FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEAL Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT April 23, 2020 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JOHN ELDRIDGE CONE, JR.,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-7068 (No. 6:16-00384-JHP-KEW) JANET DOWLING, Warden, (E.D. Okla.)
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before BACHARACH, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
John Cone, an Oklahoma prisoner proceeding pro se,1 seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254
habeas petition. For the reasons explained below, we deny Cone’s request for a COA
and dismiss this matter.2
* This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We liberally construe Cone’s pro se filings. But we will not act as his advocate by, for example, formulating possible arguments or combing the record for support. See James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013). 2 Per his notice of appeal, Cone also seeks to appeal the district court’s later order (1) construing his motion to alter or amend the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) as an unauthorized second or successive habeas petition and (2) dismissing that motion. But Cone’s combined opening brief and COA application fails to raise any challenge to the district court’s characterization or dismissal of his 1 In 2012, Cone shot and killed Skylar Brewer. Evidence at trial showed that
Brewer took $25 from Cone and that Cone shot Brewer after Brewer returned the
money. Although several witnesses testified to the contrary, Cone maintained that he
shot Brewer in self-defense and in the heat of passion. The state trial court instructed
the jury on the lesser-included offense of heat-of-passion manslaughter but did not
instruct the jury on the more general heat-of-passion defense.
The jury convicted Cone of both first-degree murder and assault and battery
with a deadly weapon. The state trial court sentenced Cone to life with the possibility
of parole for the murder and imposed a concurrent five-year sentence for the assault.
Cone appealed his convictions to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA)
and argued, as relevant here, that his trial counsel’s failure to request an instruction
on a heat-of-passion defense constituted ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC). He
also asserted an IAC claim premised on his counsel’s failure to object to purported
victim-sympathy statements during the prosecutor’s closing argument. The OCCA
rejected Cone’s arguments and upheld his convictions.
Cone then filed this § 2254 petition in federal court, asserting, among other
things, the same IAC arguments that he raised in his direct appeal. The district court
determined that the OCCA did not unreasonably apply the IAC standards set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), or rely on any unreasonable factual
determinations when it denied Cone’s IAC claims. See § 2254(d). Under Strickland, a
motion. We therefore decline to consider any such challenge and focus our attention, as Cone does, solely on the district court’s initial order denying habeas relief. 2 defendant must demonstrate both deficient performance (that his attorney’s actions
“fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”) and resulting prejudice (that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different”). 466 U.S. at 688, 694. And as
the district court recognized, this deferential standard becomes “doubly deferential”
in federal habeas proceedings, such that federal habeas courts “give both the state
court and the defense attorney the benefit of the doubt.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12,
15 (2013) (first quoting Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011)).
As to Cone’s heat-of-passion IAC claim, the district court concluded that the
OCCA’s ruling—that Cone suffered no prejudice from counsel’s failure to seek a
jury instruction on a heat-of-passion defense because the absence of such an
instruction was harmless—was not an unreasonable application of Strickland and did
not turn on any unreasonable factual determinations. In so doing, the district court
also concluded that the evidence did not support a jury instruction on the heat-of-
passion defense. Next, regarding the prosecutorial-misconduct IAC claim, the district
court similarly ruled that the OCCA did not unreasonably apply Strickland or other
clearly established federal law when it found that no prosecutorial misconduct
occurred and thus any IAC claim premised on the failure to object to such
prosecutorial misconduct also failed.
Cone now seeks to appeal the district court’s order denying his habeas petition,
but he must first obtain a COA. See § 2253(c)(1). We will issue a COA only if Cone
makes “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
3 § 2253(c)(2). To do so, Cone must show “that reasonable jurists would find the
district court’s assessment of [his] constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Cone first argues that reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s
rejection of his heat-of-passion IAC claim. In so doing, he contends that, contrary to
the district court’s assessment, the evidence supported instructing the jury on the
heat-of-passion defense.3 Therefore, according to Cone, his trial counsel provided
prejudicial deficient performance by failing to object to the jury instructions.
Yet reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s analysis on this
point. In particular, the district court determined that the only support for a heat-of-
passion defense was Cone’s “self-serving claim that he was afraid when [Brewer]
attacked him by holding Cone’s throat.” R. vol. 1, 317. But Cone’s statement “was
contradicted by three other witnesses.” Id. And as the district court correctly noted,
under Oklahoma law, a defendant’s self-serving statement concerning the homicide
must be supported by other evidence to warrant a jury instruction. See, e.g., Davis v.
3 Cone’s combined opening brief and COA application raises three arguments, the first two of which are heat-of-passion arguments. He first asserts that the evidence at trial only supported heat-of-passion manslaughter, not first-degree murder, and he second asserts that his counsel was ineffective for failing to request an instruction on the heat-of-passion defense.
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEAL Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT April 23, 2020 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JOHN ELDRIDGE CONE, JR.,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-7068 (No. 6:16-00384-JHP-KEW) JANET DOWLING, Warden, (E.D. Okla.)
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before BACHARACH, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
John Cone, an Oklahoma prisoner proceeding pro se,1 seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254
habeas petition. For the reasons explained below, we deny Cone’s request for a COA
and dismiss this matter.2
* This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 We liberally construe Cone’s pro se filings. But we will not act as his advocate by, for example, formulating possible arguments or combing the record for support. See James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013). 2 Per his notice of appeal, Cone also seeks to appeal the district court’s later order (1) construing his motion to alter or amend the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) as an unauthorized second or successive habeas petition and (2) dismissing that motion. But Cone’s combined opening brief and COA application fails to raise any challenge to the district court’s characterization or dismissal of his 1 In 2012, Cone shot and killed Skylar Brewer. Evidence at trial showed that
Brewer took $25 from Cone and that Cone shot Brewer after Brewer returned the
money. Although several witnesses testified to the contrary, Cone maintained that he
shot Brewer in self-defense and in the heat of passion. The state trial court instructed
the jury on the lesser-included offense of heat-of-passion manslaughter but did not
instruct the jury on the more general heat-of-passion defense.
The jury convicted Cone of both first-degree murder and assault and battery
with a deadly weapon. The state trial court sentenced Cone to life with the possibility
of parole for the murder and imposed a concurrent five-year sentence for the assault.
Cone appealed his convictions to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA)
and argued, as relevant here, that his trial counsel’s failure to request an instruction
on a heat-of-passion defense constituted ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC). He
also asserted an IAC claim premised on his counsel’s failure to object to purported
victim-sympathy statements during the prosecutor’s closing argument. The OCCA
rejected Cone’s arguments and upheld his convictions.
Cone then filed this § 2254 petition in federal court, asserting, among other
things, the same IAC arguments that he raised in his direct appeal. The district court
determined that the OCCA did not unreasonably apply the IAC standards set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), or rely on any unreasonable factual
determinations when it denied Cone’s IAC claims. See § 2254(d). Under Strickland, a
motion. We therefore decline to consider any such challenge and focus our attention, as Cone does, solely on the district court’s initial order denying habeas relief. 2 defendant must demonstrate both deficient performance (that his attorney’s actions
“fell below an objective standard of reasonableness”) and resulting prejudice (that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different”). 466 U.S. at 688, 694. And as
the district court recognized, this deferential standard becomes “doubly deferential”
in federal habeas proceedings, such that federal habeas courts “give both the state
court and the defense attorney the benefit of the doubt.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12,
15 (2013) (first quoting Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011)).
As to Cone’s heat-of-passion IAC claim, the district court concluded that the
OCCA’s ruling—that Cone suffered no prejudice from counsel’s failure to seek a
jury instruction on a heat-of-passion defense because the absence of such an
instruction was harmless—was not an unreasonable application of Strickland and did
not turn on any unreasonable factual determinations. In so doing, the district court
also concluded that the evidence did not support a jury instruction on the heat-of-
passion defense. Next, regarding the prosecutorial-misconduct IAC claim, the district
court similarly ruled that the OCCA did not unreasonably apply Strickland or other
clearly established federal law when it found that no prosecutorial misconduct
occurred and thus any IAC claim premised on the failure to object to such
prosecutorial misconduct also failed.
Cone now seeks to appeal the district court’s order denying his habeas petition,
but he must first obtain a COA. See § 2253(c)(1). We will issue a COA only if Cone
makes “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
3 § 2253(c)(2). To do so, Cone must show “that reasonable jurists would find the
district court’s assessment of [his] constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Cone first argues that reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s
rejection of his heat-of-passion IAC claim. In so doing, he contends that, contrary to
the district court’s assessment, the evidence supported instructing the jury on the
heat-of-passion defense.3 Therefore, according to Cone, his trial counsel provided
prejudicial deficient performance by failing to object to the jury instructions.
Yet reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s analysis on this
point. In particular, the district court determined that the only support for a heat-of-
passion defense was Cone’s “self-serving claim that he was afraid when [Brewer]
attacked him by holding Cone’s throat.” R. vol. 1, 317. But Cone’s statement “was
contradicted by three other witnesses.” Id. And as the district court correctly noted,
under Oklahoma law, a defendant’s self-serving statement concerning the homicide
must be supported by other evidence to warrant a jury instruction. See, e.g., Davis v.
3 Cone’s combined opening brief and COA application raises three arguments, the first two of which are heat-of-passion arguments. He first asserts that the evidence at trial only supported heat-of-passion manslaughter, not first-degree murder, and he second asserts that his counsel was ineffective for failing to request an instruction on the heat-of-passion defense. To the extent that his first claim raises a new constitutional claim based on alleged insufficient evidence supporting his conviction, that claim was not in Cone’s original habeas petition, and we therefore will not address it here. See Parker v. Scott, 394 F.3d 1302, 1319–20 (10th Cir. 2005) (“We do not review these claims because [the applicant] failed to assert them in his district[-]court petition for habeas relief.”). But in construing Cone’s pro se filings liberally, we consider his arguments regarding the evidence supporting heat of passion in the context of his heat-of-passion IAC claim. 4 State, 268 P.3d 86, 117 (Okla. Crim. App. 2011) (“A defendant’s statements concerning
the homicide are sufficient to warrant a jury instruction only if those statements are
supported by other evidence presented at trial.”). Here, Cone contends that “the
prosecution never specifically asked [those] witnesses whether they had ever seen
[Brewer] attack [Cone]” and that the prosecution’s witnesses were unreliable. Aplt.
Br. 6. But Cone’s position does not refute or even render debatable the district
court’s conclusion that Cone’s characterization of his own mental state, without
more, does not require instructing the jury on a heat-of-passion defense. Thus, we
decline to issue a COA on this basis.
Next, Cone argues that reasonable jurists could debate the district court’s
resolution of his prosecutorial-misconduct IAC claim because the district court
incorrectly interpreted the prosecutor’s statements during closing arguments and thus
wrongly concluded that no prosecutorial misconduct occurred. In particular, Cone
contends that the prosecutor improperly solicited victim sympathy when he stated
that he had to be the “voice” of the victim. Aplt. Br. 7. True, prosecutors cannot
“improperly encourage” the jury to allow sympathy for the victim to influence its
decision. Le v. Mullin, 311 F.3d 1002, 1015 (10th Cir. 2002). But reasonable jurists
could not debate the district court’s interpretation of the prosecutor’s statement. As
the district court concluded, in context, “the prosecution was saying that regardless of
the prosecutor’s role, the jury must still follow the instructions” to not let sympathy
influence its verdict. R. vol. 1, 321. Cone’s disagreement with this interpretation does
5 not convince us that reasonable jurists could debate this point. We therefore decline
to issue a COA on this claim. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 484.
Because reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s denial of
Cone’s § 2254 habeas petition, we deny Cone’s request for a COA and dismiss this
matter. Additionally, because Cone’s claims do not warrant a COA and appointing
counsel at this stage would not compel a different result, we deny Cone’s motion to
appoint counsel on appeal. See Rucks v. Boergermann, 57 F.3d 978, 979 (10th Cir.
1995) (noting that when deciding whether to appoint counsel, we consider “the merits
of the litigant’s claims, the nature of the factual issues raised in the claims, the
litigant’s ability to present his claims, and the complexity of the legal issues raised by
the claims” (quoting Williams v. Meese, 926 F.2d 994, 996 (10th Cir. 1991))); Swazo
v. Wyo. Dep’t of Corr. State Penitentiary Warden, 23 F.3d 332, 333 (10th Cir. 1994)
(“[T]here is no constitutional right to counsel beyond the appeal of a criminal
conviction, and . . . generally appointment of counsel in a § 2254 proceeding is left to
the court’s discretion.”).
Entered for the Court
Nancy L. Moritz Circuit Judge