The Court :
The defendant moved for a change of venue on the ground that the action was not brought in the proper county, by reason of non-residence of the defendant. The plaintiff resisted the motion on the ground of. convenience of witnesses. The Court below denied the motion, and defendant appealed. The appeal was heard in this Court by Department One, and its opinion was filed January 9, 1882. (8 Pac. L. J., 1,006.)
Subsequently, a hearing by the Court in bank was gianted. Such hearing has been had.
We are satisfied with the views expressed in the opinion of the Department; therefore, the order appealed from is reversed.
The following is the opinion of Department referred to:
McKinstry, J.:
Under the act known in this State as the "Practice Act,” it was held by the Supreme Court that an application to change the place' of trial of an action must be made by defendant in the answer, or contemporaneously with the filing of an an-swer or demurrer. (Tooms v. Randall, 3 Cal. 438; Reyes v. Sanford, 5 id. 117; Pearkes v. Freer, 9 id. 642; Jones v. Frost, 28 id. 245; Mahe v. Reynolds, 38 id. 560.)
Sections 396 and 397 of the Code of Civil Procedure read as follows:
396. “If the county in which the action is commenced is not the proper county for the trial thereof, the action may, notwithstanding, be tried therein unless the defendant, at the time he appears and answers or demurs, files an affidavit of merits, and demands, in writing, that the trial be had in the proper county.”
397. “The Court may, on motion, change the place of trial in the following cases:
“1. When the county designated in the complaint is not the proper county.
“2. When there is reason to believe that an impartial trial can not be had therein.
“3. When the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change.
[76]*76“4. When from any cause the Judge is disqualified from acting.”
The only case in which it can ever be necessary or proper for plaintiffi on cross-motion, to ask that the action be retained for trial in the county where he has brought it (because of convenience of witnesses, etc.,) is the case in which the motion of defendant is upon the ground that “the county désignated in the complaint is not the proper county:” When the motion on the part of defendant is made upon the ground, that, “an impartial trial” can not be had, or that the change will promote the convenience of witnesses, or that the Judge is disqualified, the plaintiff, without cross-motion but in response to defendant’s motion, may file counter affidavits tending to prove that an impartial trial can be had in the county where the action is pending, or that the convenience of witnesses will not be promoted by the change, or that the Judge is not disqualified.
The exigencies of the present case do not require of us to decide whether, where the motion by defendant (on the ground that the county designated in the complaint is not the proper county), is made with or after answer, there can be a cross-motion to retain the cause in the county where it has been brought, on the ground of the convenience of witnesses.
But where no issue of fact has been raised, as where the • motion to change the place of trial is made when defendant has appeared only by demurrer to the complaint, how can the Court intelligently determine that it will be for the convenience of witnesses to change the place of trial, or to retain the action for trial in the county designated in the complaint?
With reference to a motion for a change of venue, a preponderance in the number of witnesses, at one time, formed the rule, in accordance with which the place of trial was fixed. (Brittan v. Peabody, 4 Hill, 68, note.) More recently the facts and circumstances connected with the investigation have had a more controlling influence than the mere number of witnesses. (Barnard v. Wheeler, 3 How. Pr. 71.) Under the Hew York Code the Court will look beyond the affidavits of the parties, and the advice of their counsel, “to the pleadings and the issues to be tried, and from the whole case, determine in which county the trial will accommodate the greater number of [77]*77witnesses,” etc. (King v. Vanderbilt, 7 id. 385.) The affidavits should state what is expected" to be- proved by the witnesses, that the Court may judge (in view of the issues) of their materiality; otherwise they will be slightly regarded. (People v. Hayes, 7 id. 249; Am. Ex. Bank v. Hill, 22 id. 29; Price v. Ft. Edw. Water Works, 16 id. 51; 2 Wait’s Practice, 625-7.) But although the motion may be made after answer, the Court, in determining such motion, will always take into consideration the question of dispatch on the one hand and oppressive delay on the other, and where it is manifest that the object is delay, the motion will be denied. (2 Wait’s Practice, 627, and cases cited.)
It has been suggested that it was settled by the former Supreme Court of this State, that, under the former Practice Act, a plaintiff had a right to his cross-motion to retain the cause because of the convenience of witnesses, where the motion of defendant was on the ground that the action was not brought in the proper county, even although the motion was made before answer.
Our attention has not been called to any case in which it was explicitly so held.
Loehr v. Latham, 15 Cal. 418, was commenced in Amador County. The defendant in his verified answer alleged that he was a resident of Sacramento. Field, C. J., said that plaintiff on cross-motion—defendant being given sufficient time to meet the cross-motion—might have shown that the convenience of witnesses would be promoted by trying the action in Amador. In Pierson v. McCahill, 22 Cal. 127, an amended answer had been filed and served. In Hanchett v. Finch, 47 Cal., 192, “the motion was made in due form and at the proper time,” which, as the report does not show the contrary, may be presumed to have been when the answer was filed. In Edwards v. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 48 Cal. 460, the motion and cross-motion was made before the Codes took effect. The report of the case does not explain whether an answer had been filed.
It is true, in Jenkins v. The California Stage Company, 22 Cal. 537, the point was expressly made by counsel—“ Until issue of fact is joined it is impossible to determine the question of convenience of witnesses,” etc. But the matter [78]*78principally discussed by the Court was whether a corporation had a “ residence ” within the meaning of the provisions of the Practice Act.
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The Court :
The defendant moved for a change of venue on the ground that the action was not brought in the proper county, by reason of non-residence of the defendant. The plaintiff resisted the motion on the ground of. convenience of witnesses. The Court below denied the motion, and defendant appealed. The appeal was heard in this Court by Department One, and its opinion was filed January 9, 1882. (8 Pac. L. J., 1,006.)
Subsequently, a hearing by the Court in bank was gianted. Such hearing has been had.
We are satisfied with the views expressed in the opinion of the Department; therefore, the order appealed from is reversed.
The following is the opinion of Department referred to:
McKinstry, J.:
Under the act known in this State as the "Practice Act,” it was held by the Supreme Court that an application to change the place' of trial of an action must be made by defendant in the answer, or contemporaneously with the filing of an an-swer or demurrer. (Tooms v. Randall, 3 Cal. 438; Reyes v. Sanford, 5 id. 117; Pearkes v. Freer, 9 id. 642; Jones v. Frost, 28 id. 245; Mahe v. Reynolds, 38 id. 560.)
Sections 396 and 397 of the Code of Civil Procedure read as follows:
396. “If the county in which the action is commenced is not the proper county for the trial thereof, the action may, notwithstanding, be tried therein unless the defendant, at the time he appears and answers or demurs, files an affidavit of merits, and demands, in writing, that the trial be had in the proper county.”
397. “The Court may, on motion, change the place of trial in the following cases:
“1. When the county designated in the complaint is not the proper county.
“2. When there is reason to believe that an impartial trial can not be had therein.
“3. When the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change.
[76]*76“4. When from any cause the Judge is disqualified from acting.”
The only case in which it can ever be necessary or proper for plaintiffi on cross-motion, to ask that the action be retained for trial in the county where he has brought it (because of convenience of witnesses, etc.,) is the case in which the motion of defendant is upon the ground that “the county désignated in the complaint is not the proper county:” When the motion on the part of defendant is made upon the ground, that, “an impartial trial” can not be had, or that the change will promote the convenience of witnesses, or that the Judge is disqualified, the plaintiff, without cross-motion but in response to defendant’s motion, may file counter affidavits tending to prove that an impartial trial can be had in the county where the action is pending, or that the convenience of witnesses will not be promoted by the change, or that the Judge is not disqualified.
The exigencies of the present case do not require of us to decide whether, where the motion by defendant (on the ground that the county designated in the complaint is not the proper county), is made with or after answer, there can be a cross-motion to retain the cause in the county where it has been brought, on the ground of the convenience of witnesses.
But where no issue of fact has been raised, as where the • motion to change the place of trial is made when defendant has appeared only by demurrer to the complaint, how can the Court intelligently determine that it will be for the convenience of witnesses to change the place of trial, or to retain the action for trial in the county designated in the complaint?
With reference to a motion for a change of venue, a preponderance in the number of witnesses, at one time, formed the rule, in accordance with which the place of trial was fixed. (Brittan v. Peabody, 4 Hill, 68, note.) More recently the facts and circumstances connected with the investigation have had a more controlling influence than the mere number of witnesses. (Barnard v. Wheeler, 3 How. Pr. 71.) Under the Hew York Code the Court will look beyond the affidavits of the parties, and the advice of their counsel, “to the pleadings and the issues to be tried, and from the whole case, determine in which county the trial will accommodate the greater number of [77]*77witnesses,” etc. (King v. Vanderbilt, 7 id. 385.) The affidavits should state what is expected" to be- proved by the witnesses, that the Court may judge (in view of the issues) of their materiality; otherwise they will be slightly regarded. (People v. Hayes, 7 id. 249; Am. Ex. Bank v. Hill, 22 id. 29; Price v. Ft. Edw. Water Works, 16 id. 51; 2 Wait’s Practice, 625-7.) But although the motion may be made after answer, the Court, in determining such motion, will always take into consideration the question of dispatch on the one hand and oppressive delay on the other, and where it is manifest that the object is delay, the motion will be denied. (2 Wait’s Practice, 627, and cases cited.)
It has been suggested that it was settled by the former Supreme Court of this State, that, under the former Practice Act, a plaintiff had a right to his cross-motion to retain the cause because of the convenience of witnesses, where the motion of defendant was on the ground that the action was not brought in the proper county, even although the motion was made before answer.
Our attention has not been called to any case in which it was explicitly so held.
Loehr v. Latham, 15 Cal. 418, was commenced in Amador County. The defendant in his verified answer alleged that he was a resident of Sacramento. Field, C. J., said that plaintiff on cross-motion—defendant being given sufficient time to meet the cross-motion—might have shown that the convenience of witnesses would be promoted by trying the action in Amador. In Pierson v. McCahill, 22 Cal. 127, an amended answer had been filed and served. In Hanchett v. Finch, 47 Cal., 192, “the motion was made in due form and at the proper time,” which, as the report does not show the contrary, may be presumed to have been when the answer was filed. In Edwards v. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 48 Cal. 460, the motion and cross-motion was made before the Codes took effect. The report of the case does not explain whether an answer had been filed.
It is true, in Jenkins v. The California Stage Company, 22 Cal. 537, the point was expressly made by counsel—“ Until issue of fact is joined it is impossible to determine the question of convenience of witnesses,” etc. But the matter [78]*78principally discussed by the Court was whether a corporation had a “ residence ” within the meaning of the provisions of the Practice Act. The Court did say: “ When a defendant applies for a change of the place of trial on the ground that the action was not brought in the county where he resides, the plaintiff has the right to oppose the motion by showing “that the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change ”—citing, in support of this general proposition, (which, when applied to cross-motions made after answer, is perhaps true),. Loehr v. Latham, and Pierson v. McCahill. But in both of these last cases, as we have seen, the application to change the place of trial was made contemporaneously with or after answer filed. It seems, therefore, the Court, in Jenkins v. T he California Stage Company, overlooked the point made by counsel that the cross-motion was made prior to an answer by defendant.
There was no provision in the Practice Act like that found in Section 396 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In view of that section, we find in the cases no settled rule of practice which prevents us from giving such construction to the sections of the Code of Civil Procedure as accords with the principle that no Court should be called on to determine the existence of a fact—such as the promotion of the convenience of witnesses, etc.—without having before it data or evidence on which to base a prudential judgment.
Section 396 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides, in effect, that a defendant may be held to have waived his right to a change of the place of trial on the ground that the action has not been commenced in the proper county, unless at the time he first appears either by answer or demurrer, he files an affidavit of merits, and demands in writing a transfer to the proper county.
The “proper county” is the county in which actions are required to be tried, “subject to the power of the Court, to change the place of trial” by Section 392, 393, 394 and 395 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Section 396 has changed the rule, if it ever was a rule, which required the motion, or notice of the motion, in all cases to precede or accompany the answer or demurrer. The prohibition of a motion on the ground that “the county desig[79]*79nated in the complaint is not the proper county,” except where the affidavit is filed and the written demand made when the answer or demurrer is filed, is itself a permission that a motion on any other statutory ground may be made by defendant, without the affidavit and demand, within a reasonable time after his appearance. Else why is the prerequisite made applicable to motions made upon the ground particularly mentioned. (Expressio unius, etc.) It has always been held that such motions, being dilatory, must be prosecuted with diligence.
The Legislature may have presumed that the situs of real estate, or, in the cases mentioned in Section 393, the place where the cause of action arose, would appear on the face of the complaint, and that a defendant would, always know in what county he resided. Hence, that, if he relies on the fact that. the action has been brought in the wrong county, he ought to move for, or at least demand a transfer on his first appearance in the cause. Whatever the reason of the difference, however, the will of the Legislature is clearly expressed.
The plaintiff can not move to change the place of trial on the ground that he has brought his action in the wrong county. But he may move to change the place of trial on the ground that the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice will be promoted by the change. The cases which recognized his right to a cross-motion assumed this much. So he may move on the ground that a fair and impartial trial can not be had in the county where the action has been commenced or whenever he ascertains the disqualification of the Judge. But neither plaintiff nor defendant can move for a change of the place of trial because of the convenience of witnesses, or because a fair trial can not be had, until the event has occurred which, in the one case, can alone enable the Court to decide what facts are material to be proved by the respective parties,or which, in the other case, will assist the Court in ascertaining whether such local prejudice exists as may influence the conduct of the jury.
The fact that an impartial trial can not be had must be clearly established. So plainly does it appear that a motion on this ground should be made after answer, that the practice of attempting to secure a jury before passing on the motion [80]*80has been approved. It has even been held that nothing less than an actual experiment, by way of trial or attempt, to empanel a jury, and a consequential failure, will be sufficient to show that a fair and impartial trial can not be had. (Messenger v. Holmes, 12 Wend. 203; Patchin v. Sands, 10 id. 570; 2 Wait’s Practice, 620.) . Independent of an express provision of statute, the Superior Court ought not to be called on before issues of fact have been joined to decide that the convenience of witnesses will be promoted by a change of the place of trial, or that an action can not be fairly and impartially tried in the county in which it is pending. The Code of Civil Procedure does not require a decision which—in the nature of things—must ordinarily be permature.
A defendant who demurs to a complaint without answering, must demand a transfer (if he claims it on the ground that the proper county is not designated), before or when he demurs. If his motion to change the place of trial is brought to a hearing before he has answered, the plaintiff can not by cross-motion, demand the retention of the action in the county where it is pending, on the ground of. convenience, etc. Whether, if the motion of defendant is heard after he has answered, the claim on his part, that the suit has been brought in the wrong county, must or can be met by one on the part of the plaintiff (if the latter intends to assert such claim), that it will promote the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice, to-- retain the cause for trial where it is, is a question not necessary to be decided here and now.
Order reversed.
Ross and Myrick, JJ., concurred.