MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any May 31 2019, 9:13 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Rory Gallagher Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Tyler G. Banks Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Corey Nickles Morris, May 31, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-1264 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Alicia Gooden, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G21-1502-F2-5941
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 1 of 21 Statement of the Case
[1] Corey Morris (“Morris”) appeals his convictions and adjudication as an
habitual offender. Morris argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by
admitting certain evidence obtained following the execution of a search warrant
and an investigative stop, maintaining that the search warrant affidavit lacked
probable cause and the investigative stop lacked reasonable suspicion; and (2)
the trial court erred by allowing the State to refile an habitual offender
enhancement. Concluding that the trial court did not abuse its’ discretion and
that Morris has waived review of his habitual offender enhancement argument,
we affirm the trial court.
[2] We affirm.
Issues
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting certain evidence.
2. Whether Morris waived review of his habitual offender enhancement argument.
Facts
[3] Between January 11, 2015 and February 14, 2015, an undercover detective and
member of a multi-agency Indianapolis Metropolitan Drug Task Force
(“Undercover Detective”) purchased heroin from an unwitting individual
(“Unwitting Individual”), known to be able to secure heroin, and Morris on
four separate occasions. The first heroin purchase occurred between January Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 2 of 21 11, 2015 and January 13, 2015. During this purchase, Undercover Detective
contacted Unwitting Individual. They met in a parking lot and Unwitting
Individual called his/her source for heroin. Shortly thereafter, a black Ford
Escape with a New York license plate driven by a black male arrived.
Unwitting Individual walked directly to the Escape, got inside for short amount
of time, and then after exiting, walked directly back to the vehicle where
Undercover Detective was waiting. After Unwitting Individual left the Escape,
the vehicle immediately departed and was followed by police surveillance units
to the area of 62nd Street and Coffman Road, where the surveillance was
ultimately terminated.
[4] Approximately ten days later, Detective Randall Dings (“Detective Dings”),
who was with the Hamilton County Sheriff’s Department and a member of the
multi-agency drug task force, was in the area of 56th Street and Georgetown
Road when he saw the same black Ford Escape from the first heroin purchase.
He observed a black male driving the vehicle. Detective Dings followed the
vehicle to a condominium complex near 62nd Street and Coffman Road, where
it parked in an open garage connected to the residence of 4837 Shallow Water
Place (“the Condo”). Detective Dings then observed the male driver walk from
the garage to the front door of the Condo.
[5] Between January 23, 2015 and January 25, 2015, Undercover Detective
arranged a second heroin purchase from Unwitting Individual. The same black
Escape driven by a black male again arrived to meet Unwitting Individual.
Unwitting Individual informed Undercover Detective that the driver of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 3 of 21 Escape was his/her source for heroin. After Unwitting Individual exited the
Escape, it immediately left the area.
[6] For heroin purchase number three, law enforcement surveilled the Condo
before the purchase. They saw the Escape driven during the first two
purchases. The officers also observed the garage door of the Condo open, and a
black male wearing a multi-colored shirt standing in the garage. After
Unwitting Individual made the call, surveillance observed the black male walk
from the garage area and enter the front passenger seat of a black truck. Law
enforcement followed the black truck from the Condo to the parking lot where
Undercover Detective and Unwitting Individual were waiting to make a
purchase. Unwitting Individual advised Undercover Detective that anytime
“he/she sees the guy with dreads that is the same source of supply as buys 1 &
2.” (App. 68). Undercover Detective observed that the male front passenger of
the black truck was wearing a multi-colored shirt and had dreads. After
Unwitting Individual left the truck, it immediately left the area, and law
enforcement followed it back to the Condo. There, surveillance units observed
the front seat passenger, the black male with dreads, exit the truck and use a key
to enter the front door of the Condo.
[7] For the fourth heroin purchase, law enforcement again conducted surveillance
of the Condo and the parking lot where Undercover Detective met Unwitting
Individual. After Unwitting Individual called the source, surveillance units
observed a black Chevy Impala, driven by a black male wearing a gray
sweatshirt, exit the garage at the Condo. Law enforcement followed the Impala
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 4 of 21 to the location where Undercover Detective and Unwitting Individual were
waiting to make a purchase. After Unwitting Individual exited the Impala,
surveillance followed the Impala to the Condo, where it pulled into the garage.
[8] Based upon the facts and circumstances surrounding the four heroin purchases
and surveillance of the Condo performed, Detective Dings drafted a search
warrant affidavit. In addition to the details of the four heroin purchases
described above, the search warrant affidavit contained, in relevant part, the
following:
From this investigation, observations of law enforcement and the pattern for the controlled transactions which includes a phone call by the unwitting individual to the heroin supplier and the subsequent actions of the black male who leaves 4837 Shallow Water Place to meet with the unwitting individual, I have good cause to believe that the source who supplies the unwitting individual with the heroin sold to the undercover detective during these transactions lives at 4837 Shallow Water Place and that the heroin that is being supplied to the unwitting individual who is acting as a “middle man” dealer during this investigation is being kept at the residence of 4837 Shallow Water Place.
(App. 69).
[9] A commissioner issued Detective Dings a search warrant for the Condo. Prior
to executing the warrant on February 15, 2015, Detective Dings and another
detective surveilled the Condo for approximately ninety minutes. Detective
Dings also distributed a photograph of Morris to all officers assisting him. At
some point, the black Impala from the fourth heroin purchase exited the Condo
garage. The assisting detective saw that the driver of the Impala was a black
male and had “the same similar hairstyle” as Morris did in the photo. (Tr. Vol.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 5 of 21 2 at 55). Law enforcement followed the Impala and initiated a traffic stop.
Because law enforcement had previously been given a photograph of Morris,
the officer who pulled the Impala over positively identified Morris as the driver.
Morris was taken into custody, and the police found a set of keys on his person.
One of the keys was used later by law enforcement to enter the Condo.
[10] The police then took Morris to the Condo where they executed the search
warrant. They brought Morris inside and read him his Miranda rights, which he
stated he understood. Morris proceeded to inform law enforcement that his
bedroom was at the end of the hall. However, law enforcement found clothing
and other property that belonged to Morris in the middle bedroom. Inside the
middle bedroom, law enforcement found a pair of tennis shoes matching
Morris’ size. Inside the right tennis shoe, police found a letter addressed to
Morris, as well as an oxycodone pill and a bag containing heroin. Inside the
left tennis shoe, police found a second bag of heroin. On a shelf near the tennis
shoes, law enforcement found a third bag containing heroin and three
oxycodone pills. In total, law enforcement recovered 20.07 grams of heroin
from this bedroom. They also found a shopping bag with $964 in cash and a
pair of khaki pants that also contained approximately $12,000 in cash in the
middle bedroom. Morris admitted that the letter and oxycodone pills belonged
to him, but he denied ownership of the heroin and money. Inside the kitchen,
law enforcement found several bags of heroin. They also recovered Dormin, a
sleep aid commonly used as a cutting agent; a Magic Bullet blender, which is
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 6 of 21 commonly used to mix heroin and cutting agents; a press, which is commonly
used to compact the heroin mixture into a brick; and several scales.
[11] The State charged Morris with Count 1, Level 2 felony dealing in a narcotic
drug (heroin); Count 2, Level 3 felony possession of a narcotic drug weighing at
least twenty-eight grams (heroin); and Count 3, Level 6 felony possession of a
narcotic drug (oxycodone). The State also alleged that Morris was an habitual
offender.
[12] On June 1, 2015, Morris filed a motion for a Franks1 hearing, claiming that
Detective Dings’ characterization of the four heroin purchases as “controlled”
transactions in the search warrant affidavit was materially false and misleading.
(App. 69). That same day, Morris also filed a motion to suppress, claiming that
the traffic stop was unlawful and that the evidence obtained as a result of the
stop would be inadmissible. Morris specifically argued that the “key [obtained]
from the Defendant[,] which was later used to enter the premises[,]” should be
excluded. (App. 52). On June 30, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on the
motion for a Franks hearing. The trial court also considered the lawfulness of
1 In Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978), the United States Supreme Court held that “where the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly or intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and [was] necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held.” A hearing at which the defendant is allowed to attack the validity of a search warrant in such a manner is referred to as a “Franks hearing.” See Haynes v. State, 411 N.E.2d 659, 661 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 7 of 21 the traffic stop. After the hearing on both motions, the trial court denied the
Franks motion and the motion to suppress.
[13] On March 17, 2016, this matter proceeded to jury trial. The State presented
testimony from Detective Dings and three other law enforcement officers
involved with the execution of the search warrant. 2 In addition to the facts
above, Detective Dings discussed the additional surveillance he conducted on
the Condo. He stated that he observed a black male, later identified as Morris,
at the Condo “on multiple occasions.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 221). Detective Dings
estimated that he observed Morris on “[m]ore than 10[]” occasions and that he
drove “[a] newer model Ford Escape, and a black, newer model, Chevy
Impala.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 222).
[14] Before closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury on two lesser-
included offenses: (1) Level 4 felony possession of a narcotic drug weighing
between ten and twenty-eight grams as a lesser-included offense to the Level 3
felony possession of narcotic drug charge; and (2) Level 6 felony maintaining a
common nuisance as a lesser-included offense to the Level 2 felony dealing in a
narcotic drug. The jury found Morris guilty on the two lesser-included charges
of Level 4 felony possession of a narcotic drug and Level 6 felony maintaining a
common nuisance, as well as on the original charge of Level 6 felony
possession of a narcotic drug. The jury did not reach a unanimous verdict on
2 Undercover Detective and Unwitting Individual did not testify.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 8 of 21 Count 1, Level 2 felony dealing in a narcotic drug and returned a verdict of not
guilty on Count 2, Level 3 felony possession of a narcotic drug weighing at least
twenty-eight grams.
[15] After the verdicts were read, the State indicated a hesitation with accepting the
jury’s verdict because it was unsure if it would be able to re-try the Level 2
dealing charge due to the Level 4 felony possession conviction and the
evidentiary issue that “dealing kind of includes possession. Like he had to
possess it to deal it.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 141). The State raised the prospect of asking
for a mistrial on all counts, but the trial court indicated an unwillingness to
grant such a request. The parties discussed the matter further, and before the
jury reconvened for the habitual phase of the trial, the State explained that it did
not want to attach the habitual offender allegation to the Level 4 felony
conviction and that it wanted to dismiss the habitual offender enhancement.
The State also requested that the Level 2 felony dealing charge and the habitual
offender allegation be stayed for retrial. In direct response, defense counsel
stated: “And we would agree that he be released and then we would have
further time to either negotiate or come back.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 146). Thereafter,
the parties discussed the best procedural process going forward and the
following colloquy ensued:
[Defense Counsel]: All right. So we waive the habitual, come back.
The Court: I think you –
[Defense Counsel]: I mean, waive the jury trial for the habitual, come back for –
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 9 of 21 [The State]: Or I can dismiss the habitual.
The Court: I think that’s the wise thing to do.
[The State]: And then file it prior to – because then it would only be able to attach to the level two felony.
[Defense Counsel]: And that’s the issue that pops out?
[The State]: Yes.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay.
The Court: Yeah. I think that’s the smarter thing to do.
[The State]: Do I need to –
[Defense Counsel]: Well, then that –
[The State]: Can I just orally move to –
[Defense Counsel]: - that cleans it up.
(Tr. Vol. 3 at 149).
[16] Thereafter, the trial court found a hung jury on Count 1 and entered judgments
of conviction on the counts for which the jury returned guilty verdicts. The
State then orally moved to dismiss the habitual offender allegation. The State
also filed a written motion to dismiss the habitual offender allegation with the
notation that it was “to be re-filed.” (App. 155). Morris waived his right to be
sentenced within 30 days of the date of conviction and was released on bond.
[17] At a subsequent pre-trial conference, the State informed the trial court that it
would not seek a retrial on Count 1, the Level 2 dealing charge. The State then
moved to amend the existing charging information to refile the habitual
offender enhancement. In its motion, the State explained that it had
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 10 of 21 “determined that it cannot go forward with a retrial on Count I, Dealing in a
Narcotic Drug, Level 2 felony, as the Court denied the State’s motion for a
mistrial as to all counts on March 18, 2016, and entered judgment of conviction
as to Count III, which is factually a lesser-included offense of Count I.” (App.
157). Morris objected to the motion to amend.
[18] The trial court held a hearing on the State’s motion to amend. Relying on
INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8(h), Morris argued that if the court were to grant the
State’s motion, the same jury that found Morris guilty of the three counts would
have to reconvene to determine whether he was an habitual offender. The trial
court rejected Morris’ statutory argument and found that there was no authority
that prohibited a second jury from deciding the habitual phase of the trial. The
trial court granted the State’s motion to amend and found that Morris’
substantial rights were not prejudiced by permitting the State to refile the
habitual offender enhancement. The trial court explained:
The habitual was filed I think sometime in February or March of 2015 . . . when the original charges were filed, and its been pending ever since. [E]ven at the time of the jury, at the conclusion of the jury trial it was noted on the record that even though the State was choosing to dismiss the habitual, that was going to be refiled. So, I think there was knowledge all along that, the habitual offender count was going to be pursued by the State, so I definite[ly] think the motion to amend, and the granting of such by the court is fairly clear cut.
(Tr. Vol. 2 at 77-78).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 11 of 21 [19] Thereafter, Morris waived his right to a jury trial on the habitual phase. The
trial court then heard evidence on the habitual offender allegation and found
that Morris was an habitual offender.
[20] At the sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed an eight (8) year sentence for
the Level 4 felony conviction and enhanced the sentence by eight (8) years for
the habitual offender enhancement. The trial court also imposed executed
terms of one (1) year for each of the two Level 6 felony convictions, to be
served concurrently with the Level 4 felony. Thus, the trial court imposed an
aggregate executed sentence of sixteen (16) years. Morris now appeals.
Decision
[21] On appeal, Morris argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by
admitting certain evidence; and (2) the trial court erred by permitting the State
to amend the charging information. We address each of his contentions in
turn.
1. Admission of Evidence
[22] Morris first contends that the statements made and the drugs and money that
the State seized from the Condo are inadmissible because the search warrant
affidavit lacked probable cause. Next, Morris argues that the key obtained from
his person is inadmissible because the investigative stop lacked reasonable
suspicion. He frames this issue as whether the court erred by denying his
motion to suppress. Because Morris is appealing following a conviction, we
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 12 of 21 note that Morris’ challenge would more appropriately be framed as whether the
trial court properly admitted the evidence at trial. See Fry v. State, 25 N.E.3d
237, 243 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. A trial court has broad discretion in
ruling on the admissibility of evidence and we will disturb its rulings only where
it is shown that the court abused that discretion. Halliburton v. State, 1 N.E.3d
670, 675 (Ind. 2013). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
before it. Id.
A. Search Warrant
[23] Morris first argues that the search warrant affidavit lacked probable cause
because it “falsely states that police conducted a series of ‘controlled
transactions[]’” and that the evidence obtained from the Condo should have be
suppressed. (Morris’ Br. 13).
[24] The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that citizens
have the right to be “secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. When
officers secure a warrant ordering them to search a particular place, their
actions are presumptively lawful, and “the burden is upon the defendant to
overturn that presumption.” Jones v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1132, 1136 (Ind. 2003).
When a defendant establishes “that the affidavits used to obtain the warrant
contain perjury by the affiant, or a reckless disregard for the truth by him, and
the rest of the affidavit does not contain materials sufficient to constitute
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 13 of 21 probable cause[,]” the warrant may be invalidated. Id. (citing Franks, 438 U.S.
at 154). “[M]istakes and inaccuracies of fact stated in a search or arrest warrant
affidavit will not vitiate the reliability of the affidavits so long as such mistakes
were innocently made.” Utley v. State, 589 N.E.2d 232, 236-37 (Ind. 1992).
[25] As a reviewing court, our duty “is simply to ensure that [there was] a
substantial” basis for finding probable cause. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238
(1983). “Substantial basis requires the reviewing court, with significant
deference to the magistrate’s determination, to focus on whether reasonable
inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence support the determination[]”
of probable cause. Houser v. State, 678 N.E.2d 95, 99 (Ind. 1997). We owe
“great deference” to the initial probable cause determination and will not
invalidate warrants by interpreting probable cause affidavits “in a
hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 236.
Even if the defendant can make these showings, a reviewing court will not
automatically overturn the warrant, but will excise the offending provisions
from the warrant application. Utley, 589 N.E.2d at 236.
[26] “A court may issue warrants only upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation[.]” IND. CODE § 35-33-5-1. INDIANA CODE § 35-33-5-2 specifies
the minimum information necessary to establish probable cause and provides in
relevant part:
(a) Except as provided in section 8 of this chapter, and subject to the requirements of section 11 of this chapter, if applicable, no warrant for search or arrest shall be issued until there is filed with the judge an affidavit:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 14 of 21 (1) particularly describing:
(A) the house or place to be searched and the things to be searched for; or
(B) particularly describing the person to be arrested;
(2) alleging substantially the offense in relation thereto and that the affiant believes and has good cause to believe that:
(A) the things sought are concealed there; or
(B) the person to be arrested committed the offense; and
(3) setting forth the facts known to the affiant through personal knowledge or based on hearsay, constituting the probable cause.
“‘An affidavit demonstrates probable cause to search premises if it provides a
sufficient basis of fact to permit a reasonably prudent person to believe that a
search of those premises will uncover evidence of a crime.’” Merritt v. State, 803
N.E.2d 257, 260 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Hensley v. State, 778 N.E.2d 484,
488 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002)).
[27] Here, the search warrant affidavit provided a substantial basis to support a
probable cause determination and issuance of a warrant for the Condo. The
third and fourth heroin purchases tied the vehicles in which Morris brought
heroin to Unwitting Individual and Undercover Detective to the Condo.
During these purchases, law enforcement conducted surveillance of the Condo,
as well as the parking lot where Undercover Detective met Unwitting
Individual. When Unwitting Individual made the call for the purchases, law
enforcement observed Morris leave the Condo. They followed him to where
Unwitting Individual and Undercover Detective were waiting. After the
purchases, Morris was followed and observed using a key to enter the Condo. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 15 of 21 The search warrant affidavit also describes additional surveillance conducted on
the Condo that not only placed Morris entering and exiting the Condo on
several occasions, but also tied him to the Escape and Impala.
[28] Despite this information tying the Condo to the heroin purchases, Morris
contends that the affidavit’s characterization of the four purchases as
“controlled transactions” was a materially false statement. (App. 69). He
argues that “[w]hen the false statement about controlled transactions is excised
from the search warrant affidavit, what’s left is Unwitting’s hearsay[,]” which
cannot support a finding of probable cause. (Morris’ Br. 20). We disagree. As
described above, what precedes the phrase is several pages of detailed
descriptions of firsthand observations by law enforcement officers. “The
affidavit thus provided a substantial basis for finding that the ‘particular place
contains evidence of a crime.’” Watkins v. State, 85 N.E.3d 597, 604 (Ind. 2017)
(quoting Membres v. State, 889 N.E.2d 265, 275 (Ind. 2008) (emphasis omitted)).
The warrant was based on a “‘practical, commonsense decision’” that there was
“‘a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime’” would be found at
the Condo. Id. (quoting Query v. State, 745 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ind. 2001)). Even
assuming Morris could prove that the phrase “controlled transactions,” which
appears only once in the ten-page affidavit, was an inaccurate description of
what occurred, probable cause for the search still exists. We hold that there was
adequate information in the affidavit to support a probable cause determination
and issuance of a warrant for the Condo. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it admitted the evidence seized from the Condo.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 16 of 21 B. Investigative Stop
[29] Morris next argues that the key seized from his person is inadmissible because it
was obtained during an investigative stop not based on reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity. Specifically, Morris argues that “all evidence that flowed
from [the investigative] stop, including any incriminating statements made by
Morris[,]” is inadmissible.3 (Morris’ Br. 26).
[30] It is well settled that reasonable suspicion to justify an investigative stop must
be based on specific and articulable facts known to the officer at the time of the
stop that leads the officer to believe that “criminal activity may be afoot.” Terry
v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). Reasonable suspicion requires more than mere
hunches or unparticularized suspicions. Id. at 27. An officer must be able to
point to specific facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.
Finger v. State, 799 N.E.2d 528, 534 (Ind. 2003). The reasonable suspicion
inquiry is highly fact-sensitive and is reviewed under a sufficiency of the
evidence standard. Id. at 533. Like any matter of sufficiency of the evidence,
“‘[t]he record must disclose substantial evidence of probative value that
supports the trial court’s decision. We do not reweigh the evidence and we
3 In his Reply Brief, Morris clarifies that the specific evidence alluded to in this statement includes: (1) the key Morris possessed to the Condo; (2) Morris’ statement that one of the bedrooms belonged to him; (3) Morris’ admission regarding the oxycodone pills; and (4) that he was present at the Condo on the day police executed the search warrant. Because his argument extends to the evidence obtained pursuant to a lawful search warrant, we limit our review to the key obtained from his person.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 17 of 21 consider conflicting evidence most favorably to the trial court’s ruling.’” Id.
(quoting Goodner v. State, 714 N.E.2d 638, 641 (Ind. 1999) (citations omitted)).
[31] Here, the police had reasonable suspicion to believe that the driver of the
Impala was the same individual who supplied Unwitting Individual with
heroin. Law enforcement conducted an extensive operation with detailed
surveillance. Detective Dings testified that he previously observed a person
later identified as Morris driving the Impala. He also stated that he had never
observed anyone other than Morris drive that vehicle from the Condo. On the
date the search warrant was executed, Detective Dings distributed a picture of
Morris to other law enforcement officers. They then observed the Impala exit
the Condo’s garage. An assisting detective saw that the driver of the Impala
was a black male and had “the same similar hairstyle” as Morris did in the
photo. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 55).
[32] We conclude that there was reasonable suspicion to stop Morris. Morris’
argument to the contrary ignores the axiom that “an investigative stop may be
based upon the collective information known to the law enforcement
organization as a whole.” State v. Glass, 769 N.E.2d 639, 643 (Ind. Ct. App.
2002), trans. denied. As described above, there was reasonable suspicion to
believe that the driver of the Impala was the same individual who supplied
Unwitting Individual with heroin. Law enforcement was only required to have
a “reasonable suspicion” to stop Morris, not “absolute certainty” that Morris
was involved in illegal activity. See Rutledge v. State, 28 N.E.3d 281, 290 (Ind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 18 of 21 Ct. App. 2015) (stating that “Terry does not require absolute certainty of illegal
activity”).
2. Habitual Offender Enhancement
[33] Finally, Morris argues that the trial court erred by permitting the State to
amend the charging information to refile the habitual offender allegation after
the parties agreed to procedurally postpone the habitual offender proceeding.
[34] Morris, however, has waived appellate review of his argument because his
argument on appeal is not the argument he presented to the trial court. As we
have long held, “[a]ny grounds for objections not raised at trial are not available
on appeal, and a party may not add to or change his grounds in the reviewing
court.” Hunter v. State, 72 N.E.3d 928, 932 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied.
Below, Morris relied on INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-8(h), arguing that the
habitual offender enhancement could not be refiled because it would have to be
tried by the same jury that originally found Morris guilty. On appeal, Morris
argues that the State’s refiling of the habitual offender enhancement was
contrary to the plain meaning of INDIANA CODE § 35-34-1-5(e) and that the
State was not allowed to refile the habitual allegation at all regardless of what
jury heard it. Because Morris failed to object to the refiling of the habitual
offender enhancement under INDIANA CODE § 35-34-1-5(e), we hold that this
failure below results in waiver. See Everroad v. State, 590 N.E.2d 567, 569 (Ind.
1992) (noting that “fundamental unfairness” may result from reviewing a claim
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 19 of 21 raised after the opportunity to make a record or conduct proper analysis in the
trial court has passed).
[35] Because Morris waived his argument, he can prevail only by meeting the
“daunting” fundamental error standard. Griffith v. State, 59 N.E.3d 947, 956
(Ind. 2016). The fundamental error exception is “extremely narrow[ ] and
applies only when the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles,
the harm or potential for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the
defendant fundamental due process.” Matthews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578, 587
(Ind. 2006). “Harm is not shown by the fact that the defendant was ultimately
convicted; rather harm is found when [the] error is so prejudicial as to make a
fair trial impossible.” Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230, 1239 (Ind. 2012), reh’g
denied. “Fundamental error is meant to permit appellate courts a means to
correct the most egregious and blatant trial errors that otherwise would have
been procedurally barred, not to provide a second bite at the apple for defense
counsel who ignorantly, carelessly, or strategically fails to preserve an error.”
Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 668 (Ind. 2014), reh’g denied.
[36] Here, the trial court and the parties found themselves in a peculiar situation.
Our review of the record reveals that all parties discussed and agreed to the
State’s dismissal of the habitual offender enhancement, with the understanding
that the State wanted to use it for a retrial on the Level 2 felony dealing charge.
The State eventually chose not to refile the dealing charge, and the trial court
allowed the State to go forward with the habitual. Morris fails to provide any
evidence demonstrating how he was prejudiced by the refiling of the habitual
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 20 of 21 offender enhancement. Indeed, the State filed the habitual offender
enhancement when it originally charged Morris in 2015 and as described above,
he knew that the habitual was going to be refiled and had originally agreed to
that procedure. See Haymaker v. State, 667 N.E.2d 1113, 1114 (Ind. 1996)
(holding that the purpose of INDIANA CODE § 35-34-1-5(e) is to allow a
defendant sufficient time to prepare a defense for an habitual offender charge).
Accordingly, Morris cannot show error, let alone fundamental error.
[37] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and Crone, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1264 | May 31, 2019 Page 21 of 21