Commonwealth v. Tate

346 A.2d 570, 237 Pa. Super. 104, 1975 Pa. Super. LEXIS 1756

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: October 28, 1975
• Docket: Appeal, 124
• Status: Published

Opinions

Opinion by

Price, J.,

The appellee was indicted for violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act.¹ Ap-pellee’s pre-trial motion to suppress evidence was granted by the lower court, and the Commonwealth .appeals that determination. We find the suppression was improperly granted and will, therefore, reverse the lower court’s order.

The facts as found in the record indicate that on April 22, 1974, while patrolling in his car in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Police Officer Ralph McDaniel received a call from his home office directing him to meet an informant. Officer McDaniel proceeded to the designated rendezvous and was met by an individual who was well known to him and who had previously supplied information resulting in convictions. The informant indicated that he had just been in Lena’s Bar, a local establishment, and had seen a person whom he knew only as “Leonard” selling heroin wrapped in silver packets to three separate persons. He told the officer that he had witnessed the exchange of the narcotics for money and that “Leonard” still had a number of the packets in his possession. The informant then gave a detailed description of “Leonard” as being dark skinned, having a beard, and wearing glasses, green trousers, a black trench coat, and a blue jean hat or cap.

The informant indicated that time was critical, and Officer McDaniel radioed for another police car to aid in the arrest. As the officers entered the bar, they saw the appellee, who fit the description given. The police approached the appellee, identified themselves, and searched appellee. Thirteen packets of heroin were found and seized.

It is fundamental that probable cause must exist to support any search, whether it be with a warrant or without one. United States v. Rubin, 474 F.2d 262 (3d Cir. 1973). We must, therefore, first determine if sufficient probable cause existed to justify a search of ap-pellee.

The United States Supreme Court in Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), enunciated the standard for determining the sufficiency of the probable cause supporting a search.² The court there stated, in effect, that: (1) the officer must know the underlying circumstances from which the informer concluded that the suspect was guilty of a crime, and (2) the officer must have some reason to believe the informer is telling the truth. The first requirement is met where the informant tells the officer how the information was obtained or describes the criminal activity in detail, see Commonwealth v. Soychak, 221 Pa. Superior Ct. 458, 289 A.2d 119 (1972) ; the second requirement may be met if the informant has furnished reliable information in the past. See Commonwealth v. Samuels, 235 Pa. Superior Ct. 192, 340 A.2d 880 (1975). In addition, even where the information supporting probable cause consists, to a large extent, of hearsay, our courts have permitted the use of such hearsay to establish probable cause. Commonwealth v. Falk, 221 Pa. Superior Ct. 43, 290 A.2d 125 (1972).

When we apply the present facts to the above guidelines, we have no difficulty in concluding that probable cause did exist. Officer McDaniel was told by a reliable informant that a person was presently engaged in selling narcotics. The informant told the officer where the illegal transactions were being conducted and gave a complete and accurate description of the alleged suspect. When the officers entered the bar, they observed appellee, who fit the description. Although the officers personally observed no criminal activity, they had enough information to justify the search.

The only other question with which we are faced is the propriety of the search conducted without a warrant. “The Fourth Amendment [to the United States Constitution] does not prohibit warrantless searches, but rather unreasonable searches.” United States v. Samuels, 374 F. Supp. 684, 685 (E.D. Pa. 1974). We must now determine if the warrantless search in this case was “reasonable.”

It is held that the reasonableness of a search depends upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case. United States v. Samuels, supra; cf. Commonwealth v. Cockfield, 411 Pa. 71, 190 A. 2d 898 (1963), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 920 (1963) ; Commonwealth v. Anderson, 208 Pa. Superior Ct. 323, 222 A.2d 495 (1966). It is also determined that “exigent circumstances” may render a warrantless search reasonable. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443 (1971).

Officer McDaniel testified that he did not obtain a warrant because he feared that in the time it would have taken him to secure a warrant, the appellee would have disposed of the narcotics and escaped. This has been held to be such an “exigent circumstance” which absolves the police from the necessity of a warrant. As the Third Circuit Court of Appeals correctly noted: “When Government agents, however, have probable cause to believe contraband is present and, in addition, based on the surrounding circumstances or the information at hand, they reasonably conclude that the evidence will be destroyed or removed before they can secure a search warrant, a warrantless search is justified.” United States v. Rubin, 474 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir. 1973).

The delay required to secure a warrant in the case at bar would have quite possibly enabled appellee to sell the remaining packets of heroin and leave the scene or move on to another location to conduct his activities. This is not a situation where officers failed to obtain a warrant solely because they did not want to expend the required time or because of slight inconvenience, but rather a situation where time was vital to a successful case. Sufficient probable cause existed for the search and sufficient justification existed for conducting it without a warrant. When determining if a search is reasonable, we balance the rights of the citizen with the rights of society as a whole. Commonwealth v. Swanger, 453 Pa. 107, 307 A.2d 875 (1973). The present search was reasonable.

The order of the lower court suppressing the evidence is reversed.

Spaeth, J., concurs in the result.

1 . Act of April 14, .1972, P.L. 233, No. 64, §1 (36 P.S. §780-101) et seq.

2 . Although Agwilwr was concerned with sufficient probable cause to secure a warrant, the standards apply with equal authority for determining probable cause for any search, with or without a warrant.