[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA EASTERN DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 692 CAP : Appellee : Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence : entered on 12/18/13 in the Court of : Common Pleas, Criminal Division of v. : York County at No. CP-67-0003547- : 2012 ARIC SHAYNE WOODARD, : : Appellant : ARGUED: March 6, 2015
DISSENTING OPINION
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: December 3, 2015
I respectfully differ with the majority’s conclusions that the autopsy photographs
of the body of the child victim were not inflammatory, as well as with its approval of the
trial court’s decision to admit them. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 18-19.
Many jurisdictions, including Pennsylvania, have maintained a very liberal
approach to the admission of photographs of murder victims, affording trial courts wide
discretion and latitude. See generally BARBARA E. BERGMAN, NANCY HOLLANDER &
THERESA M. DUNCAN, 3 W HARTON’S CRIMINAL EVIDENCE §16.7 (15th ed. 2014). To my
knowledge, however, there are no rational metrics available for the assessment; rather,
the analysis generally proceeds in the form of a series of rather abstract and conclusory
pronouncements. Cf. KENNETH W. GRAHAM, JR., 22A FED. PRAC. & PROC. EVID. §5215
(2d ed. 2015) (alluding to the phenomenon of “ipse dixit cases – those where the judges
tell us that evidence is or is not ‘prejudicial’ and expect us to accept it on nothing more than the court’s say-so”). Such dispositions are vulnerable to the reasonable criticism
that they are grounded more upon “instinct and folk knowledge” than upon the
psychological impact of graphic photographs upon lay jurors. Susan A. Bandes &
Jessica M. Salerno, Emotion, Proof and Prejudice: The Cognitive Science of Gruesome
Photos and Victim Impact Statements, 46 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 1003, 1021 (2014). They also
reflect another downside of according largely unbridled discretion to the trial courts, in
that decisions material to the outcomes of individual cases can be made on a widely
disparate basis. See generally GRAHAM, 22A FED. PRAC. & PROC. EVID. §5212
(discussing long-acknowledged drawbacks associated with broad-scale allocations of
judicial discretion).
I also note that emerging evidence, derived from psychological studies, suggests
that disturbing photographs of murder victims have a substantial effect on jurors in
terms of fostering anger, shallower mental processing, greater reliance on shortcuts and
stereotypes, and enhanced certainty even in the absence of any material probative
contribution of the photographic evidence in question. See Bandes & Salerno, Emotion,
Proof and Prejudice, 46 ARIZ. ST. L.J. at 1026-27, 1045-48 (citing, inter alia, D.A. Bright
& J. Goodman-Delahunty, Gruesome Evidence and Emotion: Anger, Blame, and Jury
Decision-Making, 30 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 183 (2006), and Jennifer S. Lerner & Larissa Z.
Tiedens, Portrait of the Angry Decision Maker: How Appraisal Tendencies Shape
Anger’s Influence on Cognition, 19 BEHAV. DECISION MAKING 115, 122 (2006)). Critically,
there also is evidence that the emotional influence “probably operates outside of jurors’
conscious awareness,” id. at 1028, thus raising questions about the ameliorative effect
of limiting instructions issued by trial judges. The studies suggest a significant
possibility that conventional judicial attitudes concerning the degree of impact of graphic
depictions of death upon decision-making by lay jurors may be misplaced.
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 2 While obviously decisions about admissibility may depend upon the
individualized case circumstances, particularly in light of the uncertainties and emerging
evidence, I believe that appellate courts should impose some constraints upon the
introduction of graphic photographs into the courtroom. Accord State v. Collins, 986
S.W.2d 13, 21 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (“There is an increasing concern that courts are
becoming too liberal in their admission of inflammatory autopsy photographs[.]”). See
generally Hon. Richard M. Markus, A Better Standard for Reviewing Discretion, 2004
UTAH L. REV. 1279, 1295 (2004) (positing that “[a]n appellate court that clarifies the
boundary of those circumstances [justifying the exercise of discretion] greatly assists
trial courts that must follow its lead”); David P. Leonard, Appellate Review of Evidentiary
Rulings, 70 N.C. L. REV. 1155, 1228-29 (1992) (criticizing the “extreme deference [that]
now defines the relationship of appellate to trial courts in the application of evidence
rules” and advocating a stronger role for the appellate courts in enforcing the values
undergirding such rules). Moreover, the concern of the trial court presiding at
Appellant’s trial that restraints resulting in the exclusion of some pictures would “reward
a perpetrator” is misplaced, Order of Oct. 9, 2013, in Commonwealth v. Woodard, No.
CP-67-CR-0003547-2012 (C.P. York), since, during criminal trials, courts are bound to
operate under the presumption of innocence relative to the defendant whose liberty or
life is at stake.
Notably, in Commonwealth v. Walker, 625 Pa. 450, 92 A.3d 766 (2014), this
Court recently retreated from a bright-line evidentiary prohibition in view of emerging
social science in tension with that rule’s underpinnings. See id. at 471-95, 92 A.3d at
779-93. I maintain that greater introspection, on the part of appellate courts, along
these lines is warranted on a broader scale. Accord Commonwealth v. Alicia, 625 Pa.
429, 448, 92 A.3d 753, 765 (2014) (Saylor, J., dissenting) (“Walker, in my view, reflects
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 3 an emerging reluctance to adhere reflexively to nineteenth-century conventions and
axioms, amidst growing evidence produced by social and behavioral scientists (among
others) that these may have been precipitous.”).
In terms of the present case, I begin with the proposition that color photographs
of a nude, battered, open-eyed, deceased child on a slab, encompassing full body
portraits and facial close-ups, should be regarded as inflammatory (or likely to evoke
strong emotional reactions, including generating anger). Accord Collins, 986 S.W.2d at
21 (“[T]he inherent prejudice of admitting color photographs of a bruised, bloodied,
nude, infant victim is apparent.”).1 Such graphic, visceral portrayals of a dead child, in
my view, create an unacceptable risk of influencing jurors to reach conclusions based
on factors other than a strict application of the law to the facts. Furthermore, I fail to
appreciate why Dr. Land’s descriptions of the nature and extent of the injuries would not
have been sufficient absent the graphic facial close-up and full-body photographs.
Indeed, at trial, the pathologist meticulously depicted the injuries suffered by the child-
victim through his verbal testimony, before the autopsy photos were introduced. See
1 While I recognize that there are decisions of this Court which suggest to the contrary, from my point of view, the jurisprudence is inconsistent. Compare, e.g., Commonwealth v. Wade, 480 Pa. 160, 172, 389 A.2d 560, 566 (1978) (rejecting a challenge to the admission of photographs of a child-victim’s body), with Commonwealth v.
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[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA EASTERN DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 692 CAP : Appellee : Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence : entered on 12/18/13 in the Court of : Common Pleas, Criminal Division of v. : York County at No. CP-67-0003547- : 2012 ARIC SHAYNE WOODARD, : : Appellant : ARGUED: March 6, 2015
DISSENTING OPINION
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: December 3, 2015
I respectfully differ with the majority’s conclusions that the autopsy photographs
of the body of the child victim were not inflammatory, as well as with its approval of the
trial court’s decision to admit them. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 18-19.
Many jurisdictions, including Pennsylvania, have maintained a very liberal
approach to the admission of photographs of murder victims, affording trial courts wide
discretion and latitude. See generally BARBARA E. BERGMAN, NANCY HOLLANDER &
THERESA M. DUNCAN, 3 W HARTON’S CRIMINAL EVIDENCE §16.7 (15th ed. 2014). To my
knowledge, however, there are no rational metrics available for the assessment; rather,
the analysis generally proceeds in the form of a series of rather abstract and conclusory
pronouncements. Cf. KENNETH W. GRAHAM, JR., 22A FED. PRAC. & PROC. EVID. §5215
(2d ed. 2015) (alluding to the phenomenon of “ipse dixit cases – those where the judges
tell us that evidence is or is not ‘prejudicial’ and expect us to accept it on nothing more than the court’s say-so”). Such dispositions are vulnerable to the reasonable criticism
that they are grounded more upon “instinct and folk knowledge” than upon the
psychological impact of graphic photographs upon lay jurors. Susan A. Bandes &
Jessica M. Salerno, Emotion, Proof and Prejudice: The Cognitive Science of Gruesome
Photos and Victim Impact Statements, 46 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 1003, 1021 (2014). They also
reflect another downside of according largely unbridled discretion to the trial courts, in
that decisions material to the outcomes of individual cases can be made on a widely
disparate basis. See generally GRAHAM, 22A FED. PRAC. & PROC. EVID. §5212
(discussing long-acknowledged drawbacks associated with broad-scale allocations of
judicial discretion).
I also note that emerging evidence, derived from psychological studies, suggests
that disturbing photographs of murder victims have a substantial effect on jurors in
terms of fostering anger, shallower mental processing, greater reliance on shortcuts and
stereotypes, and enhanced certainty even in the absence of any material probative
contribution of the photographic evidence in question. See Bandes & Salerno, Emotion,
Proof and Prejudice, 46 ARIZ. ST. L.J. at 1026-27, 1045-48 (citing, inter alia, D.A. Bright
& J. Goodman-Delahunty, Gruesome Evidence and Emotion: Anger, Blame, and Jury
Decision-Making, 30 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 183 (2006), and Jennifer S. Lerner & Larissa Z.
Tiedens, Portrait of the Angry Decision Maker: How Appraisal Tendencies Shape
Anger’s Influence on Cognition, 19 BEHAV. DECISION MAKING 115, 122 (2006)). Critically,
there also is evidence that the emotional influence “probably operates outside of jurors’
conscious awareness,” id. at 1028, thus raising questions about the ameliorative effect
of limiting instructions issued by trial judges. The studies suggest a significant
possibility that conventional judicial attitudes concerning the degree of impact of graphic
depictions of death upon decision-making by lay jurors may be misplaced.
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 2 While obviously decisions about admissibility may depend upon the
individualized case circumstances, particularly in light of the uncertainties and emerging
evidence, I believe that appellate courts should impose some constraints upon the
introduction of graphic photographs into the courtroom. Accord State v. Collins, 986
S.W.2d 13, 21 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (“There is an increasing concern that courts are
becoming too liberal in their admission of inflammatory autopsy photographs[.]”). See
generally Hon. Richard M. Markus, A Better Standard for Reviewing Discretion, 2004
UTAH L. REV. 1279, 1295 (2004) (positing that “[a]n appellate court that clarifies the
boundary of those circumstances [justifying the exercise of discretion] greatly assists
trial courts that must follow its lead”); David P. Leonard, Appellate Review of Evidentiary
Rulings, 70 N.C. L. REV. 1155, 1228-29 (1992) (criticizing the “extreme deference [that]
now defines the relationship of appellate to trial courts in the application of evidence
rules” and advocating a stronger role for the appellate courts in enforcing the values
undergirding such rules). Moreover, the concern of the trial court presiding at
Appellant’s trial that restraints resulting in the exclusion of some pictures would “reward
a perpetrator” is misplaced, Order of Oct. 9, 2013, in Commonwealth v. Woodard, No.
CP-67-CR-0003547-2012 (C.P. York), since, during criminal trials, courts are bound to
operate under the presumption of innocence relative to the defendant whose liberty or
life is at stake.
Notably, in Commonwealth v. Walker, 625 Pa. 450, 92 A.3d 766 (2014), this
Court recently retreated from a bright-line evidentiary prohibition in view of emerging
social science in tension with that rule’s underpinnings. See id. at 471-95, 92 A.3d at
779-93. I maintain that greater introspection, on the part of appellate courts, along
these lines is warranted on a broader scale. Accord Commonwealth v. Alicia, 625 Pa.
429, 448, 92 A.3d 753, 765 (2014) (Saylor, J., dissenting) (“Walker, in my view, reflects
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 3 an emerging reluctance to adhere reflexively to nineteenth-century conventions and
axioms, amidst growing evidence produced by social and behavioral scientists (among
others) that these may have been precipitous.”).
In terms of the present case, I begin with the proposition that color photographs
of a nude, battered, open-eyed, deceased child on a slab, encompassing full body
portraits and facial close-ups, should be regarded as inflammatory (or likely to evoke
strong emotional reactions, including generating anger). Accord Collins, 986 S.W.2d at
21 (“[T]he inherent prejudice of admitting color photographs of a bruised, bloodied,
nude, infant victim is apparent.”).1 Such graphic, visceral portrayals of a dead child, in
my view, create an unacceptable risk of influencing jurors to reach conclusions based
on factors other than a strict application of the law to the facts. Furthermore, I fail to
appreciate why Dr. Land’s descriptions of the nature and extent of the injuries would not
have been sufficient absent the graphic facial close-up and full-body photographs.
Indeed, at trial, the pathologist meticulously depicted the injuries suffered by the child-
victim through his verbal testimony, before the autopsy photos were introduced. See
1 While I recognize that there are decisions of this Court which suggest to the contrary, from my point of view, the jurisprudence is inconsistent. Compare, e.g., Commonwealth v. Wade, 480 Pa. 160, 172, 389 A.2d 560, 566 (1978) (rejecting a challenge to the admission of photographs of a child-victim’s body), with Commonwealth v. Powell, 428 Pa. 275, 279 & n.1, 241 A.2d 119, 121 & n.1 (1968) (alluding to the “emotional impact” that photographs of a deceased victim’s body “would undoubtedly have on the jury,” to a degree that limiting instructions were insufficient to alleviate the prejudice). The variance, I believe, is exacerbated by the wide discretion allocated to trial courts in the first instance.
Although the Powell decision is distinguishable because there was little probative value in the photographs in the circumstances presented, the Powell Court obviously considered the disturbing photographs to be inherently inflammatory; whereas, the Wade Court pronounced that a set of photographs of a child-victim’s body was “not inflammatory” in the first instance.
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 4 N.T., Oct. 22, 2013, at 888-912.2 From my point of view, Dr. Land’s explanation during
the pre-trial proceedings -- that he believed it was “imperative that the jury has the
ability to see what I saw . . . so they can have a better understanding of the totality of
the injuries,” N.T., Oct. 4, 2013, at 33 -- represents little more than the sort of ipse dixit
that should be eschewed by trial and appellate courts. Again, I also regard the trial
court’s additional reward-the-perpetrator rationale as being inconsistent with the
presumption of innocence.
For the above reasons, I would award a new trial and, accordingly, respectfully
note my dissent.
2 The main body of Dr. Land’s direct testimony occurred before introduction of the photographs. Throughout the subsequent publishing of the relevant photographs to the jury, the pathologist briefly recapped his previous testimony. See id. at 920-26.
[J-2-2015][M.O. – Baer, J.] - 5