder using the default system password of 1234.
3 overwrite recordings on a six or seven day loop. While the expert testified that it was
“possible” to recover overwritten recordings, and that he had done similar work in the
past, he could not state with certainty whether it could be done in this case. The
expert stated that the likelihood of recovering an overwritten recording decreased the
longer the drive was in use.
Joyce Provatas filed a motion for spoliation sanctions, which the trial court
granted. As spoliation sanctions, the court stated that it would issue a jury instruction
stating that the jury could consider and presume that the destroyed video evidence
would have been favorable to the plaintiff, but that the jury was not required to do so.
The court also stated that it would allow expert testimony to explain the
circumstances surrounding the destruction of the recording. We granted Creek
House’s application for interlocutory review, and this appeal followed.
“A trial court has wide discretion in adjudicating spoliation issues, and such
discretion will not be disturbed absent abuse. Where a trial court makes findings of
fact in ruling on a spoliation claim, this Court will uphold those findings if there is
any evidence to support them, i.e., unless they are clearly erroneous.”4 With these
guiding principles in mind, we now turn to Creek House’s claims of error.
4 Reid v. Waste Indus. USA, 345 Ga. App. 236, 245 (6) (812 SE2d 582) (2018) (citations and punctuation omitted).
4 1. Creek House argues that there was no evidence that a video of the fall
existed in the first place. We need not make that determination, however, because we
hold that, assuming such footage did exist, Creek House did not have a duty to
preserve the footage as it did not have actual or constructive knowledge of a lawsuit
at the time the footage was overwritten.
Spoliation refers to the destruction or failure to preserve evidence that is relevant to contemplated or pending litigation. Such conduct may create the rebuttable presumption that the evidence would have been harmful to the spoliator. However, in order for the injured party to pursue a remedy for spoliation, the spoliating party must have been under a duty to preserve the evidence at issue. In the case of a defendant, such duty arises when the alleged spoliator has actual or constructive notice that the plaintiff is contemplating litigation.5
Even under the wide deference afforded to the trial court in deciding spoliation
motions,6 the trial court here abused its discretion in finding that Creek House had a
5 Reid, 345 Ga. App. at 245 (6) (citations and punctuation omitted); see also OCGA § 24-14-22 (“If a party has evidence in such party’s power and within such party’s reach by which he or she may repel a claim or charge against him or her but omits to produce it or if such party has more certain and satisfactory evidence in his or her power but relies on that which is of a weaker and inferior nature, a presumption arises that the charge or claim against such party is well founded; but this presumption may be rebutted.”). 6 See Reid, 345 Ga. App. at 245 (6). But see Anthem, 305 Ga. at 316 & n. 4 (2) (viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant to a spoliation
5 duty to preserve the overwritten footage. The court found that Creek House had actual
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FIFTH DIVISION REESE, P. J., MARKLE and COLVIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
March 5, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A1631. CREEK HOUSE SEAFOOD & GRILL, LLC v. PROVATAS, AS SURVIVING SPOUSE OF MICHAEL PROVATAS et al.
REESE, Presiding Judge.
Creek House Seafood & Grill, LLC, appeals from the trial court’s order
granting Joyce Provatas’s motion for spoliation sanctions. Creek House contends that
the trial court abused its discretion because there was no evidence that video footage
of the fall still existed at the time it received a preservation letter, and that the
sanction imposed by the trial court was too harsh a penalty. We agree, and for the
reasons set forth infra, reverse the decision of the trial court. Viewed in the light most favorable to Creek House as the non-moving party,1
the record shows the following. Creek House was a restaurant that opened in May
2017. Prior to the opening, the facility was owned and operated by another restaurant.
Joyce Provatas, Michael Provatas, and their grandchildren visited Creek House about
two weeks after its opening. They sat down at one of the raised booths, which
required a step up to enter. When Michael Provatas attempted to enter the booth, he
slipped on the step2 and fell backwards onto the floor. A restaurant patron helped him
up and into the booth. The party ordered food and finished their meal, and when it
was time to leave, Michael Provatas asked the employees of Creek House to help him
exit the booth. The party asked if two staff members could carry him to his car, but
the manager declined that request. The party then asked Creek House for a
wheelchair. Although Creek House could not provide a wheelchair, the manager
offered to call an ambulance. According to the manager, the party initially resisted
this request, but acquiesced when the manager explained that the employees could not
1 See The Anthem Cos. v. Wills, 305 Ga. 313, 316 & n. 4 (2) (823 SE2d 781) (2019) (applying this standard where the trial court considered matters outside the pleadings in deciding a motion for spoliation sanctions, including witness affidavits and depositions, but did not hold an evidentiary hearing); Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. v. Koch, 303 Ga. 336, 344 (3) (812 SE2d 256) (2018) (same). 2 Some witnesses referred to this step as a ledge or riser.
2 carry Michael Provatas. An ambulance arrived and took Michael Provatas to the
hospital. He did not recover his ability to walk and died approximately two months
after the fall.
At the time of the fall, Creek House had a video surveillance system which the
previous owner had installed and programmed. It appeared to be working, but the
Creek House employees did not use the system and did not know the password to
access the recordings. Nine days after the fall, Creek House received a preservation
letter to preserve video recordings of the accident. After receiving the letter, the
manager attempted to access the recordings, but he did not have the password. He
contacted the former owners and an IT company in an attempt to access the
recordings, but they were unsuccessful. The manager ultimately sent the recording
device to Creek House’s managing company in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Joyce Provatas sued Creek House in 2019. During the course of the lawsuit,
she repeatedly asked for the recording of the fall, and eventually filed a motion to
compel. Creek House sent the recorder to an expert who was able to access some of
the recordings on the system.3 The recordings were primarily from November 2017.
The expert opined that the system recorded on a week-to-week basis and would
3 According to Joyce Provatas, her counsel was able to access the recordings once provided with the physical recorder using the default system password of 1234.
3 overwrite recordings on a six or seven day loop. While the expert testified that it was
“possible” to recover overwritten recordings, and that he had done similar work in the
past, he could not state with certainty whether it could be done in this case. The
expert stated that the likelihood of recovering an overwritten recording decreased the
longer the drive was in use.
Joyce Provatas filed a motion for spoliation sanctions, which the trial court
granted. As spoliation sanctions, the court stated that it would issue a jury instruction
stating that the jury could consider and presume that the destroyed video evidence
would have been favorable to the plaintiff, but that the jury was not required to do so.
The court also stated that it would allow expert testimony to explain the
circumstances surrounding the destruction of the recording. We granted Creek
House’s application for interlocutory review, and this appeal followed.
“A trial court has wide discretion in adjudicating spoliation issues, and such
discretion will not be disturbed absent abuse. Where a trial court makes findings of
fact in ruling on a spoliation claim, this Court will uphold those findings if there is
any evidence to support them, i.e., unless they are clearly erroneous.”4 With these
guiding principles in mind, we now turn to Creek House’s claims of error.
4 Reid v. Waste Indus. USA, 345 Ga. App. 236, 245 (6) (812 SE2d 582) (2018) (citations and punctuation omitted).
4 1. Creek House argues that there was no evidence that a video of the fall
existed in the first place. We need not make that determination, however, because we
hold that, assuming such footage did exist, Creek House did not have a duty to
preserve the footage as it did not have actual or constructive knowledge of a lawsuit
at the time the footage was overwritten.
Spoliation refers to the destruction or failure to preserve evidence that is relevant to contemplated or pending litigation. Such conduct may create the rebuttable presumption that the evidence would have been harmful to the spoliator. However, in order for the injured party to pursue a remedy for spoliation, the spoliating party must have been under a duty to preserve the evidence at issue. In the case of a defendant, such duty arises when the alleged spoliator has actual or constructive notice that the plaintiff is contemplating litigation.5
Even under the wide deference afforded to the trial court in deciding spoliation
motions,6 the trial court here abused its discretion in finding that Creek House had a
5 Reid, 345 Ga. App. at 245 (6) (citations and punctuation omitted); see also OCGA § 24-14-22 (“If a party has evidence in such party’s power and within such party’s reach by which he or she may repel a claim or charge against him or her but omits to produce it or if such party has more certain and satisfactory evidence in his or her power but relies on that which is of a weaker and inferior nature, a presumption arises that the charge or claim against such party is well founded; but this presumption may be rebutted.”). 6 See Reid, 345 Ga. App. at 245 (6). But see Anthem, 305 Ga. at 316 & n. 4 (2) (viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant to a spoliation
5 duty to preserve the overwritten footage. The court found that Creek House had actual
notice of impending litigation nine days after the fall.7 By that time, any footage of
the fall had been overwritten. Thus, Creek House was not on notice regarding
potential litigation at the time the evidence was destroyed.8
The only evidence in the record that the overwritten video was recoverable at
the time Creek House received the preservation letter was from the deposition of
Creek House’s video expert. However, the expert only testified that it was “possible”
to recover overwritten recordings, and he could not estimate whether it could have
motion where the trial court did not hold an evidentiary hearing); Cooper Tire, 303 Ga. at 344 (3) (same). 7 The trial court noted that Michael Provatas’s transportation from the restaurant via an ambulance “might” have been sufficient to support a finding that Creek House had constructive notice of litigation, but the court proceeded to analyze the spoliation claim under the assumption that Creek House had actual notice the day it received the preservation letter. We therefore similarly analyze the spoliation issue from this date. Cf. Phillips v. Harmon, 297 Ga. 386, 397 (II) (774 SE2d 596) (2015) (providing a non-exhaustive list of factors that a trial court may consider in determining whether a defendant had constructive notice of litigation). 8 See Cooper Tire, 303 Ga. at 345 (3) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a plaintiff did not have a duty to preserve destroyed evidence because plaintiff did not have notice of actual or contemplated litigation); Aubain-Gray v. Hobby Lobby Stores, 323 Ga. App. 672, 675-676 (2) (747 SE2d 684) (2013) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that defendant did not have a duty to preserve overwritten video evidence because defendant did not have notice of actual or contemplated litigation).
6 been done in this case. This evidence is too speculative to support the trial court’s
spoliation order.9
2. Creek House also argues that the trial court’s imposition of spoliation
sanctions was too severe a penalty. We agree. We consider this issue even in light of
our disposition in Division 1 because the trial court found that Creek House “should
have preserved the entire video surveillance footage including any portion that was
written over.”
In considering the appropriate penalty for spoliation, the trial court should
weigh the following five factors:
(1) whether the party seeking sanctions was prejudiced as a result of the destroyed evidence; (2) whether the prejudice could be cured; (3) the practical importance of the evidence; (4) whether the destroying party acted in good or bad faith; and (5) the potential for abuse if any expert testimony about the destroyed evidence was not excluded.10
9 See Brumbelow v. City of Rome, 215 Ga. App. 321, 322 (450 SE2d 345) (1994) (“An inference cannot be based upon evidence which is too uncertain or speculative or which raises merely a conjecture or possibility.”) (citations and punctuation omitted). 10 Wilkins v. City of Conyers, 347 Ga. App. 469, 472 (819 SE2d 885) (2018) (citation and punctuation omitted).
7 The sanction given in this case, a jury instruction allowing for an adverse
inference, is typically only “reserved for ‘exceptional cases,’ generally only those in
which the party lost or destroyed material evidence intentionally in bad faith and
thereby prejudiced the opposing party in an incurable way.”11 By contrast, “[t]he loss
of relevant evidence due to mere negligence normally should result in lesser
sanctions, if any at all.”12 That is because “[i]nformation lost through negligence may
have been favorable to either party, including the party that lost it, and inferring that
it was unfavorable to that party may tip the balance at trial in ways the lost
information never would have.”13
As noted above, the trial court found that Creek House “should have preserved
the entire video surveillance footage including any portion that was written over.”
Creek House’s failure to preserve unrelated footage from the days following the fall
did not justify the sanction imposed in this case. Footage from the days following the
fall is mostly irrelevant to Joyce Provatas’s claims. Additionally, the preservation
letter only requested that Creek House preserve footage from the day of the fall. As
explained in Division 1 above, footage of the fall had already been overwritten by the
11 Anthem, 305 Ga. at 316 (citation and punctuation omitted). 12 Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). 13 Cooper Tire, 303 Ga. at 347 n. 6 (3) (citation and punctuation omitted).
8 time Creek House received the preservation letter. While, with hindsight, the best
practice would have been to immediately unplug the recording system upon receipt
of the letter — so that the parties might have attempted to recover the overwritten
footage — Creek House inherited the system from the previous restaurant, the
manager did not know the password to the system, and there was no evidence in the
record suggesting that the manager knew the footage would be overwritten if he
failed to timely unplug the recording device. Given these facts, the trial court abused
its discretion in imposing an adverse inference spoliation sanction.14
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s
spoliation order.
Judgment reversed. Markle, J., concurs. Colvin, J., concurs fully with Division
2 and concurs in judgment only as to Division 1.
14 See Anthem, 305 Ga. at 317 (2) (trial court abused its discretion in imposing adverse inference spoliation sanction because no evidence that defendant knew destroyed evidence was relevant and destroyed evidence appeared “entirely irrelevant” to the case).