Commonwealth v. Voci

143 A.2d 652, 393 Pa. 404, 1958 Pa. LEXIS 365

Opinions

Opinion by

Mr. Justice Benjamin R. Jones,

The defendant was convicted in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Lancaster County upon indictment charging him with pool selling and bookmaking in violation of the Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §607, 18 PS §4607.

Footnotes

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* After the verdict of guilty, defendant filed motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment. Following the trial court’s refusal of these motions and the imposition of sentence, defendant appealed to the Superior Court where the judgment was affirmed (185 Pa. Superior Ct. 563, 138 A. 2d 232). From that affirmance we allowed the present appeal.

Detective Farkus of the Lancaster City Police placed a wiretap upon the telephone line of the P & J Cafe in that city. For a period of three days, from 12:30 P.M. until approximately 4:00 P.M., the officer intercepted all telephonic communications coming over the tapped wire, taking notes in longhand of what was said and simultaneously recording the conversations by use of a tape recorder. Immediately after each day’s session a typewritten transcript was prepared of the conversations recorded on the tape.

Detective Farkus was the chief witness against defendant. He testified that the tape recordings had been played and replayed until he was satisfied that an accurate verbatim transcript of the recordings had been achieved. During the course of his testimony concerning the taking of race horse bets by defendant, the officer had in his possession and occasionally referred to handwritten notes he had taken while listening to the intercepted telephone conversations. The bulk of his testimony, however, was read directly into the record from the transcript made from the tape recordings. Although the tape recorder was placed in evidence by the Commonwealth, it was not played to the jury. The officer testified that he knew the defendant but had not previously heard his voice over a telephone; he was positive in his identification of the voice he had heard accepting bets as that of defendant. Two other police officers identified defendant’s voice by listening to the tape recordings although neither had lisitened to the conversations as they had come directly over the wire at the wiretap. One of these latter two witnesses had spoken to defendant on the telephone for a short time about a year before. The defendant did not take the stand and no testimony was offered on his behalf. The sole evidence offered against defendant was that procured by means of the wiretap, but it was sufficient to convince the jury that defendant had in fact accepted race bets as charged in the indictment.

Upon this appeal defendant advances the following arguments which he contends require a reversal of the conviction: (1) that the “best evidence rule” requires that the contents of a recording be proven by the playing of the recording itself and consequently the testimony of Detective Farkus which was read from the typewritten transcript should have been stricken from the record; (2) that there was no evidence of venue, i.e. that defendant was within Lancaster County at the time he allegedly accepted bets on the telephone and that the Lancaster County Court therefore had no jurisdiction; (8) that the conviction cannot stand because it is based solely upon the unauthorized interception and divulgence of telephone conversations in violation of §605 of the Federal Communications Act of June 19, 1934, 48 Stat. 1103, 47 U.S.C.A. §605.

The Superior Court correctly disposed of the defendant’s first two contentions upon the basis of well-settled rules of law. As to the first it held, in substance, that the best evidence of the conversations intercepted by means of the wiretap was the testimony of Detective Farkus who had actually heard the conversations as they had occurred; the typewritten transcript was merely used as a means of refreshing the memory of the witness and its use for this purpose was eminently proper in view of the fact that it was prepared under the witness’ direct supervision reasonably contemporaneous with the interception of the conversations and the witness testified that he knew it to be accurate: Commonwealth v. Roth, 71 Pa. Superior Ct. 71, 73. See also: Nestor v. George, 354 Pa. 19, 46 A. 2d 469; Edwards v. Gimbel, 202 Pa. 30, 51 A. 357; Lardieri v. Lamont, 172 Pa. Superior Ct. 35. On the question of venue, both the Superior Court and the trial court held that there was sufficient evidence of record to establish that defendant was within Lancaster County at the time he committed the offense. The Superior Court also pointed out that this contention was first raised in defendant’s additional reasons for a new trial filed more than five months after the verdict. Under these circumstances reliance was properly placed upon the following statement of this Court in Common wealth v. Lawrence, 282 Pa. 128, 133, 127 A. 465: “In the absence of uncontradicted evidence to the contrary, the conviction is conclusive that the crime was committed where it was charged to have been done in the indictment, for the verdict includes such a finding.” This has long been the law in this jurisdiction, at least where the defendant has not substantially placed the question of venue in issue: Commonwealth v. Mull, 316 Pa. 424, 175 A. 418; Commonwealth v. Sloat, 298 Pa. 10, 147 A. 834; Commonwealth v. Tarsnane, 170 Pa. Superior Ct. 265, 85 A. 2d 606. We find no merit in defendant’s contention that he made timely objection to venue during the course of an unrecorded argument at sidebar in support of his demurrer to the Commonwealth’s evidence. It is obvious that defendant made no real attempt to raise the issue of venue in the court below, particularly in view of the fact that he did not even request the court to charge the jury specifically with regard to it, even when invited by the trial judge to point out any deficiencies he felt existed in the charge.

The sole question of any importance raised by the defendant is whether the wiretap evidence upon which his conviction is based should have been ruled inadmissible because it was secured in violation of §605 of the Federal Communications Act of 1934, supra, which prohibits the unauthorized interception and divulgence of telephone conversations. Evidence obtained by wiretapping was specifically held admissible in the courts of this Commonwealth in Commonwealth v. Chaitt, 380 Pa. 532, 112 A. 2d 379, where this Court, relying on Schwartz v. Texas, 344 U. S. 199, 97 L. Ed. 231, 73 S. Ct. 232, ruled that §605 of the federal act is not a bar to the admission of such evidence in the course of a criminal prosecution of a state crime in a state court. Defendant argues, however, that our decision in the Ghaitt case should now be reconsidered because of a decision of the United States Supreme Court, Benanti v. United States, 355 U. S. 96, 2 L. Ed. 2d 126, 78 S. Ct. 155, which was decided shortly before the Superior Court affirmed his conviction. In that case wiretap evidence secured in violation of §605 was held inadmissible in a criminal proceeding in a federal court even though the wiretap had been maintained by state officials acting in accordance with a state statute which specifically authorized wiretapping. The Court further held that the state statute which authorized wiretapping violated the federal statute. However, the Court did not overrule Schwartz v. Texas, supra, upon which this Court relied in the Ghaitt case. The Schwartz case was interpreted as holding that even though wiretapping by state officials violates §605, a state rule of evidence allowing the ádmission of such evidence in state courts would not be overturned.*

There can be no doubt that the United States Supreme Court, in Benanti v. United States, invalidated much of the reasoning used by this Court in reaching its result in the Ghaitt case. It did not, however, overrule Schwartz v. Texas, supra, which is the basic authority for this Court’s holding that evidence secured by wiretapping is admissible under our rules of evidence which are not governed by statute. It follows that the Superior Court was correct in ruling that the testimony of Detective Farkus was admissible upon' the authority of Commonwealth v. Chaitt, supra, which constitutes binding precedent upon it as it does, in fact, upon us.

In reaching this conclusion we do not concern ourselves with the social, ethical and philosophical problems to which the practice of wiretapping gives rise. We repeat now that which we stated, with emphasis, in Commonwealth v. Chaitt, supra, p. 535: “. . . All that we are called upon to decide is in regard to a rule of evidence, namely, whether testimony which in itself is relevant to the determination of a defendant’s guilt or innocence should nevertheless he rejected if it was secured in an allegedly improper manner.”

Such evidence was clearly admissible at the time of defendant’s conviction and, since it disclosed that defendant had accepted some eleven bets in violation of the statute, was sufficient in both nature and quality to supportthe conviction.

The judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.

The statute prohibiting the introduction of evidence secured by wiretap in any court of this Commonwealth was not enacted until July 1957, (Act No. 411, July 16, 1957, 7 Purdon’s Pa. Leg. Serv. 1103), subsequent to defendant’s trial and conviction, and therefore was not applicable to the present case.

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The Court stated, 2 L. Ed. 2d, p. 131: “The rationale of [Schwartz v. Texas, supra] is that despite the plain prohibition of §605, due regard to federal-state relations precluded the conclusion that Congress intended to thwart a state rule of evidence in the absence of a clear indication to that effect. In the instant case we are not dealing with a state rule of evidence. Although state agents committed the wiretap, we are presented with a federal conviction brought about in part by a violation of federal law, in this case in federal court.”