McGregor, P. J.
After an intersection collision between tbe automobiles of plaintiff and defendant, plaintiff filed a negligence action for damages in tbe circuit court. Defendant answered and filed a counterclaim for damages, alleging plaintiff’s causal negligence. Tbe jury returned a verdict for plaintiff against defendant, and found no cause of action on defendant’s counterclaim. Various trial court rulings are tbe genesis of this appeal.
Before the circuit court action reached tbe trial stage, plaintiff and defendant were sued as codefendants in the common pleas court. Tbe complaint, alleging tbe negligence of both codefendants, was filed by tbe owner of a parked car which bad been struck by plaintiff’s car after tbe intersection collision. Plaintiff and defendant each answered by contending that the other had negligently caused tbe accident and was tbe driver who failed to yield to tbe car travelling on a through street. Neither co-defendant filed a cross-claim. During tbe trial, plaintiff, a codefendant in tbe Common Pleas Court action, admitted that be was driving on tbe through street, but denied tbe allegation that be was driving negligently. He contended that defendant’s neg
ligence and failure to yield the right of way caused the collision and subsequent damage to the parked car. Nevertheless, the common pleas judge rendered a judgment against plaintiff only.
Based on the common pleas court verdict, defendant moved unsuccessfully in the circuit court action for a summary judgment and later an accelerated judgment. Both motions were based on the theory of
res judicata.
At the trial a police officer, testifying for defendant, stated that he occasionally evaluated accident evidence in composing1 accident reports. However, on plaintiff’s objection, the witness was not allowed to answer questions which would have elicited an opinion as to the cause of the accident and the automobiles’ direction.
The issues presented are whether the court committed error by (1) denying defendant’s motions for summary and accelerated judgments, and (2) sustaining plaintiff’s objection to opinion testimony concerning the accident’s cause and the direction of the vehicles.
Defendant argues that the negligence issue was determined by the common pleas court verdict and, therefore, the subsequent litigation of plaintiff’s circuit court claim of negligence against defendant was barred by the doctrine of
res judicata.
Thus, defendant contends, the motions for a summary and later an accelerated judgment should have been granted by the circuit court. Plaintiff contends that defendant’s argument is based on a faulty premise which assumes that the negligence which caused the intersection collision also caused the plaintiffs’ vehicle to strike the parked car.
Generally, codefendants are not adversary parties for the purposes of
res
judicata, even though each believes the other was at fault in a negligence ease.
“A judgment ordinarily settles nothing as to the relative rights and liabilities of the co-plaintiffs or co-defendants
inter sese,
unless their hostile or conflicting claims were actually brought in issue, litigated, and determined.” 50 CJS, Judgments, §819. See also Restatement, Judgments, § 82.
The fact that a codefendant could have filed a cross-claim does not bar by
res judicata
a later action against the codefendant on a cross-claim action not filed.
Meister
v.
Dillon
(1949), 324 Mich 389.
We find no error was committed by the trial court on the issue of
res judicata;
the motions for summary and accelerated judgments were properly denied. The trial court’s opinion is both compelling and thorough, and we submit the following excerpt:
“A jury brought in a verdict in favor of [plaintiff] (who was found liable in the common pleas court case brought by the owner of the parked car) against the defendant * * * and no cause of action on the defendant’s counterclaim.
“There does not appear to be any Michigan case directly in point.
“The general rule of law applicable to the present facts is stated in 30A Am Jur, § 411, p 466, as follows :
“ ‘It is generally declared that a judgment operates as
res judicata
only with respect to parties who were adversaries in the proceedings wherein the judgment was entered. However, the cases are not entirely in harmony as to the effect of a judgment in an action against two or more defendants with respect to the rights and liabilities of the defendants
inter se.
The generally prevailing view is that parties to a judgment are not bound by it in subsequent controversies between each other, where they are not adversaries in the action in which the judgment is rendered and their rights and liabilities
inter se
are’not put in issue and determined.’
“The annotation in 152 ALB, p 1066, states' as follows:
“ ‘Parties to a judgment are not bound by it in subsequent controversies between eacb other, unless they were adversaries in the action wherein the judgment was entered, and * * * this is true whether the judgment is rendered in favor of the plaintiff or the defendants, the theory of the many decisions supporting the general rule being that the judgment merely adjudicates the right of the plaintiff as against each defendant, and leaves unadjudicated the rights of the defendants as among themselves.
“ ‘A matter of great concern, as regards the application of the above rule in a particular case, is the determination of the question whether the coparties came within the classification of adverse parties. Adverse parties have been defined as “those who,
by the pleadings,
are arrayed on opposite sides.”
Merril
v.
St. Paul City R. Co.
(1927), 170 Minn 332 (212 NW 533).’
“
‘
“Opposite sides” in this sense is not restricted to the plaintiffs against defendants, since codefendants having a controversy
inter se
may come within such classification. But it has been said that
mere assertions in the separate answers that the other defendant ivas the one at fault does not malee the defendants adversaries, where no counterclaim or cross pleadings are filed. Pearlman
v.
Truppo
(1932), 10 NJ Misc 477 (159 A 623).’
“Pearlman
v.
Truppo
is one of the leading cases on this subject, and although it was decided in 1932 I still think it is the prevailing view.
“It holds that adverse parties as to whom judgment is
res judicata
are opposite parties to issue raised by appropriate cross-pleadings between themselves ; that two defendants denying liability and alleging co-defendants negligent in separate answers are not adverse parties as to whom judgment was
res judicata
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McGregor, P. J.
After an intersection collision between tbe automobiles of plaintiff and defendant, plaintiff filed a negligence action for damages in tbe circuit court. Defendant answered and filed a counterclaim for damages, alleging plaintiff’s causal negligence. Tbe jury returned a verdict for plaintiff against defendant, and found no cause of action on defendant’s counterclaim. Various trial court rulings are tbe genesis of this appeal.
Before the circuit court action reached tbe trial stage, plaintiff and defendant were sued as codefendants in the common pleas court. Tbe complaint, alleging tbe negligence of both codefendants, was filed by tbe owner of a parked car which bad been struck by plaintiff’s car after tbe intersection collision. Plaintiff and defendant each answered by contending that the other had negligently caused tbe accident and was tbe driver who failed to yield to tbe car travelling on a through street. Neither co-defendant filed a cross-claim. During tbe trial, plaintiff, a codefendant in tbe Common Pleas Court action, admitted that be was driving on tbe through street, but denied tbe allegation that be was driving negligently. He contended that defendant’s neg
ligence and failure to yield the right of way caused the collision and subsequent damage to the parked car. Nevertheless, the common pleas judge rendered a judgment against plaintiff only.
Based on the common pleas court verdict, defendant moved unsuccessfully in the circuit court action for a summary judgment and later an accelerated judgment. Both motions were based on the theory of
res judicata.
At the trial a police officer, testifying for defendant, stated that he occasionally evaluated accident evidence in composing1 accident reports. However, on plaintiff’s objection, the witness was not allowed to answer questions which would have elicited an opinion as to the cause of the accident and the automobiles’ direction.
The issues presented are whether the court committed error by (1) denying defendant’s motions for summary and accelerated judgments, and (2) sustaining plaintiff’s objection to opinion testimony concerning the accident’s cause and the direction of the vehicles.
Defendant argues that the negligence issue was determined by the common pleas court verdict and, therefore, the subsequent litigation of plaintiff’s circuit court claim of negligence against defendant was barred by the doctrine of
res judicata.
Thus, defendant contends, the motions for a summary and later an accelerated judgment should have been granted by the circuit court. Plaintiff contends that defendant’s argument is based on a faulty premise which assumes that the negligence which caused the intersection collision also caused the plaintiffs’ vehicle to strike the parked car.
Generally, codefendants are not adversary parties for the purposes of
res
judicata, even though each believes the other was at fault in a negligence ease.
“A judgment ordinarily settles nothing as to the relative rights and liabilities of the co-plaintiffs or co-defendants
inter sese,
unless their hostile or conflicting claims were actually brought in issue, litigated, and determined.” 50 CJS, Judgments, §819. See also Restatement, Judgments, § 82.
The fact that a codefendant could have filed a cross-claim does not bar by
res judicata
a later action against the codefendant on a cross-claim action not filed.
Meister
v.
Dillon
(1949), 324 Mich 389.
We find no error was committed by the trial court on the issue of
res judicata;
the motions for summary and accelerated judgments were properly denied. The trial court’s opinion is both compelling and thorough, and we submit the following excerpt:
“A jury brought in a verdict in favor of [plaintiff] (who was found liable in the common pleas court case brought by the owner of the parked car) against the defendant * * * and no cause of action on the defendant’s counterclaim.
“There does not appear to be any Michigan case directly in point.
“The general rule of law applicable to the present facts is stated in 30A Am Jur, § 411, p 466, as follows :
“ ‘It is generally declared that a judgment operates as
res judicata
only with respect to parties who were adversaries in the proceedings wherein the judgment was entered. However, the cases are not entirely in harmony as to the effect of a judgment in an action against two or more defendants with respect to the rights and liabilities of the defendants
inter se.
The generally prevailing view is that parties to a judgment are not bound by it in subsequent controversies between each other, where they are not adversaries in the action in which the judgment is rendered and their rights and liabilities
inter se
are’not put in issue and determined.’
“The annotation in 152 ALB, p 1066, states' as follows:
“ ‘Parties to a judgment are not bound by it in subsequent controversies between eacb other, unless they were adversaries in the action wherein the judgment was entered, and * * * this is true whether the judgment is rendered in favor of the plaintiff or the defendants, the theory of the many decisions supporting the general rule being that the judgment merely adjudicates the right of the plaintiff as against each defendant, and leaves unadjudicated the rights of the defendants as among themselves.
“ ‘A matter of great concern, as regards the application of the above rule in a particular case, is the determination of the question whether the coparties came within the classification of adverse parties. Adverse parties have been defined as “those who,
by the pleadings,
are arrayed on opposite sides.”
Merril
v.
St. Paul City R. Co.
(1927), 170 Minn 332 (212 NW 533).’
“
‘
“Opposite sides” in this sense is not restricted to the plaintiffs against defendants, since codefendants having a controversy
inter se
may come within such classification. But it has been said that
mere assertions in the separate answers that the other defendant ivas the one at fault does not malee the defendants adversaries, where no counterclaim or cross pleadings are filed. Pearlman
v.
Truppo
(1932), 10 NJ Misc 477 (159 A 623).’
“Pearlman
v.
Truppo
is one of the leading cases on this subject, and although it was decided in 1932 I still think it is the prevailing view.
“It holds that adverse parties as to whom judgment is
res judicata
are opposite parties to issue raised by appropriate cross-pleadings between themselves ; that two defendants denying liability and alleging co-defendants negligent in separate answers are not adverse parties as to whom judgment was
res judicata
in subsequent suits between them; that
judgment aganst one or two defendants for injuries in an automobile collision is not
res judicata
in for-! mer action against tibe co-defendants for damages in the absence of counterclaims or crosb-pleadings by either against the other; that the right of ajopeal from a judgment is essential to constitute
res judi-cata;
that the defendant cannot urge error-in discharging co-defendant charged as joint tortfeasor": on appeal in the absence of a counterclaim or cross-pleading raising the issue of liability between them.
“(Thus in this case Cook’ could not appeal the judgment of no cause of action against Kendrick-in the common pleas court because he had failed to file a cross-claim.) * * *
“Rule 39 of the Common Pleas Court of the City of Detroit provides: •
“ ‘In all matters not herein provided for, or not expressly prohibited or specified - by statute the Michigan Court Rules shall govern.’
“GCR 1963, 203.3 does not require the filing of cross-claims. It is merely permissive.
“Even claims that are required to be filed under § 1 are waived if not objected to by motion or at the pre-trial conference.
“Section 1 of Rule 203 reads as follows:
“ ‘Claims. A complaint shall state as a claim-every claim either legal or equitable which at the time of serving the pleading the pleader has against any opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the action ahd does not require for its adjudication the presence of third parties of whom' the court cannot ac-.'. quire jurisdiction. Failure by motion or at the pre:J trial conference to object to improper' joinder of claims or to a failure to join claims required to be joined constitutes a waiver of the required joinder rules and"the
judgment, shall not merge more than the claims actually litigated.’ -
“The'committee'comment under this rule as set forth in 1 Honigman and Hawkins, Michigan Court
Buies Annotated (2d ed), p 473, the last sentence of the first paragraph, says:
“ ‘Nothing in this rule changes the application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel.’
“Since under the Michigan Court Buies the' parties were not required to file cross-claims, the action in the common pleas court is not
res judicata
of the plaintiff’s claim in this case.”
On the second issue, defendant contends the trial court erroneously sustained plaintiff’s objection to the police officer’s testimony. Defendant argues that a properly qualified expert may give his opinion on the accident’s cause and the direction of the vehicles. Du
dek
v.
Popp
(1964), 373 Mich 300; GCR 1963, 605. Plaintiff responds by alleging that the officer could not recall pertinent circumstances of the accident, he was not an expert and was not testifying from exhibits, and that his testimony would have gone to the ultimate issue of causation.
Although a properly qualified expert may give an opinion which is otherwise admissible but embraces the ultimate issue of fact,
Dudek, supra,
GCR 1963, 605, he may not give an opinion on legal conclusions of causation.
Washburn
v.
Lucas
(1964), 373 Mich 610;
LaFave
v.
Kroger Company
(1966), 5 Mich App 446. The record indicates that defendant did not establish the officer’s qualifications as an expert.
“The judge, in his discretion, may require that a witness before testifying in terms of opinion or in-, ference, be examined first concerning the data up op. which the opinion or inference is founded.” GrCB 1963,605.
Defendant did not lay a proper foundation of data, concerning the accident and the officer’s expertise before asking the questions engendering plaintiff’s objection. The witness was; not testifying from ex-
Mbits and indicated a lack of knowledge of the accident’s facts. Therefore, the trial judge properly exercised his discretion by preventing the officer from expressing his opinion on the cause of the accident and the direction of each automobile.
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiff.
All concurred.