Craft v. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois

793 F.2d 140, 33 Educ. L. Rep. 42
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedMarch 28, 1986
DocketNo. 84-2195
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 793 F.2d 140 (Craft v. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Craft v. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois, 793 F.2d 140, 33 Educ. L. Rep. 42 (7th Cir. 1986).

Opinion

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiffs Willie Warren Craft and Louis A. DeSalle III appeal the district court’s denial of their post-trial motion for declaratory and injunctive relief or, in the alternative, for a new trial on the question of damages. Judgment was entered after a jury trial on plaintiffs’ claims arising inter alia under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, 1985 and 2000d et seq. We affirm for the reasons discussed below.

I

Both plaintiffs enrolled in the Medical Opportunity Program (MOP) at the University of Illinois College of Medicine (University) in 1972. Under the MOP, the College admitted students who would not otherwise have been accepted based on their undergraduate grade point averages and Medical College Admission Test scores. The MOP afforded participants various special services during the first-year course including a full-time coordinator, a special study room, faculty and upperclass student advisers, remedial learning sessions, and counseling and tutorial programs. This program, funded principally by the University, also received partial funding from a four-year grant from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) in 1971.

After both plaintiffs failed the school’s “Senior Comprehensive Examination” several times, they were dismissed from the University in 1978. Claiming that the school had not helped them prepare for the test and had not provided them with special support, the plaintiffs brought suit in August 1979 against the University’s Board of Trustees, fourteen faculty members and officials, the Director of the Illinois Department of Registration and Education, the Secretary of HEW, and the United States Commissioner of Education. They alleged that the defendants had violated their rights under 31 U.S.C. § 1242 and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 2000d.

The plaintiffs’ case finally came to trial in April 1984 after various amendments and dismissals.1 At the close of the evidence, plaintiffs asked that their claim under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq., be submitted to the jury. After considerable discussion, the court agreed. After submission, the jury interrupted its deliberations to ask if negligence was sufficient to find a violation under Title VI. The district court instructed the jury that, to award compensatory relief, they must find intentional discrimination. The jury subsequently returned a verdict against the plaintiffs on all counts.

In their post-trial motion, the plaintiffs requested that the court enter declaratory and injunctive relief or grant a new trial. [142]*142The motion was denied without opinion, and this appeal followed.

II

Plaintiffs raise two issues in their appeal: First, did the district court properly instruct the jury that proof of discriminatory intent is an essential element of a Title VI claim. Second, should the district court have entered separate findings of fact and conclusions of law with regard to plaintiffs’ claim for equitable relief.

The plaintiffs contend that the district court appeared to apply an erroneous legal standard to their Title VI claims. They argued at trial that the school’s failure to implement remedial programs did not provide them with an “organized standard program of assistance and remediation.” This alleged deficiency, they assert, violated Title VI. The district court, in its instructions to the jury, indicated that, to recover any compensatory relief, the plaintiffs were required to show that a discriminatory purpose resulted in the school’s failure to comply with Title VI. The plaintiffs now argue that this was legal error, and they invite our attention to the Supreme Court decision in Guardians Association v. Civil Service Commission, 463 U.S. 582, 103 S.Ct. 3221, 77 L.Ed.2d 866 (1983). In Guardians, five justices joined in holding that Title VI reached non-intentional discrimination because the agency regulations implementing Title VI prohibited the expenditure of federal funds in a manner that had a discriminatory impact. This interpretation was sanctioned by the Court in its recent decision in Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 105 S.Ct. 712, 83 L.Ed.2d 661 (1985). However, the two opinions read together make clear that only limited prospective relief is available under a theory of disparate impact. As Alexander makes clear, “Title VI itself directly reached only instances of intentional discrimination.” 105 S.Ct. at 717 (emphasis supplied). We have consistently required “proof of intentional discrimination ... as a basis for compensatory relief” in Title VI claims. Timms v. Metropolitan School District, 722 F.2d 1310, 1318 n. 4 (7th Cir.1983) (citing Guardians, 463 U.S. at 607 n. 27, 103 S.Ct. at 3235 n. 27). In light of the Court’s opinion in Alexander, we see no reason to disturb our earlier holdings, for the current position of the Court is that the granting of compensatory relief under section 2000d requires proof of discriminatory intent. Accordingly, we find that the district judge’s instruction to the jury was correct.

Plaintiffs also contend that the district judge was required to enter separate findings of fact pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a) with respect to their equitable claims. We disagree. In their post-trial motion, plaintiffs made only two passing references to a disparate impact theory. One was subsumed in a discussion of the plaintiffs’ intentional discrimination theory, R. 201 at 2 112, and the other related to the plaintiffs’ dissatisfaction with the jury instruction given by the judge on the Title VI claim.

We believe that no separate findings of fact were warranted in this case. The disparate impact theory was not fairly presented to the judge as a basis for awarding equitable relief. It is well-settled that the plaintiffs “cannot present to this court ... as a ground for reversal an issue which was not presented to the trial court.” Stem v. United States Gypsum, Inc., 547 F.2d 1329, 1333 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 975, 98 S.Ct. 533, 54 L.Ed.2d 467 (1975) (citation omitted). The original and amended complaints contained allegations of intentional discrimination only. At the instruction hearing, plaintiffs’ counsel asked the judge if he would amend the pleadings to conform to the evidence by adding a Title VI claim against these defendants. Tr. at 1584.

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Craft v. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois
793 F.2d 140 (Seventh Circuit, 1986)

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Bluebook (online)
793 F.2d 140, 33 Educ. L. Rep. 42, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/craft-v-board-of-trustees-of-university-of-illinois-ca7-1986.