Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Kephart,
The auditing judge allowed appellee’s claim against the estate of Herman H. Conrad, deceased, for $10,000 upon a sealed judgment note dated May 26, 1916. On the exceptions filed thereto by the residuary legatee, the court en banc awarded an issue to the common pleas to determine whether the decedent executed and delivered the note, and if there was any consideration therefor. The jury answered the first question in the affirmative
and the second in the negative. The court below declined to accept the verdict, but the exceptions were dismissed and the claim allowed on the theory that, since the note was under seal, no consideration was necessary, and appellant had failed to establish the defenses of fraud, forgery or payment.
The instrument upon which the claim in the present case is based is a negotiable promissory note under seal. It is well settled that a seal
imports
consideration.
This is more than a mere presumption; the seal takes the place of proof of consideration and in the absence of fraud makes the promise enforceable without it.
The defense of
want
of consideration is not available in an action on a sealed instrument:
Yard v. Patton,
13 Pa. 278. This is true of sealed negotiable instruments as well as bonds and deeds.
Where, however, there is evidence of fraud upon the maker, the seal will be disregarded and proof of consideration will be required.
Failure of consideration, on the other hand, is a valid defense to a sealed instrument. The distinction between want and failure of consideration has been pointed out in a number of cases.
The defense of failure of consid
eration, relied upon by appellant, is unavailing. It does not appear from anything properly in the record that, apart from the seal, circumstances existed from which consideration could be inferred, and the note itself recites none. The only evidence offered is a letter written by appellee’s attorney to the corporate executor, wherein it was stated that the note was given “in payment of services rendered over a long period of years by the payee to Herman H. Conrad and wife in connection with their refreshment stand. ...” This refreshment stand was owned and operated by decedent’s wife, and appellee’s services therein were of very slight value. It is not shown that the note was given therefor.
The letter of the attorney, without proof of his authority, is neither competent nor adequate to show failure of consideration. While an attorney has power to bind his client by his admissions and acts in the course of suit, or in management of the regular course of litigation,
his statements or admissions out of court and not made in the conduct of litigation are generally not binding upon his client in the absence of express authority.
Without the letter the record is barren of any evi
deuce to show failure of consideration. The finding of the jury in the Common Pleas Court “that there was
no
consideration” would not be conclusive of that question, nor would it be proof of it. Even if it could be so treated, the court below was within its undoubted right to disregard it as a finding. The award of such an issue being discretionary, the court is not bound to accept the verdict.
Appellee faces a more difficult problem, and one which prevents recovery, in the defense Of payment. Where no action is taken to collect a debt due on a specialty until twenty years has elapsed, although there is no statute of limitations for specialties such as sealed instruments, debts and decrees of record, a
legal
presumption arises, from delay itself, that the debt has been paid; the obligee must then show that payment was not made.
In the present case the note lacks less than one year of twenty to raise this complete presumption. However, it is well established that, where there is a long delay, presumption of payment of a sealed instrument may arise in a period less than twenty years if there is a factual basis to support it other than the delay. The lapse of time combined with other circumstances is evidence from which a presumption of
fact
may arise that payment has been made.
Hughes v. Hughes,
54 Pa. 240, contains a clear statement of this rule. That was an action on a sealed instrument nineteen years old. The Court said, at p. 242: “That a complete legal presumption of payment of a bond or other instrument of like
nature does not arise short of twenty years is well settled; but it has also been well-settled that a shorter period aided by circumstances which contribute to strengthen the presumption of a payment from lapse of time may be submitted to a jury as grounds for the presumption of the fact of payment. [Citations.] Slight circumstances may be given in evidence for that purpose in proportion as the presumption strengthens by the lapse of time; but still they must be such as aid the presumption arising from time. They must be, as it is said,
persuasive
that the time would not have been suffered to elapse had the debt remained unpaid.”
No fixed rule of substantive law or evidence can be laid down as to the scope, quality or quantity of the additional circumstances necessary to support the presumption of payment arising from a delay of less than twenty years. Each case depends upon its individual circumstances.
Such proof as the debtor’s ability to pay during that period, or, a statement of the creditor or obligee that the debt was paid, or it was regarded as not owing, or he had destroyed the note, have been held sufficient in conjunction with the lapse of a long period of years before bringing suit.
Hess v.
Frankenfield, 106 Pa. 440, is a case, closely analogous to the instant one, where the note was nineteen years old and the additional circumstances were that the obligee had executed releases to the obligor-in receipt for his distributive share of an estate, and had settled with him several times for other claims without attempting to set up the stale claim
against him. ' Also in
Morrison v. Collins,
127 Pa. 28, it was shown that the obligee had paid sums of money to the obligor after the note was due and had stated that there had been a settlement of all other affairs. Similar facts existed in
Miller’s Estate,
188 Pa. 214.
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Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Kephart,
The auditing judge allowed appellee’s claim against the estate of Herman H. Conrad, deceased, for $10,000 upon a sealed judgment note dated May 26, 1916. On the exceptions filed thereto by the residuary legatee, the court en banc awarded an issue to the common pleas to determine whether the decedent executed and delivered the note, and if there was any consideration therefor. The jury answered the first question in the affirmative
and the second in the negative. The court below declined to accept the verdict, but the exceptions were dismissed and the claim allowed on the theory that, since the note was under seal, no consideration was necessary, and appellant had failed to establish the defenses of fraud, forgery or payment.
The instrument upon which the claim in the present case is based is a negotiable promissory note under seal. It is well settled that a seal
imports
consideration.
This is more than a mere presumption; the seal takes the place of proof of consideration and in the absence of fraud makes the promise enforceable without it.
The defense of
want
of consideration is not available in an action on a sealed instrument:
Yard v. Patton,
13 Pa. 278. This is true of sealed negotiable instruments as well as bonds and deeds.
Where, however, there is evidence of fraud upon the maker, the seal will be disregarded and proof of consideration will be required.
Failure of consideration, on the other hand, is a valid defense to a sealed instrument. The distinction between want and failure of consideration has been pointed out in a number of cases.
The defense of failure of consid
eration, relied upon by appellant, is unavailing. It does not appear from anything properly in the record that, apart from the seal, circumstances existed from which consideration could be inferred, and the note itself recites none. The only evidence offered is a letter written by appellee’s attorney to the corporate executor, wherein it was stated that the note was given “in payment of services rendered over a long period of years by the payee to Herman H. Conrad and wife in connection with their refreshment stand. ...” This refreshment stand was owned and operated by decedent’s wife, and appellee’s services therein were of very slight value. It is not shown that the note was given therefor.
The letter of the attorney, without proof of his authority, is neither competent nor adequate to show failure of consideration. While an attorney has power to bind his client by his admissions and acts in the course of suit, or in management of the regular course of litigation,
his statements or admissions out of court and not made in the conduct of litigation are generally not binding upon his client in the absence of express authority.
Without the letter the record is barren of any evi
deuce to show failure of consideration. The finding of the jury in the Common Pleas Court “that there was
no
consideration” would not be conclusive of that question, nor would it be proof of it. Even if it could be so treated, the court below was within its undoubted right to disregard it as a finding. The award of such an issue being discretionary, the court is not bound to accept the verdict.
Appellee faces a more difficult problem, and one which prevents recovery, in the defense Of payment. Where no action is taken to collect a debt due on a specialty until twenty years has elapsed, although there is no statute of limitations for specialties such as sealed instruments, debts and decrees of record, a
legal
presumption arises, from delay itself, that the debt has been paid; the obligee must then show that payment was not made.
In the present case the note lacks less than one year of twenty to raise this complete presumption. However, it is well established that, where there is a long delay, presumption of payment of a sealed instrument may arise in a period less than twenty years if there is a factual basis to support it other than the delay. The lapse of time combined with other circumstances is evidence from which a presumption of
fact
may arise that payment has been made.
Hughes v. Hughes,
54 Pa. 240, contains a clear statement of this rule. That was an action on a sealed instrument nineteen years old. The Court said, at p. 242: “That a complete legal presumption of payment of a bond or other instrument of like
nature does not arise short of twenty years is well settled; but it has also been well-settled that a shorter period aided by circumstances which contribute to strengthen the presumption of a payment from lapse of time may be submitted to a jury as grounds for the presumption of the fact of payment. [Citations.] Slight circumstances may be given in evidence for that purpose in proportion as the presumption strengthens by the lapse of time; but still they must be such as aid the presumption arising from time. They must be, as it is said,
persuasive
that the time would not have been suffered to elapse had the debt remained unpaid.”
No fixed rule of substantive law or evidence can be laid down as to the scope, quality or quantity of the additional circumstances necessary to support the presumption of payment arising from a delay of less than twenty years. Each case depends upon its individual circumstances.
Such proof as the debtor’s ability to pay during that period, or, a statement of the creditor or obligee that the debt was paid, or it was regarded as not owing, or he had destroyed the note, have been held sufficient in conjunction with the lapse of a long period of years before bringing suit.
Hess v.
Frankenfield, 106 Pa. 440, is a case, closely analogous to the instant one, where the note was nineteen years old and the additional circumstances were that the obligee had executed releases to the obligor-in receipt for his distributive share of an estate, and had settled with him several times for other claims without attempting to set up the stale claim
against him. ' Also in
Morrison v. Collins,
127 Pa. 28, it was shown that the obligee had paid sums of money to the obligor after the note was due and had stated that there had been a settlement of all other affairs. Similar facts existed in
Miller’s Estate,
188 Pa. 214.
Where the enforcement of a claim on a specialty has been delayed for a long time, any circumstance which shows conduct on the part of the obligee inconsistent with the existence of the debt as a valid claim, will, with the delay, support the inference that the obligation has been paid. As we have heretofore stated, the corroborative circumstances take on greater significance with the passage of time after the maturity of the obligation, and in a case like the present one, involving a stale claim against an estate, slight additional evidence is required.
There are a number of circumstances, which, with the delay of nineteen years, create a factual presumption of payment. In 1930 the decedent, the obligor in the note, obtained a judgment of $300 against appellee upon the latter’s note, which judgment was paid by appellee. After the maturity of the $10,000 note, appellee obligee received and turned over to the decedent obligor large sums of money (at one time, $4,500) as his share in his wife’s estate, of which decedent and appellee were co-executors, and no attempt was made to assert any claim against these payments. Obligee paid obligor monthly sums of money due to him from properties leased. There was no evidence of any demand made for payment during the lifetime of the decedent although he lived eighth een years after the note matured. All of this is not oniy inconsistent with the existence of a valid debt on the long overdue note for $10,000 but would conclusively show payment. There is nothing in the record that would rebut this factual presumption.
This Couit has frequently stated that where a claim which could have been made against a decedent during his lifetime is not presented until after his death, it is
viewed with the greatest suspicion.
Normally, creditors and obligees are prompt to assert their claims and press them during the lifetime of the debtor. It is only natural that the courts should lend their assistance to the representatives of a decedent to compel claimants who fail to do so to establish their claims beyond reasonable doubt.
Decree reversed; appellee’s claim disallowed, costs to be paid by appellee.