OPINION BY
Judge COHN JUBELIRER.
The County of Berks and Berks County Prison Board (together, the County) petition for review of the Final Order of the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board (PLRB) dismissing the County’s exceptions and making final and absolute the Hearing Examiner’s Proposed Decision and Order finding that the County committed an unfair labor practice in violation of Section 1201(a)(1) of the Public Employe Relations Act1 (PERA). In this appeal, the County argues that the PLRB’s Final Order denies the County the benefits of its bargain, infringes upon the County’s constitutional right to free speech, and fails to conclude that the County established an affirmative defense. Discerning no error, we affirm.
The PLRB summarized the relevant findings as follows:
The County and [Pennsylvania Social Services Union, Local 668, Service Employees International Union (Union) ] are parties to a collective bargaining agreement [CBA] that covers the wages, hours and terms and conditions of employment of employes at Berks County prison. On August 1, 2008, the County and the Union entered into a side agreement for an alternative work schedule that allows employes to choose to work a four days a week, ten hours a day schedule (also known as the 4-10 agreement). The 4-10 agreement also provides that “[t]he County has approved a compressed work week program on a trial basis and may revert back to the original 5 day work week at any time with a thirty (80) day notification to the [a]f-fected employees.”
Caseworkers at the prison are in charge of orienting and completing an intake assessment and classification of every inmate who enters the prison. Four caseworkers, including Karen Arms, requested to have off either Mondays or Fridays under the 4-10 schedule. Because caseworkers employed at the prison preferred to have three-day weekends, the 4-10 schedule caused the work of processing prisoners to back up on Mondays and Tuesdays.
In April 2009, Arms took an extended leave of absence to work directly for the Union. While Arms was on leave, Kevin Neff, the chief shop steward for the Union, and the County met on May 11, [10]*102010, and negotiated a modified 4-10 scheduling agreement to assist the County with the problems caused by employes taking off Fridays and Mondays. [The modified agreement required that one caseworker ... switch her day off from Friday to Thursday, and required that an additional caseworker ... “adjust their (sic) Monday off schedule as needed based on substantial operational needs, as it applies to the Work Release Coordinator position.”] The modified 4-10 agreement preserved the parties’ contractual rights contained in the collective bargaining agreement and the original 4-10 agreement.
Later in 2010, Arms informed the prison that she would return from her extended leave. Initially, upon her return, Arms worked the five day schedule, eight hours a day. Arms was entitled under the [collective bargaining agreement] to return to the schedule she was on when she took extended leave, and asked to return to the 4-10 schedule, which request the County granted.
On or about October 20, 2010, Christina Parish, Arms’ supervisor, informed Neff, the chief shop steward, that Arms would have to switch her day off to Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or the County will give the Union thirty days[’] notice to end the 4-10 schedule for all bargaining unit employes. Parish admitted to Arms that she has made that statement to Neff. Arms decided to agree to return to the five day schedule out of fear that if she did not do so the 4-10 schedule would be taken from the rest of the bargaining unit.
(Final Order at 1-2 & n.l (citations and footnote omitted).)
The Union filed a charge of unfair labor practices with the PLRB. It alleged that the County “coerced Karen Arms to change her hours of work established by the collective bargaining agreement under the threat of her coworkers losing their long established work schedules and thus violate[d] [PERA].” (Charge of Unfair Labor Practice(s), Specification of Charges ¶ 21, R.R. at 7a.) The Secretary of the PLRB issued a complaint and notice of hearing. (Complaint and Notice of Hearing, R.R. at 2a-3a.) Thereafter, a Hearing Examiner held a hearing at which the County and the Union presented witness testimony and submitted documentary evidence. Both parties then submitted post-hearing briefs. After the close of the record and submission of briefs, the Hearing Examiner issued a Proposed Decision and Order.
The Hearing Examiner credited Arms’ testimony regarding the statement made by Parish and found that the County coerced Arms into making the schedule change. (Proposed Decision and Order at 4.) He rejected the County’s suggested interpretation of the facts, and the County’s argument that staffing concerns outweighed any possible interference with Arms’ rights. (Proposed Decision and Order at 4.) As a result, the Hearing Examiner determined the County committed an unfair labor practice by threatening Arms that if she chose to work the contractually provided alternate work schedule, the County would eliminate the program for the entire bargaining unit. (Proposed Decision and Order at 5.) Thus, the Hearing Examiner determined the County violated Section 1201(a)(1) of PERA. (Proposed Decision and Order, Conclusions of Law ¶ 4.)
The County filed exceptions with the PLRB, challenging the Hearing Examiner’s Proposed Decision and Order. The County argued that the Hearing Examiner erred in finding a violation of Section 1201(a)(1) “where the County had stated business concerns for its desire to elimi[11]*11nate the 4-10 schedule, and [it] had a contractual right to end the program on thirty days[’] notice to the Union.” (Final Order at 2.)
The PLRB issued a Final Order in which it dismissed the County’s exceptions, and made the Hearing Examiner’s Proposed Decision and Order absolute and final. Based upon the totality of the circumstances, the PLRB determined that, “the Hearing Examiner did not err in finding that the County’s threat to eliminate the 4-10 scheduling agreement had a tendency to coerce employes in the exercise of the protected act of asserting their contractual rights.” (Final Order at 3.) The PLRB concluded that:
Here, for over a year, Arms’ caseworker position remained vacant as she did not work for the County, and thus did not work Mondays. Indeed, since Arms began her leave from the County in April, 2009 to work for the Union, which encompassed both before and after the May 11, 2010 modified 4-10 agreement, the County had four employes scheduled to work on Mondays. Notably, before going back to her 4-10 schedule with Mondays off, Arms asked Parish if there were any foreseeable scheduling problems. In response, Parish did not identify any potential issues. Arms and Parish continued to discuss Arms’ return to her 4-10 schedule several times, and mutually agreed on a date for Arms to return to her schedule with Mondays off. After Arms returned to her previous 4-10 schedule with Mondays off, the County continued, as before, to have four caseworkers scheduled for Mondays.
Moreover, Arms testified that since her return to the County in late 2010, she was assigned duties in the community reentry center (CRC), not as an intake caseworker, and that Mondays were not busy for her. It is undisputed that the County’s alleged concerns about the backlog are with the intake caseworkers, not counselors, such as Arms’ assignment at the CRC.
Despite numerous advance opportunities to discuss Arms’ return to her 4-10 schedule and any corollary scheduling concerns, it was not until after Arms, then a counselor at CRC, exercised her contractual right to return to her 4-10 schedule with Mondays off that the County threatened to eliminate the 4-10 scheduling option for all bargaining unit employes because of alleged issues of staffing with intake caseworkers. To a reasonably objective employe, it would appear that the County’s threat to eliminate the 4-10 scheduling was not out of a concern over staffing, but in response to Arms’ exercise of her contractual right to return to her 4-10 schedule. The message sent to the employes by the County’s actions is that exercise of contractual rights may result in similar threats or unilateral actions to eliminate those contractual rights.
(Final Order at 2-3 (footnotes and citations omitted).) The County now petitions this Court for review.2
Initially, we note that in reviewing a PLRB determination under PERA, our Court has “recognizefd] that the ‘PLRB possesses administrative expertise in the area of public employee labor relations and should be shown deference’ ” and that this [12]*12“ ‘Court will not lightly substitute its judgment for that of the PLRB.’ ” Lehighton Area School District v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 682 A.2d 439, 442 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996) (quoting American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 13 v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 150 Pa.Cmwlth. 642, 616 A.2d 135, 137 (1992)). “It is within the province of the PLRB to weigh conflicting evidence, make appropriate credibility determinations, resolve primary issues of fact and draw reasonable inferences from the established facts and circumstances.” Id. This Court must uphold the PLRB’s decision “if its factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Allegheny County Deputy Sheriffs’ Association v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 615 Pa. 126, 131, 41 A.3d 839, 843 (2012). “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Delaware County Lodge No. 27, Fraternal Order of Police v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 694 A.2d 1142, 1145 n. 5 (Pa.Cmwlth.1997).
In support of its appeal, the County first argues that the PLRB erred in concluding that the County’s legitimate exercise of its constitutional, statutory and contractual rights constituted a violation of Section 1201(a)(1) of PERA. It asserts this result contravenes both the clear statutory language and the underlying intent of PERA. The County contends the PLRB concluded that the County properly negotiated an agreement with the Union that modified employee schedules and expressly authorized the County to revert back to the original scheduling model at the County’s sole discretion. Moreover, it argues, the PLRB recognized that the agreement obligated the County to notify affected employees of its decision to revert back to the original scheduling model 30 days prior to the change. Nevertheless, the County maintains, the PLRB improperly concluded that the County’s fulfillment of this contractual requirement of notifying an affected employee of its decision to return to the original schedule constituted an unfair labor practice. It argues that this result denies the County the benefit of its bargain and creates instability in the bargaining relationship between the County and the Union by failing to enforce the parties’ agreements.
Although the County argues that the PLRB’s Final Order restricts its ability to manage and control its prison staff and denies the County the benefit of its bargain with the Union, the PLRB’s Final Order is not as far-reaching as the County suggests. The Final Order simply prohibits the County from coercing or threatening employees in response to their exercise of protected acts. The Final Order in no way infringes upon the County’s alleged right to terminate the 4-10 agreement in accordance with the terms bargained for with the Union.
Next, the County asserts that the PLRB’s Final Order infringes on the County’s constitutional free speech rights, which federal and state courts, as well as the PLRB, have long recognized. The County contends that an employer’s freedom to communicate its views to its employees may only be restricted by the requirement that any predictions “be carefully phrased on the basis of objective fact.” National Labor Relations Board v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575, 618, 89 S.Ct. 1918, 23 L.Ed.2d 547 (1969). The County argues that it made a carefully phrased prediction based on an objective fact when Parish, Arms’ supervisor, informed the Union steward that Arms would have to switch her day off or the County would give the Union thirty days’ notice to end the 4-10 sched[13]*13ule. The County contends that this prediction was made in the context of its longstanding and legitimate scheduling concerns regarding significant delays in processing inmates. The County asserts it was left with no contractually permitted alternative but to terminate the 4-10 schedule when Arms insisted on taking Mondays or Fridays off from work.
The County contends further that there are no allegations, let alone findings of fact, that the County’s communications were false or improvidently phrased. Rather, legitimate operational concerns over the delay in processing inmates that were communicated to the Union on numerous prior occasions necessitated the County’s actions. Further, the County offered to continue to negotiate with the Union to seek an alternative resolution during the required notice period. The County contends that repeating these concerns to the Union and to an employee who previously served on the Union’s bargaining committee remained well within the ambit of an employer’s permitted and protected speech. Therefore, the County argues, Parish’s statement to the Union constituted constitutionally protected speech under the totality of the circumstances presented here and the standard set forth in Gissel Packing.
As noted above, Section 1201(a)(1) of PERA provides that “[p]ubljc employers, their agents or representatives are prohibited from ... [interfering, restraining or coercing employes in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in Article IV of this act.” 43 P.S. § 1101.1201(a)(1). In turn, Article IV states, in relevant part: “[i]t shall be lawful for public employes to organize, form, join or assist in employe organizations or to engage in lawful concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid and protection or to bargain collectively through representatives of their own free choice....” 43 P.S. § 1101.401. There is no dispute in this matter that Arms’ exercise of the contractual right to return to her 4-10 schedule is a protected activity for purposes of Section 1201(a)(1) of PERA.
The County is correct that an “employer has a First Amendment right under the Constitution of the United States to communicate [its] general views to [its] employees.” Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board v. Stairways, Inc., 56 Pa.Cmwlth. 462, 425 A.2d 1172, 1175 (1981) (citing Gissel Packing). “The expression of the employer’s views, however, should include no actual or veiled threat of reprisal or benefit to the employees.” Id. As stated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Gissel Packing:
[A]n employer is free to communicate to his employees any of his general views about unionism or any of his specific views about a particular union, so long as the communications do not contain a “threat of reprisal or force or promise of benefit.” He may even make a prediction as to the precise effects he believes unionization will have on his company. In such a case, however, the prediction must be carefully phrased on the basis of objective fact to convey an employer’s belief as to demonstrably probable consequences beyond his control.... If there is any implication that an employer may or may not take action solely on his own initiative for reasons unrelated to economic necessities and known only to him, the statement is no longer a reasonable prediction based on available facts but a threat of retaliation based on misrepresentation and coercion, and as such without the protection of the First Amendment....
[The employer in Gissel Packing ] argues that the line between so-called permitted predictions and proscribed [14]*14threats is too vague to stand up under traditional First Amendment analysis and that the [National Labor Relations Board’s (NLRB) ] discretion to curtail free speech rights is correspondingly too uncontrolled. It is true that a reviewing court must recognize the [NLRB’s] competence in the first instance to judge the impact of utterances made in the context of the employer-employee relationship. But an employer, who has control over that relationship and therefore knows it best, cannot be heard to complain that he is without an adequate guide for his behavior. He can easily make his views known without engaging in “ ‘brinkmanship’ when it becomes. all too easy to ‘overstep and tumble [over] the brink.’ ” At the least he can avoid coercive speech simply by avoiding conscious overstatements he has reason to believe will mislead his employees.
Id. at 618, 620, 89 S.Ct. 1918 (citations omitted) (quoting Wausau Steel Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board, 377 F.2d 369, 372 (7th Cir.1967)) (alteration in original).
Here, the PLRB did not find the statement at issue was merely a recitation of demonstrably probable consequences beyond the County’s control. Rather, it determined that the County’s statement was not made “out of a concern over staffing, but in response to Arms’ exercise of her contractual right to return to her 4-10 schedule.” (Final Order at 3.) Therefore, to properly determine whether the County’s communication was protected free speech, we must first determine whether the PLRB’s findings are supported by substantial evidence, which necessitates a review of the testimony presented to the PLRB.
Parish testified that it is the responsibility of the County’s caseworkers to process new prisoners arriving at the County’s prison and that Monday is the busiest day of the week for caseworkers because prisoners arriving over the weekend must be processed on Monday. (Hr’g Tr. at 77, 85-86, R.R. at- 35a, 37a-38a.) The most common days that caseworkers ask to take off are Mondays and Fridays, and Parish permits up to two caseworkers to take the same vacation day off at a time. (Hr’g Tr. at 87, R.R. at 38a.) The prison needs five caseworkers to work on Monday in order to adequately process the prisoners. (Hr’g Tr. at 88, R.R. at 38a.) Parish stated that, after the 4-10 program was implemented, she lost a caseworker on Monday and Friday. (Hr’g Tr. at 91, R.R. at 39a.) When Arms left the County to accept a position with the Union, Arms was working under the 4-10 schedule with Monday off and her departure created a caseworker vacancy on Friday. (Hr’g Tr. at 92, R.R. at 39a.) Parish stated that this created an operational concern and that she eventually brought her concerns to the attention of the Union. (Hr’g Tr. at 92-93, R.R. at 39a.) Parish notified Neff, the Union steward, that the County no longer wanted employees working under the 4-10 schedule, but the County would compromise to continue the program because the staff liked the program; however, the County did not want anyone else to be able to opt into the program. (Hr’g Tr. at 93-94, R.R. at 39a-40a.) Parish testified that the County and the Union then entered into the May 2010 agreement, whereby one caseworker working under the 4-10 schedule moved her day off from Friday to Thursday. (Hr’g Tr. at 94, R.R. at 40a.) Palish stated that the County had five caseworkers at the time the May 2010 agreement was negotiated. (Hr’g Tr. at 94, R.R. at 40a.)
Parish testified further that, when Arms returned to County employment, she initially worked five days a week; however, [15]*15Arms eventually requested to return to the 4-10 work schedule with Mondays off. (Hr’g Tr. at 96-97, R.R. at 40a.) Parish allowed Arms to return to the 4-10 work schedule because Parish believed that Arms had a right to return to that schedule pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. (Hr’g Tr. at 99, R.R. at 41a.) Parish believed that Arms’ return to the 4-10 schedule was going to, again, cause operational concerns with regard to the caseworkers because Arms would be off on Mondays. (Hr’g Tr. at 100, R.R. at 41a.) Parish informed the Union that, if Arms returned to the 4-10 agreement, the May 2010 agreement would no longer be valid. (Hr’g Tr. at 100-101, R.R. at 41a.) Parish testified that the Union had agreed in May 2010 that certain employees would not take Mondays or Fridays off and that arms, return was not a consideration when this agreement was negotiated because Parish believed Arms would not be returning to employment with the County. (Hr’g Tr. at 101-102, R.R. at 41a-42a.) Parish testified that Arms did return to the 4-10 schedule for three weeks, but then was taken off that schedule in November 2010 after Parish was informed that Arms voluntarily removed herself from the 4-10 program. (Hr’g Tr. at 102, R.R. at 42a.) Finally, when questioned as to whether she informed anyone at the Union that the County would cancel the 4-10 work schedule if the County could not resolve the Monday staffing issues, Parish testified that she did not believe her “words would’ve been that we would’ve cancelled the 4-10 program, but it would’ve been probably perceived that way.” (Hr’g Tr. at 103, R.R. at 42a.) (emphasis added).
Jessica Weaknecht, the County’s human resources manager, testified that Parish contacted her in October 2010 and stated that Arms’ return to the 4-10 schedule was causing operational concerns with regard to caseworkers not being available to work on Mondays. (Hr’g Tr. at 124, R.R. at 47a.) Weaknecht contacted Neff, the Union steward, to arrange a compromise so that Arms could continue on the 4-10 schedule. (Hr’g Tr. at 124, R.R. at 47a.) Weaknecht testified that, because the Union did not seem interested in having Arms choose another day off, Weaknecht officially put the Union on notice by orally notifying Neff on November 3, 2010, that the 4-10 program would be terminated if a compromise could not be reached. (Hr’g Tr. at 124-25, 127 R.R. at 47a.) Weaknecht testified that Arms then agreed to remove herself from the 4-10 program so that the program could continue for the other employees. (Hr’g Tr. at 126, R.R. at 48a.) Weaknecht acknowledged that Arms was dissatisfied with her removal from the 4-10 program and that Arms filed a grievance in response to her removal. (Hr’g Tr. at 133-35, R.R. at 49a-50a.)
Arms testified that, prior to her return to work for the Gounty, she discussed her work schedule with Parish and it was agreed that Arms would initially work five days a week and then return to the 4-10 schedule. (Hr’g Tr. at 20-21, R.R. at 21 a.) Arms testified that she asked Parish in May 2010 whether there would be any issues with her return to the 4-10 schedule and Parish did not specifically alert Arms to any concerns. (Hr’g Tr. at 20-21, R.R. at 21a.) Arms testified further that, after a discussion with Parish, it was agreed that Arms would return to the '4-10 schedule at the beginning of October 2010. (Hr’g Tr. at 22, R.R. at 22a.) Arms was then informed on October 20, 2010 by Neff, the Union steward, that the 4-10 program would be eliminated for all bargaining unit members if Arms did not give up her 4-10 schedule. (Hr’g Tr. at 23, R.R. at 22a.) Arms testified that, when she asked Parish directly if she had informed Neff that if Arms did not give up the 4-10 schedule she would remove all [16]*16members from that schedule, Parish responded in the affirmative. (Hr’g Tr. at 24, R.R. at 22a.) Arms testified that Parish advised her to use the grievance procedure if she believed that the County did not have the right to change Arms’ schedule arbitrarily. (Hr’g Tr. at 24, R.R. at 22a.)
Arms testified further that she contacted human resources and began an ongoing discussion regarding her possible removal from the 4-10 schedule; however, before a resolution could be reached, she was involuntarily removed from the 4-10 schedule without notice. (Hr’g Tr. at 24-25, R.R. at 22a.) Arms testified that she also had discussions with her supervisor regarding her schedule at the CRC center, that she initially worked .at the CRC center for twenty hours per week, and that she had been working forty hours per week at the CRC center since February 2011. (Hr’g Tr. at 28, R.R. at 23 a.) Arms’ work at the CRC center has no impact on a caseworker’s duties because counselors and caseworkers do not cover for each other. (Hr’g Tr. at 28-29, R.R. at 28a.) Arms stated that the County was still short a caseworker and that the County was in the hiring process. (Hr’g Tr. at 29, R.R. at 23a.) Finally, Arms asked the County to reconsider permitting her to work under the 4-10 schedule when she moved to the CRC because Mondays were her least busy day; however, she remained on a five day a week schedule. (Hr’g Tr. at 29, R.R. at 23a.)
The PLRB credited Arms’ testimony, found based upon the totality of the circumstances that Parish’s statement was coercive, and rejected the County’s testimony which purported to show that longstanding staffing concerns drove Parish to threaten to eliminate the 4-10 program for all employees if Arms did not change her day off. The record shows that the County functioned without Arms working on Mondays or Fridays, due to her leave from County employment, for over a year without hiring another caseworker to replace her. Based on credited testimony, when Arms did return to County employment, she did not work exclusively as a caseworker, but also worked as a counselor in the CRC center. In addition, we note that Parish did not address any concerns with Arms or the Union steward regarding Arms’ return to the 4-10 schedule before or after Arms returned to County employment. It was not until after Arms exercised her right to return to that schedule that Parish approached the Union. Moreover, Parish admitted that her words to the Union steward could have been perceived as the County stating that it would cancel the 4-10 program if the alleged Monday staffing issue could not be resolved by Arms switching her day off. Thus, there is substantial evidence to support the PLRB’s finding that, “to a reasonably objective employee, it would appear that the County’s threat to eliminate the 4-10 scheduling was not out of a concern over staffing, but rather in response to Arms’ exercise of her contractual right to return to the 4-10 schedule.”3 (Final Order at 3.) The PLRB possesses administra[17]*17tive expertise in the area of public employee labor relations to which this Court must defer; therefore, it is the agency with the competence “to judge the impact of utterances made in the context of the employer-employee relationship.” Gissel Packing, 395 U.S. at 620, 89 S.Ct. 1918.4 As such, given the PLRB’s credibility determinations and findings, and Parish’s own testimony, we cannot find, contrary to the PLRB, that the County’s communication was not a threat, but an objective prediction made in the context of its longstanding and legitimate scheduling concerns and resulting significant delays in processing inmates. Accordingly, the PLRB’s Final Order did not place an unconstitutional restriction on the County’s free speech rights.
Finally, the County maintains, assuming for the sake of argument that the PLRB properly concluded that the County’s communication was sufficient to establish a prima facie Section 1201(a)(1) violation, the PLRB erred in failing to conclude that the County established an affirmative defense. Specifically, the County argues that it possessed a legitimate, overriding operational reason for its action that justified any purported coercion. The County argues it established that the new scheduling model created genuine and unacceptable delays in processing inmates. The County further asserts it established its contractual right to revert back to the original scheduling model. Therefore, even if informing a County employee of the County’s decision to exercise its contractual rights interfered with the employee’s protected activities, the County contends that such interference does not rise to the level of an unfair labor practice. As such, the County believes that this Court should reverse the PLRB’s Final Order and conclude that the County did not violate Section 1201(a)(1) of PERA.5
As stated previously, in its analysis, the PLRB considered the totality of the cir[18]*18cumstances to determine if the' County’s actions, in light of its purported business concerns, would nonetheless appear to a reasonable employee as interfering or coercing employees from engaging in protected activities. Ultimately, the PLRB determined that the County’s statement that it would eliminate the 4-10 program was the product of coercion rather than a credible, legitimate, non-discriminatory business reason. There was no credited evidence that Arms was processing inmates on Mondays when she requested to work the 4-10 schedule or after she had to give up her right to do so. Instead, the credited evidence shows that she was assigned to work as a counselor at the CRC and Mondays were her least busy days. (Hr’g Tr. at 29, R.R. at 23a.) Thus, the PLRB’s decision did not credit that the reason for interfering with Arms’ protected right was a legitimate scheduling concern. (Final Order at 2-3.) If the County had proven that Arms’ change of schedule created unacceptable delays in processing inmates, this would be a different case.6 However, the County did not and, given the credible facts, we conclude that the PLRB did not err in finding that the County committed an unfair labor practice in violation of Section 1201(a) of the PERA.
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the PLRB’s Final Order is affirmed.
ORDER
NOW, September 17, 2013, the Final Order of the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board entered in the above-captioned matter is AFFIRMED.