Corosa v. Nashua Housing

2010 DNH 053

• Court: District Court, D. New Hampshire
• Decided: March 24, 2010
• Docket: 09-CV-455-JD
• Status: Published

Opinion

Corosa v . Nashua Housing 09-CV-455-JD 03/24/10 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Michael Corosa

v. Civil N o . 09-cv-455-JD Opinion N o . 2010 DNH 053 Nashua Housing Authority and George F. Robinson

O R D E R

Michael Corosa sued Nashua Housing Authority (“NHA”) and

George Robinson, alleging that they violated his rights under the

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et

seq.1 NHA and Robinson move to dismiss the complaint for failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

Background

Corosa alleges the following facts in his complaint. He

worked for NHA as a maintenance worker and electrician since

October, 1993. In August, 2005, he began to experience pain and

weakness in his legs when he walked, and the pain later spread to

his lower back. He began to receive medical care and, in

January, 2006, his doctor gave him a note saying that he should

1 In his complaint, Corosa cites both 42 U.S.C. § 2000e and § 12101. The latter citation appears to be the intended one. work with restrictions. Specifically, the doctor said he should

not pull or push objects while walking, and he should not shovel

or rake. According to Corosa, NHA accepted the doctor’s note and

allowed him to work with restrictions.

Corosa’s pain continued to increase and, in February, 2006,

he took a medical leave of absence from his job. After lower back surgery in April, which greatly relieved his pain, he

returned to work full-time in July, 2006. The pain returned,

however, in May and June of 2007, when Corosa was walking and

pushing a lawnmower, although he had no trouble completing his

other duties, including shoveling and raking. In June or July,

Corosa asked NHA to purchase a riding lawnmower, but NHA denied

the request, saying that Corosa was not disabled.

In August, Corosa gave NHA a note from his surgeon stating

that he should not push or pull objects while walking. NHA accepted the note and allowed Corosa to work a few more days. On

August 2 2 , 2007, Corosa met with his boss, Scott Costa, and his

steward. Costa gave Corosa a letter from Robinson, the executive

director of NHA, stating that Corosa could not perform his duties

and that he was required to take medical leave.

Corosa returned to NHA on November 6, 2007, to give Costa a

doctor’s note stating that Corosa could work without restrictions

beginning on November 7 . On November 7 , Corosa reported for work

2 and was given two letters from Robinson. The first, dated

November 6, told Corosa to return to work on November 7 at 7:30

a.m., and the second informed Corosa that he was suspended for

two days for gross insubordination at the August 22 meeting.

Robinson claimed that Corosa had sworn at the meeting, but Corosa

states that he only “mention[ed] harassment and Robinson trying to be funny[,] but did not swear.” Compl. at ¶ 2 3 .

The Commissioners of the NHA upheld Corosa’s medical leave

and suspension. Corosa filed a complaint with the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission, which issued a notice that

Corosa could file suit in this matter. Corosa filed his

complaint on December 3 0 , 2009, alleging that both NHA and

Robinson violated his rights under the ADA.

Standard of Review

The defendants move for dismissal of the complaint for

“failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,”

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). “[T]o

survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must establish ‘a

plausible entitlement to relief,’” Vernet v . Serrano-Torres, 566

F.3d 254, 258 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v . Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

559, (2007)), and “must contain ‘enough facts to raise a

reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence’

3 supporting the claims.” Fantini v . Salem State College, 557 F.3d

2 2 , 26 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 5 4 4 ) ;

see also Ashcroft v . Iqbal, 129 S . C t . 1937, 1949 (2009) (“To

survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that

is plausible on its face.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Iqbal also teaches that “[t]hreadbare recitals

of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 129 S . C t . at 1949

(citation omitted).

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion should be granted if “the facts,

evaluated in [a] plaintiff-friendly manner, [do not] contain

enough meat to support a reasonable expectation that an

actionable claim may exist.” Andrew Robinson Int’l, Inc. v .

Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 547 F.3d 4 8 , 51 (1st Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “Dismissal for failure to state a claim is

appropriate if the complaint fails to set forth factual

allegations, either direct or inferential, respecting each

material element necessary to sustain recovery under some

actionable legal theory.” Gagliardi v . Sullivan, 513 F.3d 301,

305 (1st Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted). The court

“take[s] the well-pleaded facts in the light most favorable to

the plaintiff and indulge[s] him all reasonable inferences, [but]

4 need not credit bald assertions, periphrastic circumlocutions, unsubstantiated conclusions, . . . outright vituperation, or subjective characterizations, optimistic predictions, or problematic suppositions.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). 2

Discussion

NHA and Robinson contend that Corosa failed to allege that

NHA is covered by the ADA, that he was disabled once he returned

to work in July of 2006, that NHA knew of his disability when it

denied his accommodation request, that the accommodation was

linked to any disability, and that he was able to perform the

essential duties of his job despite his condition. The

defendants also argue that Corosa’s allegations of disability are

conclusory. As a separate ground for dismissal, Robinson argues

that the ADA does not provide for individual liability, and

therefore the complaint against him individually should be

dismissed.

Corosa responds by pointing to specific portions of his

complaint in which he makes the allegations that the defendants

say are lacking. He acknowledges that the complaint does not

2 In his objection, Corosa states that a motion to dismiss should not be granted unless “the plaintiff is not entitled to relief under any set of facts he could prove.” Pl.’s O b j . at 2 , 4 . That standard, from Conley v . Gibson, 355 U.S. 4 1 , 45-46 (1957), was abrogated by Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 562-63.

5 allege that NHA is covered by the ADA, but states that he will

amend his complaint and, regardless, there is no factual dispute

that NHA is covered. He also contends that the ADA does allow

for individual liability.

A. Sufficiency of Corosa’s Allegations Under the ADA The ADA provides that “[n]o covered entity shall

discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of

disability in regard to . . . discharge of employees, employee

compensation, . . . and other terms, conditions, and privileges

of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). Corosa appears to be

suing under a “failure to accommodate” theory,3 which requires

that the plaintiff a ) furnish sufficient admissible evidence that [he] is a qualified individual with a disability within the meaning of the ADA; b ) establish that [he] worked for an employer covered by the ADA; c ) demonstrate that the employer, despite its knowledge of the employee’s limitations, did not accommodate those limitations; and d ) show that the employer’s failure to accommodate the known limitations affected the terms, conditions, or privileges of the plaintiff’s employment.

Orta-Castro v . Merck, Sharp & Dohme Quimica P.R., Inc., 447 F.3d

105, 112 (1st Cir. 2006). For purposes of opposing a motion to

3 The defendants construed Corosa’s claim as alleging a “failure to accommodate,” see Defts.’ Mot. at ¶ 1 3 , and Corosa apparently adopted that construction, see Pl.’s O b j . at 2-3.

6 dismiss, however, Corosa need not prove his entire case in his

complaint but rather must only have alleged sufficient facts to

show that his claim is plausible on its face. Ashcroft v . Iqbal,

129 S . C t . at 1949. “Specific facts are not necessary; the

statement need only ‘give the defendant[s] fair notice of what

the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v . Pardus, 551 U.S. 8 9 , 93 (2007) (quoting Bell

Atlantic, 550 U.S. 544, 555) (alteration in original).

1. Disability

Corosa’s complaint states that he suffered from back and leg

pain, which, he alleges, constitutes a qualified disability,

beginning in August of 2005 and continuing through the present.

Although the complaint says that Corosa underwent surgery in

April, 2006, that “greatly relieved the pain,” Corosa never

states that the pain or the disability disappeared. Moreover,

Corosa states that the pain began again in May and June of 2007,

before he asked NHA to accommodate him by purchasing a riding

lawnmower.

2. Covered entity

7 Corosa did not directly allege that NHA is covered by the

ADA. While being a “covered entity” is technically an element of

the statute (see 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (general rule); § 12111(2)

(defining “covered entity”); § 12111(5)(A) (defining

“employer”)), the failure to allege this element is not fatal.

NHA does not dispute that it is a covered entity and Corosa states in his objection that the issue is not disputed. See

Pl.’s O b j . at n.1. To the extent this is an issue, Corosa can

amend his complaint.

3. NHA’s Knowledge & Failure to Accommodate

The complaint also alleges that Corosa asked NHA for a

riding lawnmower, and that in denying the request, NHA stated

“that [Corosa] had no disability and did not merit a riding lawn

mower.” Compl. at ¶ 1 4 . According to Corosa, the defendants

knew at the time the request was made that he was claiming to be

disabled. Corosa also alleges that NHA knew that he had

disabling back and leg pain in early 2006, since he brought in a

doctor’s note and took a medical leave of absence. Thus, it is

at least plausible that the defendants knew Corosa was disabled

but denied his request for a reasonable accommodation anyway.

4. Qualified Individual

8 Corosa also alleges that he was able to perform the

essential duties of his position at NHA.4 Specifically, he

states that he “had no problem performing his other maintenance

duties which involv[ed] lifting, climbing, shoveling, raking,

etc.” Compl. at ¶ 1 3 . Corosa contends that his position

involved mowing lawns only two hours every two weeks, or 0.25% of

his job classification. Id.

Corosa’s complaint includes allegations pertaining to the

elements of his claim. His rendition of the factual

circumstances surrounding his allegedly forced medical leave and

improper suspension could plausibly entitle him to relief under

the ADA. The complaint also puts the defendants on notice of the

grounds for Corosa’s claim. Because the complaint states a claim

under the ADA, it will not be dismissed.

B. Individual Liability Under the ADA

Although the First Circuit has not settled the issue of

whether an individual who is the employer’s agent may be held

liable under the ADA, it has held that such individuals may not

be held liable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,

4 Under the ADA, a “qualified individual” is “an individual who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8).

9 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., which, like the ADA, governs employment discrimination. Fantini, 557 F.3d at 28-31. The First Circuit has also suggested that it would apply the same reasoning in the context of the ADA. Acevedo López v . Police Dept. of Puerto Rico, 247 F.3d 2 6 , 29 (1st Cir. 2001) (declining to consider issue because it was undeveloped, but noting that “several other circuit courts and three district courts within this circuit have held that individuals are not subject to suit under the ADA”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

As the First Circuit noted in Fantini, several circuit courts have held that there is no individual liability under the ADA. See, e.g., Albra v . Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 830 (11th Cir. 2007); Walsh v . Nevada Dept. of Human Resources, 471 F.3d 1033, 1038 (9th Cir. 2006); Koslow v . Pennsylvania, 302 F.3d 161, 178 (3d Cir. 2002); Ford v . Frame, 3 Fed. Appx. 316, 318 (6th Cir. 2001); Butler v . City of Prairie Village, Kansas, 172 F.3d 736, 744 (10th Cir. 1999); U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n v . AIC Sec., 55 F.3d 1276, 1282 (7th Cir. 1995). District courts within the First Circuit, including this court, have held the same. See, e.g., Orell v . UMass Mem. Med. Ctr., Inc., 203 F. Supp. 2d 5 2 , 64 (D. Mass. 2002); Vizcarrondo v . Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Puerto Rico, 139 F. Supp. 2d 198, 205 (D.P.R. 2001); Quiron v . L.N. Violette Co., 897 F. Supp. 1 8 , 19 (D. M e . 1995);

10 Miller v. CBC Co., 908 F. Supp. 1054, 1065 (D.N.H. 1995). The

reasoning of each circuit court that held that there is no

individual liability under the ADA was substantially similar to

the First Circuit’s reasoning in Fantini, regarding individual

liability under Title VII. Moreover, each circuit court also

noted the parallels between Title VII and the ADA, and indicated that their holdings with regard to individual liability under

Title VII guided their holdings with regard to the ADA.

Based on the weight of the precedents cited, including prior

holdings in this court, the court concludes that there is no

individual liability under the ADA. Corosa’s ADA claim against

Robinson is dismissed.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion to dismiss

(document no. 9) is granted as to the claim against George F.

Robinson, and is otherwise denied.

SO ORDERED.

V J Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr. United States District Judge March 24, 2010

cc: William E. Aivalikles, Esquire Arthur O. Gormley, III, Esquire J. Daniel Marr, Esquire