Commonwealth v. Riggins

315 N.E.2d 525, 366 Mass. 81, 1974 Mass. LEXIS 695
CourtMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
DecidedJuly 25, 1974
StatusPublished
Cited by62 cases

This text of 315 N.E.2d 525 (Commonwealth v. Riggins) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Commonwealth v. Riggins, 315 N.E.2d 525, 366 Mass. 81, 1974 Mass. LEXIS 695 (Mass. 1974).

Opinions

Wilkins, J.

The defendant was found guilty of armed robbery, assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon, and assault with intent to murder, all in connection with an armed robbery of a bank in East Long-meadow. Because of certain difficulties in connection with the preservation of the defendant’s opportunity for appellate review by means of a bill of exceptions, the judge has reported six questions to us. G. L. c. 278, § 30. Five of these questions relate to the basic issue whether the proceeds of the bank robbery and items used in the bank robbery should have been excluded from evidence because of the manner in which that evidence was obtained.1 The sixth question raises the procedural issue whether the judge [83]*83could properly have permitted the defendant to file his bill of exceptions late when the time for filing the bill had been allowed to expire through inadvertence of counsel.* 2

The following facts appear from the judge’s findings and rulings on the defendant’s motion to suppress certain evidence. During the morning of August 3, 1971, a general alarm was broadcast by police radio that an armed robbery of a bank had just occurred in East Longmeadow. The broadcast stated that the robbers were two males who had fled the scene of the crime in a red car heading south toward Connecticut on Route 83. Two Connecticut State troopers, operating separate vehicles in East Windsor, Connecticut, heard the broadcast. One of the troopers (Witkins) was familiar with Route 83 and with the area between East Longmeadow and East Windsor. He knew that there was a strong possibility that a car fleeing southerly from East Longmeadow on Route 83 would reach Interstate Route 1-91, a major route running north-south from western Massachusetts to New Haven, Connecticut. About one minute after receiving the general alarm broadcast, Wit-kins had stationed his cruiser at the junction of Route 1-91 and a southbound ramp leading onto Route 1-91, where he could observe and pursue all traffic heading south on Route 1-91.

The second trooper (Seeley) also proceeded to Route 1-91 in his cruiser when he heard the alarm broadcast. Seeley and Witkins were in communication with each other by [84]*84police radio. Seeley proceeded southerly on Route 1-91 and passed the point where Witkins was stationed. Shortly, Witkins observed a red Oldsmobile automobile with white stripes on its sides, and occupied by two black males, proceeding south on Route 1-91, at a speed slightly in excess of the normal flow of traffic. Witkins knew from experience that the approximate time had elapsed since the radio broadcast during which a motor vehicle would have traveled to East Windsor from East Longmeadow. Using radio communication, Witkins and Seeley coordinated their efforts so that when Seeley signaled the red motor vehicle to stop, Seeley pulled his cruiser up behind it and Witkins stopped in front of it.

Seeley approached the operator of the vehicle, one Ted Murphy, a codefendant in the Superior Court, and asked to see his driver’s license and registration. Murphy produced no license but did produce a New York registration certifí-cate issued to a “Minnie Grange” who Murphy said was his wife. During this conversation Witkins spoke with the defendant who was sitting in the front passenger’s seat. The defendant, who appeared very nervous, said that he had no identification. When asked where he had been, the defendant replied that he did not know. At this point the officers conferred. Seeley returned to the vehicle to ask Murphy, the driver, where he had been. Murphy stated that they had been in Boston. The officers conferred again and agreed that it would be most unusual for a car traveling from Boston toward New York to be on Route 1-91 in East Windsor. There are several more direct, more convenient routes between Boston and New York. The officers concluded that further investigation was warranted.

Witkins asked the defendant to get out of the car and “pat-frisked” him. While this procedure was being carried on, Murphy slid across from the driver’s seat to the passenger’s seat and asked Witkins, “Can’t we talk about this?” Witkins ordered him out of the car and “pat-frisked” him also. He then searched the area of the front seat of the car and then the back seat. He noticed an unlocked, black briefcase in which there was an unlocked metal box which [85]*85contained “a great deal of money.” The defendant and Murphy were then placed under arrest. Subsequent search of the vehicle disclosed, in addition to the money, a revolver, surgical gloves, stocking caps and various other paraphernalia.

The judge denied the defendant’s pre-trial motion to suppress the contents of the vehicle. At trial the defendant moved unsuccessfully for reconsideration of his motion to suppress the personal property taken from the automobile. In the course of the trial relevant additional facts appeared and are set forth in supplementary findings by the judge. The radio broadcast, which resulted in the defendant’s arrest in Connecticut within thirty minutes, was based on information given to a police officer by the bank’s acting manager. Some of the bank manager’s knowledge was the product of personal observation; the balance was obtained from a customer who was in the bank at the time of the robbery. The police officer was told that the two robbers were headed south on Route 83 toward Connecticut in a red Oldsmobile automobile with white stripes, bearing New York license plates. The officer was not told that the two robbers were black.3 The information that the red car was an Oldsmobile, had white stripes and bore New York license plates was apparently not transmitted in the radio broadcast.

Although four questions are presented by report concerning the constitutional propriety of the police conduct, the defendant’s argument is basically that the evidence should have been suppressed because the Connecticut police (1) had no constitutional right to stop the vehicle in which the defendant was a passenger and (2) had no probable cause to justify the search of the vehicle. We hold that no constitutional rights of the defendant were violated and that the evidence was properly admitted. It would [86]*86indeed be difficult to accept the conclusion that in these circumstances the United States Constitution requires the exclusion of evidence which was obtained through effective interstate police work.4

1. The investigative stop of the red motor vehicle met the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as expressed in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968). Although the Terry case involved a pedestrian, its principles are applicable as well to the stopping of a motor vehicle and its occupants. United States v. Mallides, 473 F. 2d 859, 861 (9th Cir. 1973). See, e.g., United States v. James, 452 F. 2d 1375, 1377-1378 (D. C. Cir. 1971); Fields v. Swenson, 459 F. 2d 1064 (8th Cir. 1972). If it is reasonable in the circumstances, law enforcement officers are entitled to stop a person to conduct an investigative inquiry, even if those circumstances do not present probable cause to make an arrest or to conduct a general search. Terry v. Ohio, supra, 22. United States v. Catalano, 450 F. 2d 985, 988 (7th Cir. 1971), cert. den. sub nom. Moscatello v. United States, 405 U. S.

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Bluebook (online)
315 N.E.2d 525, 366 Mass. 81, 1974 Mass. LEXIS 695, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/commonwealth-v-riggins-mass-1974.