Control Laser Corporation v. Smith

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: December 8, 2023
• Docket: 4:21-cv-01869
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CONTROL LASER CORPORATION, Case No. 21-cv-01869-JST

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 v. DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 10 WILLIAM FREDERICK SMITH dba BSET EQ, Re: ECF No. 74 11 Defendant.

13 Before the Court is Plaintiff Control Laser Corporation’s motion for partial summary 14 judgment. ECF No. 74. The Court will grant the motion in part and deny it in part. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 Plaintiff, a laser technology developer, created a “method and system for decapsulation of 17 integrated circuits.” ECF No. 6 ¶ 11. Plaintiff’s president is RenJie Rodger Liu, and its vice 18 president is Fred Nielsen. ECF No. 74-20 at 5–6. Plaintiff is owned by Han Technology 19 Incorporated (“HTI”), ECF No. 74-20 at 13–16, HTI is owned by Han’s Technology Laser 20 Company, HK, Ltd. (“Han’s Technology Group”), and Han’s Technology Group is owned by 21 Han’s Laser Technology Industry Group Company, Ltd. (“Han’s Industry Group”). Id. at 15, 17– 22 18. Han’s Industry Group is located in Shenzhen, China. 23 In connection with its laser decapsulation technology, Plaintiff obtained the rights to U.S. 24 Patent No. 7,271,012 (“’012 patent”). ECF No. 74-20 at 36–44; see ECF No. 6 at 13–21. The 25 ’012 patent recites a laser-based method and apparatus for “exposing a structure encapsulated with 26 a material.” ’012 patent at 7:43; 8:33; see also ECF No. 74-20 at 28. Liu is the only individual 27 within Plaintiff authorized to grant a license to practice the ’012 patent, ECF No. 74-25 at 15, and 1 sells a number of products that practice the ’012 patent through a decapsulation tool named 2 FALIT. ECF No. 74-20 at 29–30. 3 Baublys Laser GmbH (“Baublys”) is a German company that manufactures several 4 systems that decapsulate semiconductor devices using laser technology. ECF No. 74-20 at 24–26; 5 ECF No. 74-7 at 2–6. Baublys is a subsidiary of Han’s Industry Group. ECF No. 74-20 at 21; 6 ECF No. 74-20 at 77. Defendant BSET EQ designs, manufactures, and distributes laser 7 decapsulation systems. ECF No. 74-11 at 2. Defendant holds itself out as “the exclusive 8 distributor for Baublys lasers in North America and for their laser decapsulation systems world 9 wide.” ECF No. 74-24 at 6. Defendant also sells its own gas plasma system, the PLASER, that 10 incorporates the Baublys systems. ECF No. 74-15 at 15–16. Defendant holds no patent licenses 11 or other patent rights. ECF No. 74-21 at 154–56. 12 Defendant “invested at least $15,000 in order to market, advertise, present, trade, import, 13 license, and/or sell the Baublys [systems].” Id. at 15. Defendant sold and distributed the Baublys 14 systems from 2015 to 2019. ECF No. 74-7 at 2–6; ECF No. 74-21 at 8, 20, 158–160, 163; see 15 generally ECF No. 74-16. Defendant also promoted the systems at trade shows. ECF No. 74-21 16 at 15, 46, 60, 172–73; see generally ECF No. 74-17. Defendant was “involved in training the 17 customer on how to use the system” once it was installed and would spend “a day or two” 18 “show[ing] [customers] how to deal with their parts.” ECF No. 74-21 at 29, 30. On one occasion, 19 Defendant provided “after-sale service.” Id. at 26. 20 On November 9, 2018, Liu sent Defendant an email in which he asserted that Defendant 21 was “agenting the infringed product of FALIT.” ECF No. 74-26 at 5. Defendant received this 22 correspondence but took no action in response. ECF No. 74-21 at 43–46. Liu and Defendant 23 subsequently met at a trade show in Portland, Oregon, in 2019. Id. at 46. The two engaged in “a 24 three-minute confrontation,” id. at 46, in which Liu referred to Defendant as “a patent infringer” 25 and told Defendant that he would “send a letter,” id. at 47. Defendant responded that he “would 26 throw [the letter] in the trash because there would be no reason for it.” Id. at 54. 27 Plaintiff filed suit on March 17, 2021, ECF No. 1, and alleges that Defendant’s conduct 1 direct infringement pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), induced infringement pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 2 § 271(b), and contributory infringement pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 271(c). Id. ¶¶ 41–42, 44. 3 Plaintiff filed the instant motion on April 27, 2023 and seeks partial summary judgment only on 4 the issue of Defendant’s liability. ECF No. 74. The Court took the motion under submission 5 without a hearing on June 23, 2023. ECF No. 77. 6 II. JURISDICTION 7 The Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 8 III. LEGAL STANDARD 9 A party is entitled to summary judgment “only if, taking the evidence and all reasonable 10 inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there are no genuine issues of 11 material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Karasek v. Regents of 12 Univ. of Cal., 956 F.3d 1093, 1104 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Tauscher v. Phx. Bd. of Realtors, Inc., 13 931 F.3d 959, 962 (9th Cir. 2019)). A dispute is genuine only if there is sufficient evidence “such 14 that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” and a fact is material only if 15 it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 16 (1986). 17 Where the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, 18 that party “has the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of fact on each 19 issue material to its case.” C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 213 F.3d 474, 20 480 (9th Cir. 2000). If the moving party satisfies its initial burden of production, the nonmoving 21 party must produce admissible evidence to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists. 22 Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Cos., Ltd. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102–03 (9th Cir. 2000). 23 That party must “identify with reasonable particularity the evidence that precludes summary 24 judgment.” Keenan v. Allan, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Richards v. Combined 25 Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 1995)). It is not the duty of the court “to scour the record in 26 search of a genuine issue of triable fact.” Id. (quoting Richards, 55 F.3d at 251). “[A] mere 27 ‘scintilla’ of evidence will not be sufficient to defeat a properly supported motion for summary 1 tending to support the complaint.’” Summers v. Teichert & Son, Inc., 127 F.3d 1150, 1152 (9th 2 Cir. 1997) (quoting Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252, 249). If the nonmoving party fails to make 3 this showing, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 4 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). 5 IV. DISCUSSION 6 The validity of the ’012 patent is undisputed, and the parties stipulated that Defendant’s 7 conduct infringes claims 1 and 12 of the patent. See ECF No. 38 at 2; ECF No. 36 at 2; see also 8 ECF No. 75 at 8. The principal dispute between the parties is whether Defendant was authorized 9 to sell the infringing systems. Defendant concedes that it “did not secure explicit written 10 authorization from [Plaintiff] to market the Baublys Products” but maintains that it received 11 permission from Han’s Industry Group—Plaintiff’s and Baublys’s parent company—to sell those 12 systems. The parties further dispute whether Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on 13 Defendant’s affirmative defenses. 14 A. Direct Infringement 15 Federal law defines a “patentee” as “not only the patentee to whom the patent was issued 16 but also successors in title to the patentee.” 35 U.S.C. § 100(d). “Common corporate structure 17 does not overcome the requirement that even between a parent and a subsidiary, an appropriate 18 written assignment is necessary to transfer legal title from one to the other.” Abraxis Biosci., Inc. 19 v. Navinta LLC, 625 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2010). And “[t]he Federal Circuit has never held 20 that a corporate parent has equitable title in a subsidiary’s patents.” Digitech Image Techs., LLC 21 v. Newegg Inc., No. 12-cv-01688–ODW (MRWx), 2013 WL 1871513, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 3, 22 2013); accord Top Victory Elecs. v. Hitachi Ltd., No. 10-cv-01579-CRB, 2010 WL 4722482, at *3 23 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2010) (“That a corporate parent’s subsidiary owns a patent is not enough to 24 establish that the parent has rights in the subsidiary’s patents . . . . And the Federal Circuit has not 25 held that a corporate parent inherently owns equitable title in a subsidiary’s patents.” (collecting 26 cases)). It is undisputed that Plaintiff has exclusive rights to the ’012 patent. ECF No. 74-20 at 27 36–44. Accordingly, Han’s Industry Group could not have duly authorized Defendant to 1 title to Han’s Industry Group, and Defendant does not identify such an assignment. Cf. Genetic 2 Implant Sys., Inc. v. Core-Vent Corp., 123 F.3d 1455, 1458 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“The appointment of 3 a distributor to sell a product covered by a patent is analogous to a grant of a patent license. Such 4 an action conveys an implied license to the distributor, thereby surrendering the patentee’s right to 5 exclude the distributor under the patent.”). 6 Defendant also argues that Han’s Industry Group had an implied license to the patent 7 under principles of equitable estoppel. It contends that it “had absolutely no reason to think that 8 Han’s Industry Group and Baublys did not have the actual authority to grant such permission.” 9 ECF No. 75 at 17. Defendant also asserts, without citation to the record, that “[Plaintiff]’s 10 principals were aware of the agreements between [Defendant], Baublys, and Han’s Industry 11 Group, and it is believed that [Plaintiff]’s principal Mr. Ren[J]ie Liu also held a decision maker 12 role with Han’s Industry Group, which is supported by the fact that public filings identify their 13 locations as being one and the same.” Id. at 18. Defendant further asserts that Plaintiff’s director 14 was in contact with Han’s Industry Group and Baublys during the time that Plaintiff sold and 15 distributed the Baublys systems. See ECF No. 75-2 at 576–77. 16 “An implied license by equitable estoppel requires proof that: (1) the patentee, through 17 statements or conduct, gave an affirmative grant of consent or permission to make, use, or sell to 18 the alleged infringer; (2) the alleged infringer relied on that statement or conduct; and (3) the 19 alleged infringer would, therefore, be materially prejudiced if the patentee is allowed to proceed 20 with its claim.” Winbound Elecs. Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 262 F.3d 1363, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 21 2001). “The first element requires the patentee to communicate that ‘the accused infringer will not 22 be disturbed by the plaintiff patentee in the activities in which the former is currently engaged.” 23 Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., 960 F.2d 24 1020, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 1992), abrogated on other grounds by SCA Hygiene Prod. Aktiebolag v. 25 First Quality Baby Prod., LLC, 580 U.S. 328 (2017)). “Thus, for this form of estoppel, the alleged 26 infringer must have knowledge of the patentee and its patent and must reasonably infer that the 27 patentee acquiesced to the allegedly infringing activity for some time.” Id.; see also Wang Lab’ys 1 between the estoppel analysis in implied license cases and the analysis in equitable estoppel cases 2 is that implied license looks for an affirmative grant of consent or permission to make, use, or sell: 3 i.e., a license.”). 4 Defendant fails to satisfy the first element because it identifies no communicative conduct 5 by Plaintiff indicating that Defendant’s activities in selling and distributing the Baublys systems 6 would not be disturbed. Instead, Defendant relies on deposition testimony in which Liu indicated 7 that he last communicated with representatives from Han’s Industry Group and Baublys between a 8 few and several years ago. See ECF No. 75-2 at 576–77. But Liu neither identified the substance 9 of those communications nor testified that Defendant was aware of those communications. 10 Additionally, the record establishes that Liu emailed Defendant in 2018 to inform Defendant that 11 Plaintiff believed Defendant to be infringing the patent, ECF No. 74-26 at 5, and that Liu 12 confronted Defendant at a trade show in 2019 and accused Defendant of infringing the patent, 13 ECF No. 74-21 at 46. This conduct is the opposite of the affirmative grant required by the first 14 element. The Court therefore concludes that Defendant held no express or implied license to the 15 patent. Accordingly, Defendant is liable for direct patent infringement because it was not 16 authorized to “use[], offer[] to sell, or sell[]” the systems. 35 U.S.C. § 271(a). 17 B. Induced Infringement 18 “Patent law provides that whoever actively induces infringement of a patent shall be liable 19 as an infringer.” Vita-Mix Corp. v. Basic Holding, Inc., 581 F.3d 1317, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2009). “In 20 addition to showing direct infringement by some party . . . , the patentee must also show that the 21 alleged infringer ‘knowingly induced infringement and possessed specific intent to encourage 22 another’s infringement.’” Niazi Licensing Corp. v. St. Jude Med. S.C., Inc., 30 F.4th 1339, 1351 23 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (quoting Enplas Display Device Corp. v. Seoul Semiconductor Co., 9009 F.3d 24 398, 407 (Fed. Cir. 2018)). “Mere knowledge is insufficient. Liability for inducement ‘can only 25 attach if the defendant knew of the patent and knew as well that the induced acts constitute patent 26 infringement.’” Enplas, 909 F.3d at 407 (quoting Commill USA, LLC v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 575 U.S. 27 632, 640 (2015)). 1 —that the Infringing Systems would be used in a manner that infringes at least Claim 1 of the ’012 2 Patent.” ECF No. 74 at 21. But “[i]t is not enough to simply intend to induce the infringing acts.” 3 Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc., 620 F.3d 1321, 1331–32 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Whether Defendant 4 provided support services, after-sale service, or incorporated the Baublys system into its PLASER 5 is irrelevant to the question of whether Defendant “possessed a specific intent to encourage 6 another’s infringement of the patent.” Vita-Mix, 581 F.3d at 1317. The record demonstrates that 7 Defendant believed it was not infringing on the patent because it thought that it had received the 8 requisite permission from Han’s Industry Group. See, e.g., ECF No. 74-21 at 46–47. Plaintiff’s 9 suggestion that it need not prove intent is incorrect as a matter of law, and it has failed to 10 demonstrate that it is entitled to summary judgment as to its induced infringement claim. 11 C. Contributory Infringement 12 “To establish contributory infringement, the patent owner must show . . . 1) that there is 13 direct infringement, 2) that the accused infringer had knowledge of the patent, 3) that the 14 component has no substantial noninfringing uses, and 4) that the component is a material part of 15 the invention.” Fujitsu, 620 F.3d at 1326. “[N]on-infringing uses are substantial when they are 16 not unusual, far-fetched, illusory, impractical, aberrant, or experimental.” Toshiba Corp. v. 17 Imation Corp., 681 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Vita-Mix, 581 F.3d at 1327). To 18 determine whether a use is substantial, the court “may consider ‘the use’s frequency, . . . . the 19 use’s practicality, the invention’s intended purpose, and the intended market.” Id. (quoting i4i Ltd. 20 P’ship v. Microsoft Corp., 598 F.3d 831, 851 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). The patent owner must show that 21 the infringer “knew that the combination for which its components were especially made was both 22 patented and infringing.” Golden Blount, Inc. v. Robert H. Peterson Co., 365 F.3d 1054, 1061 23 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Preemption Devices, Inc. v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 803 F.3d 1170, 24 1174 (Fed. Cir. 1986)). 25 Plaintiff fails to satisfy it the knowledge requirement. The only evidence Plaintiffs identify 26 of Defendant’s knowledge is that Defendant knew the patent existed as of 2004. See ECF No. 74- 27 21 at 37. But Plaintiff must demonstrate that Defendant knew its activities were infringing. As 1 received the requisite permission from Han’s Industry Group. Furthermore, the communications 2 between Liu and Defendant, ECF No. 74-21 at 46–47; ECF No. 74-26 at 5, were nonspecific and 3 thus, when construed in the light most favorable to Defendant, were insufficient to apprise 4 Defendant of his infringing conduct. Cf. Fujitsu, 620 F.3d at 1330 (“[W]e disagree with Phillips’ 5 claim that it need only show that Netgear knew of the patent and of the relevant acts, not whether 6 these acts constituted infringement. . . . In this case, Phillips provided a letter that identified 7 the . . . patent and stated that all . . . products infringe. Construing all facts in a light most 8 favorable to Phillips, we cannot hold that Netgear did not have the requisite knowledge as a matter 9 of law.”). Plaintiff has therefore not demonstrated that it is entitled to summary judgment as to its 10 contributory infringement claim. 11 D. Affirmative Defenses 12 Plaintiff moves for summary judgment as to the eleven affirmative defenses raised by 13 Defendant, and Defendant only offers argument with respect to five of those defenses. “When a 14 non-moving party opposes summary judgment with respect to some claims, but not others, a court 15 may, when appropriate, infer from a party’s partial opposition that relevant claims or defenses that 16 are not defended have been abandoned.” Snapkeys, Ltd. v. Google LLC, 539 F. Supp. 3d 1040, 17 1050 (N.D. Cal. 2021) (quoting Marentes v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 224 F. Supp. 3d 891, 18 919 (N.D. Cal. 2016)); see Ramirez v. City of Buena Park, 560 F.3d 1012, 1026 (9th Cir. 2009). 19 Because Defendant does not address six affirmative defenses in its opposition, the Court 20 concludes that Defendant has abandoned them. 21 1. Equitable Estoppel 22 As a defense to a patent infringement claim, equitable estoppel requires:

23 (1) the patentee engages in misleading conduct that leads the accused infringer to reasonably infer that the patentee does not 24 intend to assert its patent against the accused infringer; (2) the accused infringer relies on that conduct; and (3) as a result of that 25 reliance, the accused infringer would be materially prejudiced if the patentee is allowed to proceed with its infringement action. 26 27 Ferring B.V. v. Allergan, Inc., 980 F.3d 841, 853 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting John Bean Techs. 1 evidence that Plaintiff engaged in misleading conduct but asserts without citation that Han’s 2 Industry Group, Baublys, Defendant, and Plaintiff “were keenly aware of one another and 3 regularly worked together with the same group of people.” ECF No. 75 at 24. The only evidence 4 that speaks to this issue establishes that Plaintiff first learned of Defendant’s activities in 2018 and 5 confronted him through Liu’s e-mail of November 9, 2018. ECF No. 74-20 at 10; see also ECF 6 No. 74-26 at 5. Defendant has thus failed to satisfy its burden to introduce evidence to show that a 7 genuine dispute of material fact exists. Plaintiff is therefore entitled to summary judgment as to 8 this defense. 9 2. Waiver 10 To prevail on its waiver defense, Defendant must show that Plaintiff “intentionally 11 relinquished its rights to enforce the rights it now asserts. Waiver of a known right must be 12 manifested by some overt act indicating an intention to abandon that right.” Microsoft Corp. v. 13 Corel Corp., No. 5:15-CV-05836-EJD, 2017 WL 6513639, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2017) 14 (quoting Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., No. C 10-03561 WHA, 2012 WL 1965778, at *2 (N.D. 15 Cal. May 31, 2012)). Defendant asserts without citation that “all of the facts point to CLC being 16 aware of . . . [Defendant] commercializing the Baublys Products.” ECF No. 75 at 25. But the 17 existence of a parent-subsidiary relationship between Han’s Industry Group and Plaintiff and the 18 fact that Plaintiff and Baublys share a parent company, without more, is insufficient to impute 19 actual knowledge of Defendant’s activities to Plaintiff. Defendant also fails to identify an overt 20 act indicating Plaintiff’s intention to abandon its rights. Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to 21 summary judgment as to this defense. 22 3. Laches 23 “To prove an affirmative defense of laches, a defendant must show (1) that the plaintiff 24 delayed for an unreasonable an inexcusable amount of time in filing suit, and (2) that the 25 defendant was prejudiced as a result of the delay.” Vita-Mix, 581 F.3d at 1333. As discussed 26 above, the record indicates that Plaintiff first learned of Defendant’s conduct in 2018, and Plaintiff 27 filed suit on March 17, 2021. Defendant maintains that Plaintiff must have first learned of 1 Group, Baublys, and Plaintiff, but Defendant identifies no probative evidence supporting this 2 assertion. Nor has defendant argued that it was prejudiced as a result of the delay. Plaintiff is 3 therefore entitled to summary judgment as to this defense. 4 4. Unclean Hands 5 “[A] determination of unclean hands may be reached when misconduct of a party seeking 6 relief has immediate and necessary relation to the equity that he seeks in respect of the matter in 7 litigation, i.e., for such violations of conscience as in some measure affect the equitable relations 8 between the parties in respect of something brought before the court.” ChriMar Sys. Inc. v. Cisco 9 Sys., Inc., No. 13-CV-01300-JSW, 2019 WL 8333452, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2019) (quoting 10 Gilead Scis., Inc. v. Merck & Co., Inc., 888 F.3d 1231, 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2018)). “[T]he doctrine 11 closes the doors of a court of equity to one tainted with inequitableness or bad faith relative to the 12 matter in which he seeks relief, however improper may have been the behavior of the defendant, 13 and requires that claimants have acted fairly and without fraud or deceit as to the controversy in 14 issue.” Id. (quoting Gilead Scis., 888 F.3d at 1239). As instances of Plaintiff’s misconduct, 15 Defendant identifies Plaintiff’s “untenable position stating that it had no awareness of 16 [Defendant’s] actions” until 2018, and Plaintiff’s purported “delay in acting to assert its rights.” 17 But Plaintiff’s position is supported by uncontested sworn deposition testimony, see ECF No. 74- 18 20 at 10, and the asserted delay is simply a restatement of Defendant’s laches argument. The 19 Court cannot, without more, characterize these actions as misconduct. Plaintiff is therefore 20 entitled to summary judgment as to this defense. 21 5. Patent Exhaustion 22 As a preliminary matter, Plaintiff argues that Defendant has waived its defense under the 23 patent exhaustion doctrine, “commonly referred to as the first sale doctrine,” because Defendant 24 did not include the defense in its answer. LG Elecs., Inc. v. Bizcom Elecs., Inc., 453 F.3d 1364, 25 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2006), rev’d sub nom. on other grounds, Quanta Comput., Inc. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 26 553 U.S. 617 (2008)). However, affirmative defenses may be raised for the first time in 27 connection with a motion for summary judgment “if the delay does not prejudice the plaintiff.” 1 Plaintiff has neither argued nor demonstrated that Defendant’s delay has prejudiced it. 2 || Accordingly, the Court will consider this defense. 3 The doctrine “provides that the initial authorized sale of a patented item terminates all 4 || patent rights to that ttem.” Quanta Comput., 553 U.S. at 625. The doctrine applies equally to 5 “transactions involving embodiments of patented methods or process” as it does to “those 6 || involving patented apparatuses and materials.” Jd. at 628-29. Defendant argues that the doctrine 7 applies because the “facts clearly show that [Defendant] purchased the Baublys Products to resell 8 them to its customers as [Defendant] is not the manufacturer.” ECF No. 75 at 27. But the 9 doctrine only applies to an initial authorized sale. The limited but uncontested record evidence 10 || establishes that Plaintiff has not granted any licenses to the 012 patent, ECF No. 74-20 at 33; ECF 11 No. 74-25 at 12, which means that Baublys was not authorized to sell the systems, either. 12 || Defendant identifies no evidence to the contrary. Moreover, offering to sell a patented invention 13 constitutes direct infringement, see 35 U.S.C. § 271(a), and it is uncontested that Defendant 14 promoted the product at trade shows, see ECF No. 74-21 at 15, 46, 60, 172-73. Defendant has 3 15 failed to identify evidence that creates a dispute of material fact as to whether the defense applies, a 16 and Plaintiff is therefore entitled to summary judgment as to this defense. CONCLUSION 18 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's motion is granted in part and denied in part. The 19 || motion is granted as to Plaintiffs claim for direct infringement and as to Defendant’s affirmative 20 || defenses. The motion is denied as to Plaintiff's claims for induced infringement and contributory 21 infringement. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 Dated: December 8, 2023 .

24 JON S. TIGARI 25 nited States District Judge 26 27 28