FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 11, 2020 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION; STATE OF UTAH DIVISION OF SECURITIES, through Attorney General, Sean D. Reyes,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v. No. 19-4100 (D.C. No. 2:18-cv-00892-TC-DBP) RUST RARE COIN INC., a Utah (D. Utah) corporation; GAYLEN DEAN RUST, an individual; DENISE GUNDERSON RUST, an individual; JOSHUA DANIEL RUST, an individual;
Defendants,
and
ALEESHA RUST FRANKLIN, an individual, R LEGACY RACING INC., a Utah corporation, R LEGACY ENTERTAINMENT LLC, a Utah limited liability company, and R LEGACY INVESTMENTS LLC, a Utah limited liability company,
Relief Defendants.
------------------------------
ANDREW JOHNSON; TALLY JOHNSON,
Movants - Appellants,
and JONATHAN O. HAFEN,
Receiver - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Andrew Johnson and Tally Johnson (the “Johnsons”), proceeding pro se,
moved under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a) to intervene as of right in an
enforcement action filed by the federal Commodity Futures Trading Commission
(“CFTC”) and the State of Utah Division of Securities (“UDS”). The district court
denied the Johnsons’ motion, holding they failed to show that their interest in the
property that is the subject of the enforcement action will be impaired or impeded
absent intervention. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,1 we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 “An order denying intervention is final and subject to immediate review if it prevents the applicant from becoming a party to an action.” Hutchinson v. Pfeil, 211 F.3d 515, 518 (10th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). 2 I
In November 2018, the CFTC and the UDS brought an enforcement action
under the Commodities Exchange Act (“CEA”) and the Utah Uniform Securities Act
against individual defendants and a business, Rust Rare Coin, Inc. The amended
complaint alleges that the defendants operated a Ponzi scheme by which they
fraudulently solicited money from investors to buy, pool, and trade physical silver
but instead used the money to pay earlier investors, fund business ventures, and pay
personal expenses. The district court entered an ex parte order freezing Rust Rare
Coin’s assets and appointed a Receiver to identify, marshal, and preserve the assets
in the receivership estate.
Shortly before the enforcement action commenced, the Johnsons agreed to
purchase gold coins from Rust Rare Coin. After they wired over $96,000 to the
business’s bank account, the district court froze Rust Rare Coin’s assets.
Consequently, the transaction was not completed.
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a), the Johnsons moved to intervene
as of right in the enforcement action. Denying the motion, the district court held that
the Johnsons failed to demonstrate that the disposition of the enforcement action
may, as a practical matter, impair their ability to protect their interest in the property
that is the subject of the action. Citing Commodity Futures Trading Commission v.
Chilcott Portfolio Management, Inc., 725 F.2d 584 (10th Cir. 1984), the court
explained that “[i]n an enforcement action such as this, where an applicant for
intervention seeks to resolve a claim against a receivership estate, the applicant’s
3 interest is protected when it has the opportunity to bring the claim without
intervening.”
The court concluded the Johnsons had such an opportunity. Pursuant to the
claim resolution procedure implemented in this case, the Receiver had filed a motion
to liquidate Rust Rare Coin’s assets. The court explained that the procedure allowed
claimants to file objections to the motion with the Receiver and seek discovery to
support the objections.2 The Receiver would then file the objections with the district
court, and the court would conduct a hearing and issue a decision. This process
protected the Johnsons’ interests in the absence of intervention because it allowed
them to present their claim to the gold coins or the wire-transferred funds “as if they
were full parties” to the enforcement action. Accordingly, the district court denied
the Johnsons’ motion to intervene.
II
We review de novo the district court’s denial of the Johnsons’ motion to
intervene under Rule 24(a). See Kane Cty., Utah v. United States, 928 F.3d 877, 889
(10th Cir. 2019). Because the Johnsons are proceeding pro se on appeal, we construe
their briefs liberally, but we do not act as their advocate. See Cummings v. Evans,
161 F.3d 610, 613 (10th Cir. 1998); Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.
1991).
2 The Johnsons also sought to dismiss the enforcement action. The Receiver informed the district court that he had construed the Johnsons’ motion to dismiss as an objection, and the court accepted this construction. 4 Under Rule 24, “a nonparty seeking to intervene as of right must establish (1)
timeliness, (2) an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of
the action, (3) the potential impairment of that interest, and (4) inadequate
representation by existing parties.” Kane Cty., 928 F.3d at 889. The district court
denied the Johnsons’ motion to intervene based on their failure to satisfy the third
requirement—potential impairment of their interest—in light of the availability of the
claim resolution procedure established in the enforcement action.
On appeal, the Johnsons fail to distinguish their circumstances from those we
considered in Chilcott. They contend that they were not investors in defendants’
alleged Ponzi scheme but were merely customers of Rust Rare Coin seeking to
purchase gold coins. But in Chilcott, a similar case involving a CFTC enforcement
action and claim resolution procedure, we rejected a similar argument by a would-be
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 11, 2020 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION; STATE OF UTAH DIVISION OF SECURITIES, through Attorney General, Sean D. Reyes,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v. No. 19-4100 (D.C. No. 2:18-cv-00892-TC-DBP) RUST RARE COIN INC., a Utah (D. Utah) corporation; GAYLEN DEAN RUST, an individual; DENISE GUNDERSON RUST, an individual; JOSHUA DANIEL RUST, an individual;
Defendants,
and
ALEESHA RUST FRANKLIN, an individual, R LEGACY RACING INC., a Utah corporation, R LEGACY ENTERTAINMENT LLC, a Utah limited liability company, and R LEGACY INVESTMENTS LLC, a Utah limited liability company,
Relief Defendants.
------------------------------
ANDREW JOHNSON; TALLY JOHNSON,
Movants - Appellants,
and JONATHAN O. HAFEN,
Receiver - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Andrew Johnson and Tally Johnson (the “Johnsons”), proceeding pro se,
moved under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a) to intervene as of right in an
enforcement action filed by the federal Commodity Futures Trading Commission
(“CFTC”) and the State of Utah Division of Securities (“UDS”). The district court
denied the Johnsons’ motion, holding they failed to show that their interest in the
property that is the subject of the enforcement action will be impaired or impeded
absent intervention. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,1 we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 “An order denying intervention is final and subject to immediate review if it prevents the applicant from becoming a party to an action.” Hutchinson v. Pfeil, 211 F.3d 515, 518 (10th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). 2 I
In November 2018, the CFTC and the UDS brought an enforcement action
under the Commodities Exchange Act (“CEA”) and the Utah Uniform Securities Act
against individual defendants and a business, Rust Rare Coin, Inc. The amended
complaint alleges that the defendants operated a Ponzi scheme by which they
fraudulently solicited money from investors to buy, pool, and trade physical silver
but instead used the money to pay earlier investors, fund business ventures, and pay
personal expenses. The district court entered an ex parte order freezing Rust Rare
Coin’s assets and appointed a Receiver to identify, marshal, and preserve the assets
in the receivership estate.
Shortly before the enforcement action commenced, the Johnsons agreed to
purchase gold coins from Rust Rare Coin. After they wired over $96,000 to the
business’s bank account, the district court froze Rust Rare Coin’s assets.
Consequently, the transaction was not completed.
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a), the Johnsons moved to intervene
as of right in the enforcement action. Denying the motion, the district court held that
the Johnsons failed to demonstrate that the disposition of the enforcement action
may, as a practical matter, impair their ability to protect their interest in the property
that is the subject of the action. Citing Commodity Futures Trading Commission v.
Chilcott Portfolio Management, Inc., 725 F.2d 584 (10th Cir. 1984), the court
explained that “[i]n an enforcement action such as this, where an applicant for
intervention seeks to resolve a claim against a receivership estate, the applicant’s
3 interest is protected when it has the opportunity to bring the claim without
intervening.”
The court concluded the Johnsons had such an opportunity. Pursuant to the
claim resolution procedure implemented in this case, the Receiver had filed a motion
to liquidate Rust Rare Coin’s assets. The court explained that the procedure allowed
claimants to file objections to the motion with the Receiver and seek discovery to
support the objections.2 The Receiver would then file the objections with the district
court, and the court would conduct a hearing and issue a decision. This process
protected the Johnsons’ interests in the absence of intervention because it allowed
them to present their claim to the gold coins or the wire-transferred funds “as if they
were full parties” to the enforcement action. Accordingly, the district court denied
the Johnsons’ motion to intervene.
II
We review de novo the district court’s denial of the Johnsons’ motion to
intervene under Rule 24(a). See Kane Cty., Utah v. United States, 928 F.3d 877, 889
(10th Cir. 2019). Because the Johnsons are proceeding pro se on appeal, we construe
their briefs liberally, but we do not act as their advocate. See Cummings v. Evans,
161 F.3d 610, 613 (10th Cir. 1998); Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir.
1991).
2 The Johnsons also sought to dismiss the enforcement action. The Receiver informed the district court that he had construed the Johnsons’ motion to dismiss as an objection, and the court accepted this construction. 4 Under Rule 24, “a nonparty seeking to intervene as of right must establish (1)
timeliness, (2) an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of
the action, (3) the potential impairment of that interest, and (4) inadequate
representation by existing parties.” Kane Cty., 928 F.3d at 889. The district court
denied the Johnsons’ motion to intervene based on their failure to satisfy the third
requirement—potential impairment of their interest—in light of the availability of the
claim resolution procedure established in the enforcement action.
On appeal, the Johnsons fail to distinguish their circumstances from those we
considered in Chilcott. They contend that they were not investors in defendants’
alleged Ponzi scheme but were merely customers of Rust Rare Coin seeking to
purchase gold coins. But in Chilcott, a similar case involving a CFTC enforcement
action and claim resolution procedure, we rejected a similar argument by a would-be
intervenor that the defendants held his funds as a “mere bailee.” 725 F.2d at 585-86.
We affirmed the district court’s denial of the motion to intervene, holding that the
claims procedure set up by the court-appointed receiver would protect the movant’s
interest in the assets controlled by the receiver. See id. at 587. The Johnsons
advance no argument that the claim resolution procedure set up by the district court
in this case is inadequate to protect their claims because they are merely customers of
Rust Rare Coin.
The Johnsons also assert that their property (presumably the gold coins they
attempted to purchase) is not fungible and is not part of the holdings of Rust Rare
Coin. To the extent they argue that their claim is thus entitled to priority, or that the
5 claim resolution procedure does not “fit” their circumstances, we rejected similar
contentions in Chilcott. See id. at 586 (holding movant was not foreclosed from
asserting his priority claim pursuant to the claims procedure); id. at 587 (rejecting
contention that the claims procedure was inadequate for movant’s purposes). And
again, the Johnsons advance no argument that the claim resolution procedure is
inadequate to resolve their contentions relating to the fungibility of their property.
Additionally, the Johnsons argue that their interest in their property is
impaired because the claim resolution procedure has delayed them from obtaining
their property. Again in Chilcott, we rejected substantially the same argument that
“undue delay” renders a claim resolution procedure inadequate. Id. at 587.
Finally, the Johnsons contend that the district court lacked jurisdiction to
address the CFTC’s and the UDS’s enforcement action. Specifically, they argue that
silver is not a “commodity” under the CEA, and the United States District Courts are
unconstitutional “legislative courts.” They cite no authorities supporting these
arguments, and they again advance no argument that the claim resolution procedure
is inadequate to address them.
III
Ultimately, the Johnsons fail to demonstrate that any aspect of their claim
involving the gold coins or the wire-transferred funds cannot be asserted and resolved
without impairment of their interest through the claim resolution procedure
6 established by the district court in the enforcement action.3 We therefore affirm the
district court’s denial of their motion to intervene as of right under Rule 24(a). We
also deny the Johnsons’ motion to reconsider our order precluding them from filing
an untimely second reply brief.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero Circuit Judge
3 The Johnsons devote a large portion of their opening brief to arguing the merits of their motion to dismiss. As noted, the Receiver is treating their motion to dismiss as an objection pursuant to the claim resolution procedure.