F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS February 20, 2007 FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court
FR ED CO RLEY ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 05-7137 (D.C. No. 04-CV-482-W ) D EPA RTM EN T O F V ETER ANS (E.D. Okla.) AFFA IRS, by and through the Honorable A nthony J. Principi, Secretary of V eterans Affairs,
Defendant-Appellee.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before KELLY, L UC ER O, and HA RTZ, Circuit Judges.
Fred Corley appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of his former employer, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), on his claims
for disability discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C.
§ 791, and for constructive discharge. He alleges that he has a physical
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. impairment–a seizure disorder–that substantially limits one or more major life
activities, and that he is therefore disabled under the Rehabilitation Act. He
claims that the VA failed to accommodate his disability and that he was
constructively discharged when he chose to pursue retirement benefits rather than
accept a demotion to a lower-paid position. W e affirm.
I. Background
M r. Corley began employment with the VA in 1992. At all times relevant
to this case, he was an Education Case M anager (ECM ). His job was to
communicate w ith veterans about their education benefits via telephone, email,
and faxes, as w ell as in person either at the VA office or during town-hall
meetings. ECM s were required to be available to answer telephone calls from
veterans for a large portion of their work days; as of M arch 2003 the minimum
time they were to be available was six hours per day. Any inquiry regarding a
specific veteran’s education benefits required use of a computer to access the
information.
M r. Corley suffered the first of two major seizures in 2000, while stationed
in Turkey on military duty. In January 2001 he suffered a second major seizure at
home. He reported to Dr. Edward M oroney, his primary care physician at the
M uskogee, Oklahoma, VA M edical Center (VAM C), that he was having
seizure-like activity, primarily while he slept, as evidenced by urinary
incontinence. Dr. M oroney referred M r. Corley to a VAM C neurologist and
-2- advised that he should not ship out to Jordan with his Air National Guard unit.
M r. Corley began seeing Dr. L. Keith Simmons, a private neurologist, in
connection with his seizure activity.
On February 1, 2001, Dr. M oroney made the following notation in
M r. Corley’s medical file:
The above referenced individual has developed a seizure disorder which is presently[] controlled [with] medication. However his stress should be kept at a minimum to prevent breakthro[u]gh seizure activity. He should not be required to spend more than 4 h[ou]rs/day on the telephone.
Aplt. App., Vol. I at 109. M r. Corley presented this document to Phyllis Curtis,
one of his supervisors at the VA, on M arch 22, 2001. Beginning that day he
started assisting with training new employees for four hours per day, apparently
reducing his available telephone time to at most four hours. A lthough the need to
train new employees w as temporary, M r. Corley had indicated that possibly
something could be done medically to control his seizures, so M s. Curtis
understood that M r. Corley would again be able to perform his regular duties once
the temporary assignment was completed.
On M arch 27, in describing his medical history to Dr. M adhusudan Koduri,
a psychiatrist, M r. Corley reported that once a week or more he was having
seizures, during which he sometimes passed out. He also told Dr. Koduri that he
was not driving. There are no further notations in M r. Corley’s medical records
regarding seizure activity for almost eight months. In November 2001 he
-3- reported to Dr. Simmons an increase in the frequency of his seizures since A ugust
but indicated that he had not had any further generalized convulsions. The
seizures occurred more at night and were evidenced by urinary incontinence. He
also had a few episodes at work when he became glassy-eyed, and on occasion the
computer screen would induce a seizure. Dr. Simmons noted that M r. Corley was
on a modified work schedule and recommended that this schedule continue until
the seizures were controlled.
Five months later, in April 2002, M r. Corley reported a decreased
frequency of seizure symptoms to Dr. Koduri. In June he reported to
Dr. M oroney that he was having seizures once a week during the night.
Dr. M oroney noted that Dr. Simmons was changing M r. Corley’s seizure
medication. Dr. Simmons provided M r. Corley with a “return to work” form, at
his request, which w as effective June 17, 2002. The return-to-work form
restricted only M r. Corley’s use of hazardous equipment. The form also indicated
that his seizure medication was being adjusted, which could initially result in
increased seizures. The parties dispute whether the hazardous-equipment
limitation was the only limitation after June 17, 2002, or was in addition to the
previous four-hour limitation on telephone work. After M r. Corley gave the
return-to-w ork form to M s. Curtis, he continued to work the modified schedule
limiting his telephone time to four hours per day. In August 2002 he reported to
D r. M oroney that he had had no more seizures after switching medications. He
-4- asked Dr. M oroney for a letter stating that he was fit for duty with the Air
National Guard. That same month, M r. Corley advised D r. Koduri that his last
seizure had been in M ay.
In December 2002 M s. Curtis asked M r. Corley to provide updated
documentation of his medical condition. M r. Corley sent an email to
Dr. Simmons’s office on December 18, asking for a currently dated copy of
Dr. Simmons’s previous note limiting him to four hours of telephone work per
day. He told Dr. Simmons that he had had an increase in seizure activity, which
seemed to be more prevalent with seasonal or weather changes. He also indicated
that he had suffered a midsized seizure at work the previous week and another
one the night before. Dr. Simmons faxed back the June 2002 return-to-work form
containing only the restriction on use of hazardous equipment, with a note to
continue that limitation. M r. Corley did not provide this return-to-work form to
the VA. Instead, upon receiving Dr. Simmons’s fax, he sent another email to
Dr. Simmons’s office on December 19, asking once again for a note limiting his
telephone time to four hours per day. Dr. Simmons did not respond. The next
day, December 20, M r. Corley described his seizure spells to Dr. Koduri as
intermittent and less intense. He also told Dr. Koduri that he had been playing
football occasionally.
On December 31 M r. Corley contacted Dr. Simmons again, this time asking
the doctor to rescind the prior statement limiting him to four hours of telephone
-5- time and to put him back on a regular work schedule. Dr. Simmons released
M r. Corley to a regular work schedule beginning January 2, 2003, with a note to
avoid activity that might be hazardous if he loses consciousness. Once again
M r. C orley did not provide this new return-to-work form to the VA.
On January 10, 2003, M s. Curtis gave M r. Corley a deadline of January 23
to provide an updated status report from his doctor. She indicated that if he failed
to provide the updated information, it would be assumed that he could perform
the full duties of an EC M and his schedule would be adjusted accordingly. On
January 28, having received no updated documentation, M s. Curtis returned
M r. Corley to regular duties. On M arch 18 he was placed on a
performance-assistance plan (PA P) because his average daily available telephone
time in January and February had been less than six hours. During M arch and
April 2003 he sought medical attention for two knee injuries that he had received
playing semiprofessional football. At the April appointment he reported to
Dr. M oroney that he continued to have nocturnal urinary incontinence, but it had
not increased in frequency since he had started playing semiprofessional football.
On M ay 5 he was taken off the PAP after improving his daily average telephone
time to meet the ECM performance standard. In June he sought medical attention
again, this time for pain in his arm related to moving furniture the day before.
The record suggests that at that appointment he did not report any increase in
seizure activity.
-6- On June 29, 2003, M r. Corley signed an application form seeking disability
retirement. He saw Dr. Simmons about a w eek later, after not having seen him
for approximately one year. He reported to Dr. Simmons that his seizures had
been doing well until a change in his work schedule. He was now experiencing
more frequent seizures and was under a lot of stress. On July 16 he saw
Dr. M oroney, reporting continued nocturnal seizures characterized by shaking,
urinary incontinence, and post ictal stupor. He indicated that the day after a
seizure he was lethargic and that he had been sleeping more. He had not sought
medical attention at the V AM C for his seizure activity for over a year.
On July 21, 2003, during a meeting with Francie W right, the supervisor of
his division, M r. Corley submitted a July 15 statement from Dr. Simmons limiting
him to four hours of telephone time per day. In response, M s. W right proposed
possible alternative computer work he could do for part of the day, but M r. Corley
clarified that it was really the computer, and not the telephone, that caused him
problems. He indicated that he would submit another doctor’s statement saying
so. That same day, he contacted an equal employment opportunity (EEO)
counselor at the VA to allege disability discrimination by the VA. He later told
the EEO counselor that M s. W right had informed him on July 21 that she would
put him on a modified work schedule only until October 30, after which he would
have to return to his normal ECM duties or take another position that would be a
-7- demotion. The next day, July 22, he submitted to M s. W right a return-to-work
form from Dr. Simmons, limiting his use of a computer to four hours per day.
M s. W right placed M r. Corley on a modified work schedule on July 30,
limiting his computer time to four hours per day. Under the modified schedule
the remainder of the day he would be asked to do work that did not involve using
a computer, but did involve using a telephone. M s. W right indicated that this
modified schedule would be limited to 90 days because the noncomputer work
was at a lower pay grade than his ECM position. After 90 days he would be
expected to return again to his regular ECM duties.
M r. Corley was awarded full disability-retirement benefits effective
October 3, 2003. He stopped having seizures in August or September of 2004 and
was seizure-free until at least July 2005.
M r. C orley filed a complaint against the VA on October 28, 2004. On
August 25, 2005, the VA moved for summary judgment on his claims for
disability discrimination, retaliation, and constructive discharge. Ruling that
M r. Corley’s evidence of intermittent difficulties with major life activities did not
establish an impairment that was sufficiently severe and permanent to be a
disability, the district court 1 granted the VA’s motion on the Rehabilitation Act
1 The parties consented to jurisdiction of a magistrate judge. All references to the district court’s order pertain to the November 22, 2005, Order of the magistrate judge.
-8- claims. The district court also granted summary judgment on M r. Corley’s claim
for an unpaid performance bonus, which was not addressed in the VA’s motion.
On appeal M r. Corley challenges only the summary judgment on his claims for
disability discrimination and constructive discharge.
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
W e review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See
Rakity v. Dillon Cos., 302 F.3d 1152, 1157 (10th Cir. 2002). Summary judgment
is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “A fact is ‘material’ if,
under the governing law, it could have an effect on the outcome of the lawsuit. A
dispute over a material fact is ‘genuine’ if a reasonable jury could find in favor of
the non moving party on the evidence presented.” Rakity, 302 F.3d at 1157
(citation omitted). W e view the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences
therefrom, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Id. at 1160.
B. Record on Summary Judgment
W e address first a preliminary issue raised by the VA regarding the extent
of the record on summary judgment. The VA contends that M r. Corley
improperly included the entire transcript of Dr. Simmons’s deposition in the
-9- Appellant’s Appendix. W e agree with the VA that the full transcript was not
before the district court on summary judgment. “[T]he only proper function of a
court of appeals is to review the decision below on the basis of the record that
was made before the district court.” Allen v. M innstar, Inc., 8 F.3d 1470, 1474
(10th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, we will review
only the pages of the Simmons deposition transcript that were before the district
court: A ppellant’s Appendix, Volume I at 323-325 and Volume II at 354-356.
The remaining pages of that transcript–Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at
364-405–are stricken from the record. See Aero-M edical, Inc. v. United States,
23 F.3d 328, 329 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994).
C. Disability Discrimination
To establish a prima facie case of disability discrimination, M r. Corley was
required to show that (1) he was a disabled person within the meaning of the
Rehabilitation Act; (2) he was otherwise qualified for the job; and (3) he was
discriminated against because of his disability. See Woodman v. Runyon,
132 F.3d 1330, 1338 (10th Cir. 1997). 2 The Rehabilitation Act defines the term
disability in pertinent part as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially
2 Woodman noted that the same standard for a prima facie case applies in actions brought under the Americans W ith Disabilities Act (ADA). 132 F.3d at 1338. The standard applied under the ADA is also used to determine whether an act of discrimination violates the Rehabilitation Act. See 29 U.S.C. § 791(g); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.203(b). W e therefore rely on cases applying the A DA in the course of this order and judgment.
-10- limits one or more major life activities.” 29 U.S.C. § 705(9)(B). 3 Although the
VA does not dispute that M r. Corley has a seizure disorder, a physical impairment
alone does not make one disabled. The impairment must also substantially limit a
major life activity. See id.; Toyota M otor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. W illiams, 534 U.S.
184, 195 (2002).
The regulations issued by the Department of Health and Human Services
under the Rehabilitation Act define major life activities as “functions such as
caring for one’s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing,
speaking, breathing, learning, and working.” 45 C.F.R. § 84.3(j)(2)(ii). This list,
however, is not exhaustive. See Poindexter v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry.
Co., 168 F.3d 1228, 1231 (10th Cir. 1999). The Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) has issued regulations further defining disability and
substantially limits. Because the parties do not dispute their application in this
case, we will assume that they should be applied here. See Toyota, 534 U.S. at
194. Under these regulations substantially limits means:
(I) U nable to perform a major life activity that the average person in the general population can perform; or (ii) Significantly restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an individual can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition,
3 M r. Corley does not allege discrimination based on either “a record of such an impairment” or “being regarded as having such an impairment,” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2), both of which are also included in the definition of disability under the Rehabilitation Act, see 29 U.S.C. § 794(d); M cGeshick v. Principi, 357 F.3d 1146, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004).
-11- manner, or duration under which the average person in the general population can perform that same major life activity.
29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1). The EEOC regulations list three factors to be
considered in determining whether an individual is substantially limited in a
major life activity: “(I) The nature and severity of the impairment; (ii) The
duration or expected duration of the impairment; and (iii) The permanent or long
term impact, or the expected permanent or long term impact of or resulting from
the impairment.” Id. § 1630.2(j)(2). “‘Substantially’ . . . suggests ‘considerable’
or ‘to a large degree.’” Toyota, 534 U.S. at 196 (brackets omitted). Thus, “[t]o
be substantially limited in a major life activity, ‘an individual must have an
impairment that prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing activities
that are of central importance to most people’s daily lives,’” and the impact of the
impairment must “‘be permanent or long term.’” M cGeshick v. Principi, 357 F.3d
1146, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Toyota, 534 U.S. at 198).
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the VA on
M r. Corley’s disability-discrimination claim after concluding that his seizure
disorder did not substantially limit any major life activity and that therefore he
was not disabled under the Rehabilitation Act. Based on our de novo review of
the record on appeal, we agree with the district court.
-12- 1. M ajor Life Activities
First, we must determine which of M r. Corley’s major life activities are at
issue. A plaintiff must articulate with precision the major life activity affected
by his impairment. See Poindexter, 168 F.3d at 1232. On appeal M r. Corley
contends that 15 different major life activities w ere substantially limited by his
seizure disorder. But his argument below and the district court’s decision
addressed only seven alleged major life activities. This court will not consider
an issue not passed upon below. See W alker v. M ather (In re Walker), 959 F.2d
894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992). Nor will we review an issue not raised in appellant’s
opening brief. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. M hoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7
(10th Cir. 1994). Therefore, we will consider only the five activities that
M r. Corley raised both in his opening brief on appeal and before the district
court: sleeping, caring for his children, grocery shopping, operating machinery
(such as a lawn mower), and working.
W hether an activity alleged to be affected by an impairment is a “major life
activity” under the Rehabilitation Act is a question of law for the court. See
Doebele v. Sprint/United M gmt. Co., 342 F.3d 1117, 1129 (10th Cir. 2003).
“‘M ajor’ in the phrase ‘major life activities’ means important. ‘M ajor life
activities’ thus refers to those activities that are of central importance to daily
life.” Toyota, 534 U .S. at 197 (citation omitted). “A ‘major life activity’ is a
basic activity that the average person in the general population can perform with
-13- little or no difficulty.” Pack v. Kmart Corp., 166 F.3d 1300, 1305 (10th Cir.
1999). The touchstone of a major life activity is its significance. See Poindexter,
168 F.3d at 1231.
The Rehabilitation Act regulations include working as a major life activity.
See 45 C.F.R. § 84.3(j)(2)(ii). And we have held that sleeping is a major life
activity. See Pack, 166 F.3d at 1305. M r. Corley cites no authority to support his
contention that operating machinery, caring for his children, and grocery shopping
are major life activities. See Phillips v. Calhoun, 956 F.2d at 949, 953-54
(10th C ir. 1992) (a party must support its argument with legal authority). The V A
asserts, the district court concluded, and we agree, that operating machinery is not
a major life activity. See Weber v. Strippit, Inc., 186 F.3d 907, 914 (8th Cir. 1999)
(mowing the law n not a major life activity). It is hardly of central importance in
daily life. The district court did not decide whether caring for one’s children or
grocery shopping are major life activities. But we do not believe that either
activity standing alone is sufficiently significant to qualify as a major life activity
as compared to the enumerated major life activities under the Rehabilitation Act
regulations. See 45 C.F.R. § 84.3(j)(2)(ii). Again, neither can be said to be
central to daily life. See Poindexter, 168 F.3d at 1231; see also Krauel v. Iowa
M ethodist M ed. Ctr., 95 F.3d 674, 677 (8th Cir. 1996) (caring for others is not a
major life activity); Novak v. Principi, 442 F. Supp. 2d 560, 567 (N.D. Ill. 2006)
(same); Colwell v. Suffolk County Police Dep’t, 158 F.3d 635, 643 (2d Cir. 1998)
-14- (mall shopping is not a major life activity); Turner v. Sullivan Univ. Sys., Inc.,
420 F. Supp. 2d 773, 784 (W .D. Ky. 2006) (inability to shop for groceries by
oneself is not a substantial limitation on a major life activity); cf. Emory v.
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 401 F.3d 174, 181 (3d Cir. 2005) (considering
ability to care for one’s children as part of major life activity of performing
manual tasks). Thus, we will consider only whether M r. Corley’s seizure disorder
substantially limited his two identified major life activities: sleeping and working.
(We add, however, that our discussion of these two activities will strongly suggest
that M r. Corley’s other alleged major life activities were not substantially limited.)
2. Substantial Limitation of M ajor Life Activity of Sleeping
M r. Corley asserts that the district court made numerous errors in
concluding that his sleeping was not substantially limited by his seizure disorder.
He argues that the record does not support the court’s conclusions that his seizures
and their effects were sporadic, and he claims error in the court’s characterization
of his problems with sleeping as intermittent and not long-term or severe. M ore
specifically, he argues that the record fails to support the court’s determination
that he experienced no seizure activity for extended periods of time after receiving
medication. He also asserts that the court incorrectly based its
no-substantial-limitation conclusion solely on the effects of the two large seizures
that he suffered.
-15- M r. Corley makes tw o different arguments in support of his claim that his
seizure disorder was severe and substantially limited his sleeping. First, he asserts
that he experienced frequent, regular seizures over an extended period of time,
with resulting permanent or long-term disturbances and substantial effects on his
ability to sleep. Alternatively, he contends that evidence of the effects of his
seizures during periods of increased seizure activity supports the conclusion that
his impairment was severe and substantially limited his ability to sleep. W e
conclude that his evidence fails to demonstrate a triable issue of fact concerning
whether his seizure activity was severe and whether its effects on his ability to
sleep were permanent or long-term.
a. Evidence of Frequent Seizures O ver Extended Period
In his appeal brief M r. Corley repeatedly refers to a 2½-year period during
which he experienced one or more seizures per w eek. These claims of weekly
seizures over an extended period of time, however, are not supported by any
citation to the record. See Rakity, 302 F.3d at 1160 (appellant bears responsibility
of providing essential references to record to carry burden of establishing a triable
fact issue). And the record indicates otherwise. As M r. Corley admits, he was
seizure-free for several months during this 2½ -year period, from either M ay or
June 2002 to August of that year. Although he reported to his doctors having
weekly seizures in M arch 2001 and June 2002, and increases in seizure activity in
November 2001 and July 2003, at other times he reported that his seizures were
-16- decreasing in frequency (April 2002) or were intermittent but less intense
(D ecember 2002).
Nor did M r. Corley ever testify to having frequent seizures over an extended
period of time that interfered with his ability to sleep. W hen asked how many
total seizures he had experienced, he testified that from 1992 until July 13, 2005
(the date of his deposition), there were 40-50 occasions when he had a seizure that
caused him to sleep more than usual. Two of the 40-50 seizures were major ones,
after which he slept for up to 12 additional hours. Following the other, nonmajor
seizures he slept for an additional three to four hours, or through the morning and
into the afternoon. Even if the period during which M r. Corley experienced the
40-50 seizures did not begin until January 2001, when he first reported seizure
activity to the VAM C, 4 and ended in August or September 2004, when he testified
that he had stopped having seizures altogether, he still would have suffered, on
average, only approximately one seizure per month based on his own testimony,
with the resulting effects upon his sleep similarly intermittent.
M r. Corley is correct that, apart from the period from M ay to August 2002,
there is no evidence to support the district court’s conclusion that he was not
having seizures at all. But neither is the converse true: there is no reasonable
4 At least one of his major seizures, however, occurred before January 2001. M r. Corley testified that the first of two major seizures he experienced was w hile he was deployed with his National Guard unit in Turkey in 2000.
-17- inference from the evidence that his seizures occurred regularly on a weekly basis
for a num ber of years. N otw ithstanding the arguments in his brief, his own
testimony belies that conclusion. It was his burden to establish the frequency of
his impairment. See Rakity, 302 F.3d at 1157-58 (when nonmoving party bears
burden of proof at trial on dispositive issue, it must go beyond pleadings and
designate specific facts to survive summary judgment). Viewing the medical
evidence and M r. Corley’s testimony in the light most favorable to him, the record
does not establish that on a weekly basis during the last 2½ years of his
employment at the VA he experienced seizures causing him to sleep more than
usual. W e agree with the district court that the evidence establishes only a
sporadic or intermittent impairment.
b. Evidence of Periods of Increased Seizure Activity
Alternatively, M r. Corley argues that the district court ignored his evidence
of periods of increased seizure activity, which, he contends, supports the
conclusion that his impairment was severe and substantially limited his major life
activity of sleeping. W e do not believe that the court ignored this evidence. W e
conclude, as did the district court, that the evidence is insufficient to establish a
triable fact issue regarding whether M r. Corley’s impairment was of such severity
and duration that it resulted in permanent or long-term impacts on his sleeping.
M r. Corley testified that during periods of increased seizure activity he
would have three to five seizures per w eek, after which he w ould sleep longer,
-18- resulting in disruption to his sleep patterns. His testimony regarding increased
seizure activity focused on the period from January 2003 until the time of the
alleged discrimination in July 2003. He initially testified that during that period
he missed work a minimum of one day per week, and as many as two or three
days, as a result of his extended sleeping following seizures during the night. But
the evidence reflects that in January 2003 Dr. Simmons provided him, at his
request, w ith a return-to-w ork form restoring him to his regular w ork schedule.
M oreover, on cross-examination he testified that he began playing
semiprofessional football in December 2002 and he acknowledged telling
Dr. M oroney four months later, in April 2003, that his seizure symptoms had not
increased since he had begun playing semiprofessional football. He ultimately
testified that his seizure activity did not increase until April and M ay 2003. In
July 2003 he reported seizure activity to Dr. M oroney and more frequent seizures
to D r. Simmons.
The alleged discriminatory conduct–telling M r. Corley that his new
modified work schedule would be offered for only 90 days–occurred no later than
July 30, 2003. Thus, according to M r. Corley’s own testimony, as clarified on
cross-examination, his only relevant “period of increased seizure activity” began
in April or M ay 2003 and appeared to continue into July 2003. There is no
evidence regarding how long (or whether) that period of increased seizure activity
-19- continued after July. (We do know that M r. Corley was seizure-free as of August
or September 2004.)
M r. Corley’s evidence certainly establishes that at times he experienced
more frequent seizure activity. And in the case of the four months before the
alleged discriminatory act, his testimony indicates that he w as having more
seizures than in the preceding months of that year. But the evidence as a whole,
including his own testimony about the total number of seizures he experienced
during his employment with the VA, does not establish a triable fact issue
regarding whether his impairment substantially restricted his sleeping. There is
insufficient evidence to support his contention that his impairment resulted in
permanent, or even long-term, effects on his ability to sleep as compared to the
average person in the general population. As the district court concluded, such
intermittent effects on a major life activity are insufficient to establish an
impairment that qualifies as a disability. See Pack, 166 F.3d at 1306 (affirming
grant of judgment as a matter of law when plaintiff’s evidence of episodes of sleep
disruption failed to establish her problems were severe, long-term, or had a
permanent impact); see also M cWilliams v. Jefferson County, 463 F.3d 1113,
1116-17 (10th Cir. 2006) (affirming summary judgment when evidence showed
only intermittent depressive episodes that caused difficulty sleeping and getting
along w ith co-workers) Croy v. Cobe Labs., Inc., 345 F.3d 1199, 1204 (10th Cir.
2003) (affirming summary judgment when plaintiff established only that she was
-20- often tem porarily unable to function as the average person would, due to multiple
sclerosis).
-21- c. Evidence of Classification of M r. Corley as Disabled by K ansas Department of Rehabilitative Services
M r. Corley also argues that the district court improperly ignored the
evidence that he was classified as “disabled” in 2004 by the Kansas Department of
Rehabilitative Services. In opposition to summary judgment, he submitted
documents, labeled as Exhibit A, purporting to be a certificate of eligibility from
Kansas Rehabilitation Services and a brochure titled Rehabilitation Services
Handbook of Services. He asserted in the district court that it was undisputed that
he had received services from the State of Kansas Department of Rehabilitative
Services as a “qualified individual with a disability.” The VA did not dispute that
M r. Corley received services, but argued that Exhibit A was inadmissible. On
appeal the VA asserts that the district court properly excluded from the record and
did not consider Exhibit A, but it includes no citation to the record to support that
contention.
W e do not reach the question of the admissibility of Exhibit A for
summary-judgment purposes because we hold that it is not relevant to the
determination whether M r. Corley was disabled at the time of the alleged
discrimination. As M r. Corley asserts in his appeal brief, his “impairments should
be examined at the time the discrimination took place.” Aplt. Br. at 12. The
Kansas certification is not temporally relevant because it was issued nearly a year
after the alleged discrimination. “The determination as to whether an individual is
-22- a ‘qualified individual with a disability’ must be made as of the time of the
employment decision.” Cisneros v. Wilson, 226 F.3d 1113, 1129 (10th Cir. 2000)
(internal quotation marks omitted), overruled on other grounds by Bd. of Trs. of
Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001). In Cisneros we noted that evidence
of the plaintiff’s inability to work at the time of the law suit was not relevant to
whether she was a qualified individual with a disability at the time of the alleged
discrimination. Id. at 1129 n.12. Likewise, a showing that M r. Corley was
disabled in June 2004 is not relevant to establishing whether he was disabled in
July 2003.
d. Factual Dispute Regarding W ork Restrictions
Finally, M r. Corley contends that the facts are in dispute regarding whether
the work restrictions placed on him by Dr. Simmons in June 2002 included only
avoiding hazardous equipment, or also continued the previous limitation of four
hours of telephone work per day. But we do not believe that this dispute involves
any material fact which could preclude summary judgment. Even assuming that
M r. Corley’s version of his work restrictions as of June 2002 were correct, that
fact is not relevant to whether his seizure disorder substantially limited his major
life activity of sleeping. See Rakity, 302 F.3d at 1157 (“A dispute over a material
fact is ‘genuine’ if a reasonable jury could find in favor of the nonmoving party on
the evidence presented.”). As we have concluded, M r. Corley’s own testimony
regarding the duration and severity of his seizure activity defeats his claim.
-23- 3. Substantial Limitation of M ajor Life Activity of W orking
“W ith respect to the major life activity of w orking[,] . . . [t]he term
substantially limits means significantly restricted in the ability to perform either a
class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to the average
person having comparable training, skills and abilities.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 1630.2(j)(3)(I); see Siemon v. AT&T Corp., 117 F.3d 1173, 1176 (10th Cir.
1997). The EEOC regulation states that “class of jobs” refers to “jobs utilizing
similar training, knowledge, skills or abilities” within “the geographical area to
which the [plaintiff] has reasonable access,” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(ii)(A)-(B);
and “broad range of jobs in various classes” refers to “jobs not utilizing similar
training, knowledge, skills or abilities, within that geographical area,” id.
§ 1630.2(j)(3)(ii)(C). Thus, to be substantially limited in the major life activity of
working,
one must be precluded from more than one type of job, a specialized job, or a particular job of choice. If jobs utilizing an individual’s skills (but perhaps not his or her unique talents) are available, one is not precluded from a substantial class of jobs. Similarly, if a host of different types of jobs are available, one is not precluded from a broad range of jobs.
Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 492 (1999).
M r. Corley asserts that the district court erred in concluding that his claim
failed because (1) he did not present evidence that he was disqualified from other
jobs in his geographical area requiring the same skills and abilities that he brought
-24- to the VA, and (2) he did not produce evidence of jobs in his geographical area to
which he had access, or the number and type of jobs demanding similar training.
He argues that the evidence of his limited ability to perform certain activities is
sufficient to establish a triable fact issue regarding whether he was substantially
limited in working. Specifically, he claims that the evidence establishes that as a
result of his seizure disorder he was foreclosed from jobs involving any of the
follow ing activities: driving, operating machinery (including using a lawn
mower), childcare, telephone or computer work for more than four hours per day,
military service, working at heights, maintenance, and housekeeping.
M r. Corley misapprehends his burden as the plaintiff. First, he characterizes
his enumeration of limitations as “substantial,” implying that by its sheer volume
the list establishes that he is substantially limited in working. But he is not
substantially limited in the major life activity of working if either (1) “jobs
utilizing [his] skills (but perhaps not his . . . unique talents) are available” or
(2) “a host of different types of jobs are available.” Sutton 527 U.S. at 492. The
limitations he lists hardly compel the conclusion that either (1) or (2) (much less
both) has been foreclosed. Second, M r. Corley chides the district court for not
making findings regarding what skills and abilities he brought with him to the VA.
But he did not point the district court to any evidence regarding his relevant skills
that it should have considered. He likewise fails to point this court to any portion
of the record indicating what those specific skills w ere. Instead he simply
-25- concludes, without specification, that his relevant skill sets are those of an ECM
and the skills he acquired in the military. Third, M r. Corley fails to point to
evidence in the record regarding the availability of jobs for him in his geographic
area. Instead, he contends that the VA was required to perform a survey of
available jobs at the VA and he criticizes it for failing to do so. As a federal
employer the VA would have been required reasonably to accommodate him by
identifying positions within the VA or other agencies in which he could have
functioned despite his disability. But that duty does not arise until he establishes
that he has a disability. See Woodman, 132 F.3d at 1337-38 & n.6 (describing
heightened duty of federal employers to provide reasonable accommodation). It
was not the VA’s burden to come forward with evidence of the number and types
of jobs available or unavailable to M r. Corley in his geographic area.
The requirement that the plaintiff produce the necessary evidence “‘is not
meant to require an onerous evidentiary showing.’” EEOC v. Heartway Corp.,
466 F.3d 1156, 1164 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting EEOC Compliance M anual § 902.4).
M r. Corley was not required to present evidence of a precise number of jobs from
which he was disqualified because of his impairment. But in his circumstances he
did need to present “evidence of general employment demographics and/or of
recognized occupational classifications that indicate the approximate number of
jobs (e.g., ‘few,’ ‘many,’ ‘most’) from which [he] would be excluded.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). See Rakity, 302 F.3d at 1162 (plaintiff failed to
-26- provide evidence addressing his vocational training, relevant geographic area, or
number and type of jobs from which he was disqualified); Bolton v. Scrivner, Inc.,
36 F.3d 939, 943-44 (10th Cir. 1994) (same). M r. Corley produced no such
evidence.
M r. Corley argues that the district court failed to consider his evidence that
he missed work frequently after a seizure because he could not wake up, and that
this limitation would apply to all job types in all geographic areas. But evidence of
frequent unscheduled absences is not sufficient to establish a substantial limitation
on the major life activity of working. See Croy, 345 F.3d at 1204. Furthermore, as
we have concluded based on his own testimony regarding the nature and extent of
his seizures and the prolonged sleeping they triggered, his impairment was not
sufficiently severe, permanent, or long-term to limit substantially his other
identified major life activity of sleeping. W e reach the same conclusion regarding
the major life activity of working. W e agree with the district court that he failed to
present sufficient evidence to support his claim that his impairment substantially
limited his ability to work.
W e hold that M r. Corley failed to establish a triable issue of fact on the first
element of a prima facie case of disability discrimination: that he was a disabled
person.
-27- B. Constructive Discharge
“Constructive discharge occurs when the employer by its illegal
discriminatory acts has made working conditions so difficult that a reasonable
person in the employee’s position would feel compelled to resign.” Sanchez v.
Denver Pub. Sch., 164 F.3d 527, 534 (10th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks
omitted, emphasis added). M r. Corley has failed to establish that he had a
disability. Accordingly, his “constructive discharge claim based on disability
discrimination [under the Rehabilitation Act] necessarily fails.” Wells v. Shalala,
228 F.3d 1137, 1146 (10th Cir. 2000); see also Lanm an v. Johnson County, Kan.,
393 F.3d 1151, 1158 (10th Cir. 2004) (declining to address constructive discharge
when plaintiff failed to establish disability under the ADA).
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Harris L Hartz Circuit Judge
-28-