Commonwealth v. Lee

386 A.2d 59, 254 Pa. Super. 495, 1978 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2852
CourtSuperior Court of Pennsylvania
DecidedApril 28, 1978
Docket1926
StatusPublished
Cited by13 cases

This text of 386 A.2d 59 (Commonwealth v. Lee) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Superior Court of Pennsylvania primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Commonwealth v. Lee, 386 A.2d 59, 254 Pa. Super. 495, 1978 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2852 (Pa. Ct. App. 1978).

Opinions

CERCONE, Judge:

The instant appeal follows appellant’s conviction by a jury and his judgment of sentence to one to five years imprisonment for violating the Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, 35 P.S. § 780-101 et seq. (1977). Specifically, the jury found appellant guilty of selling methamphetamine to an undercover agent of the State Police. On appeal appellant contends that the lower court erred in failing to require the Commonwealth to provide the name and whereabouts of an informant who was an eyewitness to the transactions which provide the basis for appellant’s [499]*499conviction, and that post-trial counsel was ineffective in failing to raise a Pa.R.Crim.P., Rule 1100 objection.

First, we agree with appellant’s contention that the trial court erred in refusing to compel the Commonwealth to disclose the name and whereabouts of its informant. At appellant’s preliminary hearing, undercover police officer Walter T. Zdunowski testified that appellant sold him two “half T’s” of methamphetamine at a price of fifty dollars. The officer further testified that the sale had been arranged by a confidential informant who witnessed and actively participated in the entire transaction. The only other witness to this transaction was Eugene Derenick, also an undercover officer. Upon learning of the existence of the informant-witness at the preliminary hearing, counsel immediately requested that his identity be disclosed, but this request was denied. Appellant also requested disclosure on two other occasions prior to trial.1 These requests were also denied. Appellant’s defense at trial was mistaken identity, in support of which appellant alleged that there was another James Lee who was also familiar in the area in which the crime occurred. To corroborate this defense appellant produced alibi witnesses who testified that appellant was not at the scene at the time of the alleged drug purchase.

In Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53, 59, 233 A.2d 284, 287 (1967) our Supreme Court relied upon Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957) and noted that:

“ ‘(N)o fixed rule with respect to disclosure is justifiable. The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual’s right to prepare his defense. Whether a prop[500]*500er balance renders nondisclosure erroneous must depend on the particular circumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s testimony, and other relevant factors.’ ”

Applying the Carter test to the case at bar we find that a balancing of factors weighs in favor of the disclosure of the informants identity. The facts of Carter are similar to the case at bar. In Carter an informant introduced an undercover agent to the defendant and witnessed the illegal drug sale along with another police officer who watched from a half-block away. Our Supreme Court held that disclosure was required.

“Elemental to our concept of fairness, as well as that embodied in the federal constitution, is the awareness that the testimonial perspective of police officers is conditioned by the ‘often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime.’ . . . This awareness makes us reluctant to permit the establishment of facts crucial to criminal guilt solely by police testimony based on a single observation where testimony from a more disinterested (sic) source is available.” (Citations omitted.) Id. 427 Pa. at 61, 233 A.2d at 288.

The only distinguishing factor between Carter and the case at bar which weighs in favor of non-disclosure is the fact that the police officers in this case saw appellant on three occasions rather than one. However, these confrontations occurred within the span of 24 hours, and on each occasion the informant was an eyewitness. Since the informant was the only “civilian” witness who actively participated in and witnessed the alleged drug transaction, and appellant produced alibi witnesses at trial, we hold that, on balance, appellant showed a need for disclosure which overrides the public interest in protecting the flow of information about drug sales. Hence, the lower court was in error in not compelling such disclosure.

Although appellant is entitled to a new trial because the Commonwealth did not provide him with the information [501]*501necessary to discover a potential witness for the defense, there remains the question of whether appellant is entitled to be discharged pursuant to Rule 1100(f).

The difficulty of assessing appellant’s claim that counsel were ineffective in failing to raise and preserve the Rule 1100 issue is compounded by the number of counsel who have represented appellant in this case heretofore. It appears from the record and statements made in his brief that appellant has had at least four different lawyers already. Initially he employed private counsel, who requested leave to withdraw prior to the expiration of the 270-day period then allowed by Rule 1100 to bring appellant to trial. Subsequently, three different members of the Public Defender’s Office of Montgomery County represented appellant; one of whom was trial counsel, the second of whom was counsel on post-trial motions, and the last of whom is counsel on this appeal. Hampered by this parade of counsel, appellate counsel argues that post-trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the effectiveness of trial counsel, who, in turn, was allegedly ineffective in not filing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 1100.

Our Supreme Court most recently noted that ineffective assistance of counsel is a claim which must be raised at the earliest opportunity, or it will be waived.

“(I)neffectiveness of prior counsel must be raised as an issue at the earliest stage in the proceedings at which the counsel whose effectiveness is being challenged no longer represents the defendant. It follows then that when newly appointed post-trial counsel fails to assign the ineffectiveness of trial counsel as a ground for post-trial relief, the issue of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness is not properly preserved for appellate review.” Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 472 Pa. 259, 276 n. 6, 372 A.2d 687, 695 n. 6 (1977).

Thus, ordinarily, post-trial counsel’s failure to challenge the effectiveness of trial counsel will preclude our review of that issue when those counsel are different persons. However, it is equally well-established that counsel cannot be expected, [502]*502at the peril of the accused, to challenge his own effectiveness. Accordingly, an exception to the general rule provides that a waiver of the issue will not be imputed to the accused, if counsel who was allegedly ineffective was also counsel when the issue should have first been raised. Commonwealth v. Via, 455 Pa. 373, 316 A.2d 895 (1974). The practical extension of this exception is that no waiver will be found when counsel, engaged in the trial and appellate processes, are members of the same law office, even when that office is the public defender. Commonwealth v.

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Commonwealth v. Lee
386 A.2d 59 (Superior Court of Pennsylvania, 1978)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
386 A.2d 59, 254 Pa. Super. 495, 1978 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2852, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/commonwealth-v-lee-pasuperct-1978.