NOTICE 2014 IL App (5th) 120415 Decision filed 05/09/14. The text of this decision may be 5-12-0415 changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Petition for Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
DEANGELO M. COWPER, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Saline County. ) v. ) No. 12-L-4 ) RANDY NYBERG, in His Capacity as Saline County ) Circuit Clerk, and KEITH BROWN, in His Capacity ) as Saline County Sheriff, ) Honorable ) Todd D. Lambert, Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Spomer and Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Deangelo M. Cowper was convicted of retail theft in 2003, which resulted in a
probation violation. The trial court sentenced Cowper to 27 months of imprisonment for
the probation violation. In 2012, Cowper filed his complaint alleging negligence against
the Saline County circuit clerk, Randy Nyberg, and the Saline County sheriff, Keith
Brown, for not transmitting to the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC) the accurate
number of days he had served in jail for which he was to receive credit against the
27-month sentence. As a result of the incorrect credit against his sentence, Cowper was
1 incarcerated beyond his legal release date. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss
Cowper's complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2010)). The trial court granted the motion and dismissed Cowper's
complaint. Cowper appeals and argues that section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of
Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e)(4) (West 2010)) imposes legal duties upon the
defendants to compile and transmit to the IDOC the days of credit against a sentence of
imprisonment. He also claims that he has a right to pursue a private cause of action
against these defendants for breach of those duties.
¶2 FACTS
¶3 On May 12, 2011, Cowper pled guilty to three counts of a 2003 felony case. The
court sentenced him to 27 months' imprisonment with 1 year of mandatory supervised
release upon discharge. The judgment-sentence filed on June 1, 2011, included a lengthy
summary of the days Cowper spent in custody for which he was to receive credit. The
judgment-sentence order gave Cowper 275 days of credit against the 27-month sentence.
Cowper was transferred to prison on June 2, 2011. After application of the 275 days of
credit, Cowper's sentence was reduced from 27 months to 13 months and 15 days. On
June 23, 2011, Cowper filed a motion in the Saline County criminal court to recalculate the
time. On November 22, 2011, the State filed its response, stating that after an
investigation, the State concluded that the 275 days calculation of credit was wrong. The
State's investigation revealed that Cowper was in Saline County custody from January 8,
2008, until February 2, 2008, and from November 29, 2010, until May 11, 2011, and that
the State did not give him credit for those days in the original judgment-sentence. The 2 court entered an order directing the State to prepare an amended mittimus to reflect the
correct number of days of credit for time served. The State filed its amended
judgment-sentence directed to the IDOC on November 22, 2011. Cowper had already
been released from the Illinois Department of Corrections on October 16, 2011, after
serving the full sentence. The corrected mittimus allowed an additional 191 days' credit
for time served–for a total of 466 days of credit. As a result of his release from prison,
Cowper received no benefit from the additional 191 days of credit for time served.
¶4 On January 20, 2012, Cowper filed suit against the defendants alleging negligence.
He claimed that each defendant had a duty to transmit the accurate number of days for
which he was entitled to credit. Cowper claims that this duty is derived from section
5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e)(4) (West 2010)). He
alleged that if he had received proper credit for time served, the credit would have been
greater than the sentence–that defendants breached their duty by failing to transmit to the
IDOC the accurate number of days Cowper had been in custody for which he was entitled
credit against his sentence. Because of the error in credit against his sentence, Cowper
was incarcerated from June 2, 2011, through October 16, 2011–a period of 137 days.
Cowper alleged that as a direct and proximate result of defendants' negligence, he was
deprived of his freedom and liberties which resulted in his inability to find and retain
employment and an inability to be with and care for his family. Cowper asked the court to
award him compensatory damages.
¶5 On March 1, 2012, defendants filed a motion seeking to dismiss Cowper's
complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 3 (West 2010)). Defendants claimed that Cowper's complaint was defective on its face and
did not allege sufficient facts upon which a negligence cause of action could be sustained.
Defendants argued that section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of Corrections did not
allow a private cause of action for negligence.
¶6 On July 6, 2012, the trial court granted defendants' motion to dismiss. The trial
court's stated reasoning frames the issues on appeal, and so we include portions of that
order for reference:
"Before the Court is [Defendant]s' Motion to Dismiss. The Court
GRANTS said Motion in respect to the [Defendant] Clerk. [Pursuant to the
statute], the Clerk is required to send to DOC information he receives from the
Sheriff concerning time served. No allegation has been made by [Plaintiff] that the
[Defendant] Clerk failed to transmit such information. As transmission of such
information is the only duty of the [Defendant] Clerk pursuant to said statute, and no
allegation has been made that the [Defendant] Clerk failed to do so, [Plaintiff] has
failed to allege a duty on the part of the [Defendant] Clerk, a breach of which would
result in a cause of action. As [Defendant]'s Motion pertains to the [Defendant]
Sheriff, said Motion is GRANTED as well for the reason that said statute fails to
convey a private cause of action. *** [Plaintiff] could have appealed from his
sentence and/or filed a post-conviction petition to correct any wrong calculation of
his good time credit. Therefore this action is not necessary to correct that wrong.
Additionally, the statute is a criminal sentencing statute. [Plaintiff] is not part of
the class of persons for whose benefit the statute was designed. None of the other 4 requirements are satisfied as well. [Plaintiff]'s Complaint is therefore dismissed."
¶7 Cowper appeals this order.
¶8 LAW AND ANALYSIS
¶9 When the trial court is presented with a motion to dismiss a case for failure to state a
cause of action pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2010)), the court must determine whether the complaint sets forth sufficient
facts that, if established, could entitle the plaintiff to relief. Bryson v. News America
Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 86, 672 N.E.2d 1207, 1214 (1996). The trial court must
accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and draw reasonable inferences from
those facts that are favorable to the plaintiff. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 86, 672 N.E.2d at 1213.
Because the trial court is not being called upon to judge any witness's credibility or weigh
facts, on appeal we review the matter de novo. Jackson v. Michael Reese Hospital &
Medical Center, 294 Ill. App. 3d 1, 9, 689 N.E.2d 205, 211 (1997).
¶ 10 We begin the legal analysis in this case by determining whether an inmate can
pursue a private cause of action pursuant to section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of
Corrections (Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e)(4) (West 2010)). We note that Cowper has not
cited, nor have we found, any reported case addressing whether an inmate can file a civil
cause of action pursuant to section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Code for errors in calculating credits.
¶ 11 In analyzing Cowper's claim that section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Code allows a private
cause of action, we review the statute itself to determine whether an express cause of action
is allowed. Moore v. Lumpkin, 258 Ill. App. 3d 980, 989, 630 N.E.2d 982, 989 (1994);
Jordan v. O'Fallon Township High School District No. 203 Board of Education, 302 Ill. 5 App. 3d 1070, 1079, 706 N.E.2d 137, 143 (1999). If the court can determine the
legislature's intent from the plain language of the statute, then the court should not resort to
other interpretative aids. Jordan, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 1079, 706 N.E.2d at 143 (citing
People v. Fitzpatrick, 158 Ill. 2d 360, 364-65, 633 N.E.2d 685, 687 (1994)).
¶ 12 Section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of Corrections provides:
"(e) The clerk of the court shall transmit to the department, agency or
institution, if any, to which the defendant is committed, the following:
***
(4) the number of days, if any, which the defendant has been in
custody and for which he is entitled to credit against the sentence, which
information shall be provided to the clerk by the sheriff[.]" 730 ILCS
5/5-4-1(e)(4) (West 2010).
¶ 13 Section 5-4-1(e)(4) sets forth the actions the clerk of the court and the county sheriff
must take in compiling and transmitting information regarding a defendant's credits against
sentence. The use of the word "shall" generally indicates that the legislative intent is
mandatory. People v. Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 445, 677 N.E.2d 935, 940 (1997).
However, the language of the statute does not set forth any inmate rights in the event of an
error in credit calculation. Thus, we find that the Code fails to provide an inmate with an
express right to pursue a cause of action for an improper calculation of credits against
sentence.
¶ 14 The fact that the wording of the statute does not expressly allow a private cause of
action for violations is not necessarily dispositive of whether the court will allow one. 6 Sawyer Realty Group, Inc. v. Jarvis Corp., 89 Ill. 2d 379, 386, 432 N.E.2d 849, 852 (1982).
The court can imply a private cause of action where it is consistent with the underlying
purpose of the statute and necessary to achieve the aim of the legislature. Id. The public
policy underlying the statutory enactments may implicate a private right of action for
certain individuals when they belong to a class of persons that the Code was designed to
protect. Id. at 386-87, 432 N.E.2d at 852.
¶ 15 In order for Cowper to bring his claim under the statute, he must establish that he
meets the criteria for an implied cause of action. Case law has established four factors
which must be met to imply a private cause of action:
"(1) a plaintiff is a member of the class for whose benefit a piece of legislation was
enacted; (2) it is consistent with the underlying purpose of the legislation; (3) a
plaintiff's injury is one the legislation was designed to prevent; and (4) it is
necessary to provide an adequate remedy for violations of the legislation." Noyola
v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 284 Ill. App. 3d 128, 131-32, 671
N.E.2d 802, 805 (1996), aff'd, 179 Ill. 2d 121, 688 N.E.2d 81 (1997).
Corgan v. Muehling, 143 Ill. 2d 296, 312-13, 574 N.E.2d 602, 609 (1991); Sawyer Realty
Group, Inc., 89 Ill. 2d at 388-89, 432 N.E.2d at 853; Rodgers v. St. Mary's Hospital of
Decatur, 149 Ill. 2d 302, 308, 597 N.E.2d 616, 619 (1992).
¶ 16 In considering Cowper's argument for an implied cause of action, we first review
the stated purpose of the Unified Code of Corrections.
"§ 1-1-2. Purposes. The purposes of this Code of Corrections are to:
(a) prescribe sanctions proportionate to the seriousness of the offenses and 7 permit the recognition of differences in rehabilitation possibilities among individual
offenders;
(b) forbid and prevent the commission of offenses;
(c) prevent arbitrary or oppressive treatment of persons adjudicated
offenders or delinquents; and
(d) restore offenders to useful citizenship." 730 ILCS 5/1-1-2 (West 2010).
¶ 17 We now turn to the analysis of the four factors necessary to imply a statutory private
cause of action.
¶ 18 First, we determine whether Cowper belongs to one of the classes of people for
whose benefit the statute was enacted. Cowper alleges that he was wrongly detained in an
IDOC facility for 137 days. A plain reading of the Unified Code of Corrections purposes
section makes it clear that an adjudicated offender who claims to be wrongly deprived of
his liberty places Cowper in one of the classes of people for whose benefit the statute was
enacted, i.e., "(c) prevent arbitrary or oppressive treatment of persons adjudicated
offenders or delinquents; and (d) restore offenders to useful citizenship" (730 ILCS
5/1-1-2(c), (d) (West 2010)).
¶ 19 Second, we determine whether a private cause of action is consistent with the
purpose of the legislation. The defendants argue that the underlying purpose of the Code
is for the protection of the public and not for inmates' rights. Consequently, defendants
argue that allowing an inmate to bring a private cause of action would be inconsistent with
this purpose. We disagree with this statutory interpretation. The plain language of the
statute and the case law set forth dual purposes directed toward both the public and the 8 adjudicated offenders. The purposes of the Code are "designed to protect society from
future criminal conduct by past offenders (730 ILCS 5/1-1-2(b) (West 1994)), prevent
arbitrary or oppressive deprivations of the liberties of offenders (730 ILCS 5/1-1-2(c)
(West 1994)), and restore offenders to useful citizenship (730 ILCS 5/1-1-2(d) (West
1994))." Turner v. Campagna, 281 Ill. App. 3d 1090, 1094, 667 N.E.2d 683, 685 (1996).
"The general purpose of the Code of Corrections is to rehabilitate the offender, if possible,
and to restore him to useful citizenship." People v. Mahle, 57 Ill. 2d 279, 285, 312 N.E.2d
267, 271 (1974).
¶ 20 Defendants cite to McNeil v. Carter in support of their argument that a private cause
of action is inconsistent with the purpose of the Code. McNeil v. Carter, 318 Ill. App. 3d
939, 943, 742 N.E.2d 1277, 1281 (2001). The McNeil court held that the Code did not
imply a private cause of action for an inmate who allegedly received inadequate medical
attention. Id. In so holding, the court noted that "the primary purpose and function of the
Code is to protect the public." Id. To the extent that McNeil finds this purpose to be
overarching, excluding the dual purpose directed toward the treatment and rehabilitation of
inmates, we reject the court's reasoning. However, we find McNeil inapposite. In
applying the holding in McNeil, defendants conflate the type of liberty interests in
McNeil–those more related to the ordinary day-to-day incidents of prison life, with the type
of liberty interests in the instant case–freedom from restraint. The courts must necessarily
balance prison management concerns with the prisoners' liberty in determining the amount
of process due. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 478 (1995). Furthermore, we believe
that the crux of the McNeil decision revolves around factor four–whether a private cause of 9 action is necessary to provide an adequate remedy, which we will discuss in turn under the
fourth factor analysis.
¶ 21 Third, we determine whether the Cowper's injury is one the legislation was designed
to prevent. Cowper suffered a 137-day incarceration beyond his legal release date. The
prevention of this type of injury is consistent with the stated statutory goals of preventing
arbitrary and oppressive treatment and returning offenders to useful citizenship.
Furthermore, section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Code states, "The clerk of the court shall transmit
to the department, agency or institution, if any, to which the defendant is committed, the
following: *** (4) the number of days, if any, which the defendant has been in custody and
for which he is entitled to credit against the sentence, which information shall be provided
to the clerk by the sheriff." (Emphasis added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e)(4) (West 2010).
"Generally, the use of the word 'shall' in a statute is regarded as indicating a mandatory
rather than a directory intent." Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d at 445, 677 N.E.2d at 940. The
statutory designation of persons responsible for the mandatory assembling of and
transmission of the credit against sentence data is additional evidence of the statutory intent
to prevent a prisoner's wrongful confinement.
¶ 22 Fourth, we determine whether a private cause of action is necessary to provide an
adequate remedy for violations of the statute. Citing McNeil v. Carter, defendants argue
that a private cause of action is not necessary because section 3-8-8 of the Code (730 ILCS
5/3-8-8 (West 2010)) allows for a grievance procedure before the administrative review
board where relief may be obtained. McNeil v. Carter, 318 Ill. App. 3d 939, 742 N.E.2d
1277 (2001). The facts in McNeil warrant further review since McNeil involved grievance 10 issues that were internal to the IDOC, unlike the case before us. In McNeil, plaintiff, an
inmate, filed suit against several IDOC employees. Id. at 940, 742 N.E.2d at 1279.
Count I alleged that the defendants did not adequately test and segregate inmates with
infectious diseases, forcing healthy inmates to share cells with infectious inmates. Id. at
941, 742 N.E.2d at 1279. Count I further alleged that plaintiff was incorrectly placed on a
special medical diet and not properly monitored. Id. Plaintiff claimed that these acts
violated several sections of the Code. Id. In applying the fourth factor to count I, the
court found that a private cause of action under the Code was unnecessary to provide an
adequate remedy because (1) the inmate could bring a claim of misconduct before the
administrative review board, or (2) the inmate could file a federal cause of action under the
eighth amendment. Id. at 943, 742 N.E.2d at 1281.
¶ 23 Defendants' reliance on McNeil is misplaced, as the absence of other remedies
distinguishes this case from McNeil. Cowper has no administrative remedy because the
IDOC lacks the authority to modify a sentence it receives from the sentencing court. Two
Court of Claims cases are instructive. Evans v. State, 55 Ill. Ct. Cl. 395 (2002); Patton v.
State, 47 Ill. Ct. Cl. 174 (1994). The Evans case involved an incarceration extended
beyond the legal release date. Evans, 55 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 395. Evans sued the IDOC on a
theory of negligent incarceration claiming that the IDOC knew or should have known that
his sentence contained an error in the credit calculation for good time served. Id. at 397.
The Court of Claims held that the IDOC has no authority to correct a sentencing court's
order and consequently is not responsible for sentencing errors. Id. at 398. The only
relief was to be found in the sentencing court. Id. In so holding the court stated: "The 11 error in the original mittimus in this case was made by the circuit court, possibly due to an
error or omission by the circuit court clerk's office or the sheriff's office. Whatever its
source, the error was fixed in the circuit court sentencing order, which IDOC was duty
bound to enforce, and could not unilaterally correct." Id. The Evans court went on to
state, "The statutes place the duty of transmitting convicts [sic] sentencing data to IDOC on
the county sheriff and the circuit clerk, as this court noted in Patton, supra (see, e.g.,
Unified Code of Corrections, //5-4-1, 3-8-1; 730 ILCS 5/5-4-1, 5/3-8-1)." Id. In Patton,
the defendant was sentenced to five years in the IDOC. Patton, 47 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 176. The
sentencing order provided that the defendant was to be given credit for time served while in
jail awaiting trial, but did not quantify the credit or a projected "out date." Id. There was
no evidence proving the IDOC ever received any jail credit data from either the circuit
clerk or the sheriff. Id. at 178. Plaintiff sued the state claiming that the IDOC
negligently kept him in confinement beyond his legal release date. Id. The court held
that the State was not responsible for the county's failure to transfer the jail credit data.
The Patton court stated:
"The Unified Code of Corrections imposes on the county sheriff and circuit
clerk the duties of assembling that data and transmitting it to Respondent. Section
5-4-1(e)(4) requires the sheriff to provide the information to the circuit clerk, who in
turn is to then transmit it to Respondent. (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e)(4).) Section
3-8-1(a) imposes a separate duty on the sheriff to independently transmit that data to
Respondent. (730 ILCS 5/3-8-1(a).) Thus, if all had operated according to the
statutory scheme, Respondent would have received the jail credit data here twice, 12 once from the circuit clerk and once again from the sheriff." Id. at 179-80.
¶ 24 It is clear from the holdings in Evans and Patton that Cowper could not have
obtained any relief by filing a grievance with the administrative review board, as the IDOC
has no authority to correct sentencing errors in a court order.
¶ 25 More recently, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has
addressed this issue in Shaw v. Germain, 496 F. App'x 646 (7th Cir. 2012). In Shaw, an
inmate brought a section 1983 suit against IDOC officials alleging an eighth amendment
violation based on a sentencing error. Id. at 647. The Seventh Circuit held that the IDOC
did not have the authority to amend a sentencing order issued by an Illinois court, citing to
sections 5-4-1(e) and 3-8-1 of the Code (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(e), 3-8-1 (West 2008)) and
Evans, 55 Ill. Ct. Cl. at 397-98. Shaw, 496 F. App'x at 649. The court stated, "Shaw
should have sought relief from the state court." Id.
¶ 26 Defendants also cite to Abbasi v. Paraskevoulakos in support of their argument that
a private cause of action is not necessary to provide Cowper with an adequate remedy.
Abbasi v. Paraskevoulakos, 187 Ill. 2d 386, 718 N.E.2d 181 (1999). In Abbasi, the
plaintiff sought damages for injuries she incurred from ingesting lead-based paint. Id. at
388, 718 N.E.2d at 182. The plaintiff pled both common law negligence evidenced by
violation of the Lead Poisoning Prevention Act and a private cause of action under the
Lead Poisoning Prevention Act. Id. at 389, 718 N.E.2d at 183. The Illinois Supreme
Court held that it would not imply a private cause of action under the Act because there
already existed an adequate remedy under plaintiff's common law negligence theory. Id.
at 393, 718 N.E.2d at 185. The court stated, "A private cause of action under the Act 13 would be identical to plaintiff's common law negligence action pending in the circuit
court." Id. The important distinction between Abbasi and this case is the type of statute
at issue. The fact that the Lead Poisoning Prevention Act was a statute "designed to
protect human life" allowed plaintiff to plead the violation of the Act as prima facie
evidence of negligence. It is settled law that a "violation of a statute or ordinance
designed to protect human life or property is prima facie evidence of negligence." Kalata
v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434, 581 N.E.2d 656, 661 (1991). "Statutes [that
are] designed to protect human life or property establish the standard of conduct required
of a reasonable person." Bier v. Leanna Lakeside Property Ass'n, 305 Ill. App. 3d 45, 58,
711 N.E.2d 773, 783 (1999) (citing Noyola v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago,
179 Ill. 2d 121, 130, 688 N.E.2d 81, 84-85 (1997)). We believe that the statute in question
here cannot be characterized as a safety statute so as to allow Cowper to plead the statutory
violation as a common law negligence theory. Therefore, unlike in Abbasi, a finding of an
implied cause of action under the Unified Code of Corrections does not duplicate an
existing remedy.
¶ 27 Nor does Cowper's suit against the circuit clerk and the sheriff serve as a basis for a
constitutional claim. In Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328 (1986), a prisoner brought
an action in federal district court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against a deputy sheriff for
injuries he alleged he sustained when falling on a pillow negligently left on a stairway by
the deputy. Id. The United States Supreme Court held that the due process clause is not
implicated by an official's negligent act causing unintended loss of or injury to life, liberty,
or property. Id. In so holding the Court went on to state, "That injuries inflicted by 14 governmental negligence are not addressed by the United States Constitution is not to say
that they may not raise significant legal concerns and lead to the creation of protectible
legal interests." Id. at 333. "Whatever other provisions of state law or general
jurisprudence he may rightly invoke, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution does not afford him a remedy." Id. at 336. Incarcerating a prisoner beyond
his legal release date does not implicate the eighth amendment unless it is the product of
"deliberate indifference." Campbell v. Peters, 256 F.3d 695, 700 (7th Cir. 2001). Here,
it is clear that because Cowper's claims against the circuit clerk and the sheriff sound in
negligence, he is not afforded a constitutional remedy.
¶ 28 Also relevant to our analysis is the nature of the defendants' alleged negligent
conduct with respect to the potential for an immunity defense. In general, public officials
cannot be held liable for discretionary acts performed within the scope of their authority.
Mora v. State, 68 Ill. 2d 223, 233-34, 369 N.E.2d 868, 873 (1977). If an act is ministerial
in nature, the official may be subject to liability for the negligent performance of that duty.
Hicks v. Williams, 104 Ill. App. 3d 172, 177, 432 N.E.2d 1278, 1281 (1982). "Ministerial
acts are those that a person performs on a given state of facts in a prescribed manner, in
obedience to the mandate of legal authority, and without reference to the official's
discretion as to the propriety of the act." Koltes v. St. Charles Park District, 293 Ill. App.
3d 171, 176, 687 N.E.2d 543, 546 (1997). We believe that the legislative use of the
language "shall" in describing the defendants' duties indicates a mandatory intent.
Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d at 445, 677 N.E.2d at 940. We find the described conduct to be
ministerial. People v. Scott, 277 Ill. App. 3d 565, 566, 660 N.E.2d 1316, 1316-17 (1996) 15 (granting pretrial-custody credit against a fine pursuant to section 110-14 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 1994)) is a simple ministerial act).
¶ 29 By dismissing the complaint, the trial court here effectively found that Cowper was
not entitled to any relief from being wrongfully incarcerated for 137 days. Cowper's
timely posttrial motion to recalculate his time went unaddressed by the court for almost
five months. By the time the State conceded the mistake and a new mittimus was issued,
Cowper realized no benefit, as he had already been released from prison. At this juncture,
compensatory damages are the only relief that will make Cowper whole. While Cowper's
injury may not be a constitutionally protectable liberty interest as pled, we believe that
public policy dictates that the wrongful deprivation of one's liberty raises significant legal
concerns that must be redressed.
¶ 30 We find that as an incarcerated adjudicated offender, Cowper was a member of one
of the classes for whose benefit the statute was enacted; that implication of a private cause
of action is consistent with two of the stated purposes of the Code–to prevent arbitrary or
oppressive treatment of adjudicated offenders and to restore offenders to useful
citizenship; that Cowper's wrongful incarceration is an injury the statute is designed to
prevent; and that a civil private cause of action for compensatory damages is necessary to
provide an adequate remedy for the breach of the mandated duties of both the sheriff and
the clerk. Under these circumstances, we recognize an implied private right of action for
damages.
¶ 31 We conclude that section 5-4-1(e)(4) of the Unified Code of Corrections places the
duty of assembling and transmitting the prisoner's sentencing data to the IDOC on the 16 sheriff and the circuit court clerk–the sheriff to assemble the credit against sentence data
and transmit that information to the clerk, and the clerk to transmit the information
received from the sheriff to the IDOC. At the pleading stage we view the facts and their
inferences in a light most favorable to Cowper and find that he has adequately pled duty,
breach, proximate cause, and damages sufficient to state a cause of action implied by the
statute.
¶ 32 CONCLUSION
¶ 33 We hold that the trial court erred in granting the dismissal of Cowper's statutory
claim. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand the cause for further
proceedings consistent with our holding.
¶ 34 Reversed and remanded.
17 2014 IL App (5th) 120415
NO. 5-12-0415
IN THE
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
DEANGELO M. COWPER, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Saline County. ) v. ) No. 12-L-4 ) RANDY NYBERG, in His Capacity as Saline County ) Circuit Clerk, and KEITH BROWN, in His Capacity ) as Saline County Sheriff, ) Honorable ) Todd D. Lambert, Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: May 9, 2014 ________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.
Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, J., and Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J., Concur ________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Andrew T. Flynn, Glenn R. Tetzlaff, Glenn R. Tetzlaff & for Associates, 500 North Holland Ave., Marion, IL 62959 Appellant ________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Joseph A. Bleyer, K. Rockne Bleyer, Bleyer and Bleyer, 601 for West Jackson Street, P.O. Box 487, Marion, IL 62959-0487 Appellees ________________________________________________________________________