Commissioner of Insurance v. Lloyds Insurance Co. of America, Inc.

283 N.W. 703, 287 Mich. 599

• Court: Michigan Supreme Court
• Decided: February 2, 1939
• Docket: Docket No. 106, Calendar No. 40,220.
• Status: Published

Opinions

Sharpe, J.

In August, 1932, the Detroit Fidelity & Surety Company, a Michigan corporation, the Constitution Indemnity Company of Philadelphia, a Pennsylvania corporation, and Lloyds Casualty Company, a New York corporation, entered into an agreement of merger and consolidation forming Lloyds Insurance Company of America, a New York corporation. All of the assets of the three constituent corporations were transferred to the resulting corporation; the stockholders of the old corporations exchanged their stock for stock in the new corporation and the new corporation assumed all the liabilities and obligations of the three original corporations.

Prior to the mentioned merger, the Detroit Fidelity & Surety Company had underwritten two fidelity bonds for the American State Bank of Detroit against loss occasioned by tbe dishonest acts of its employees. Defalcations were discovered and the First Wayne National Bank of Detroit as successor to the American State Bank of Detroit commenced suit in Wayne county on the bonds. In July, 1932, the suit was removed to the Federal court at Detroit. In October, 1932, the name of the First Wayne National Bank of Detroit was changed to First National Bank-Detroit and in May, 1933, C. O. Thomas was appointed as its receiver.

In August, 1933, Charles E. Gauss, commissioner of insurance of Michigan, filed a bill of complaint in the circuit court of Ingham county asking that a receiver be appointed for Lloyds Insurance Company of America due to its insolvency; and that the receiver take possession of and collect all assets of Lloyds Insurance Company within the State of Michigan. Following this action on the part of the Michigan insurance commissioner and on August 16, 1933, an order was entered by the circuit judge of Ingham county granting the relief asked for in the bill of complaint. On the same day, August 16,1933, that the Michigan receiver was appointed, an order of liquidation was entered in the supreme court of New York declaring Lloyds Insurance Company of America to be insolvent. The superintendent of insurance of New York was appointed liquidator of the domestic corporation and February 16,1934, was set as the final date for all creditors to file their claims. In October, 1933, the Michigan receiver filed a petition in the circuit court of Ingham county praying for authority to enter into an agreement with the superintendent of insurance of New York whereby the Michigan assets of Lloyds Insurance Company would be transferred to the New York department of insurance. The proposed agreement pro vided for the filing of claims with either the Michigan or New York receiver on or before February 16, 1934. When this petition came on for hearing before the trial judge, it was denied.

On December 14, 1934, the Federal court entered judgment for the sum of $250,000 in favor of the First National Bank-Detroit and on the same day B. C. Schram as receiver of the First National Bank-Detroit filed proof of claim in the Michigan Lloyds receivership proceedings. This claim was allowed by the trial judge.

On October 20, 1934, an order was entered which provided that all persons having claims against Lloyds must file proof of their claims with the Michigan receiver on or before December 15, 1934. On January 30,1935, the superintendent of insurance of New York filed a petition to intervene in the Michigan proceedings. This petition was granted on February 5,1935. In November, 1937, the Michigan receiver filed a petition in the Ingham circuit court praying for authority to enter into an agreement with the New York liquidator, the purpose of which was to transfer the Michigan assets of Lloyds in receivership to the New York department of insurance.

The appellant, receiver for the First National Bank-Detroit, entered his appearance in opposition to the granting of this petition. When the cause came on for hearing, it developed that the total income of the Michigan receiver was the sum of $91,407.58 and the total expenditures were $48,320.27; that the principal asset of the Michigan receiver is the home office building, carried on the books of the company at a valuation of $375,000; a real estate mortgage in the sum of $22,000; $10,000 city of Birmingham bonds; a trust certificate in the sum of $998.42; and a bank balance as of November 1, 1937, of $43,087.31. It was also developed that a three per cent, dividend was paid by the New York department of insurance to policyholders who filed claims in the New York proceedings; that six reports had been filed in the New York courts by the New York department of insurance, but no testimony was given as to the value of the Lloyds assets under the New York liquidator’s control or any facts concerning any phase of the New York liquidation. At this hearing, appellant made a motion to dismiss the petition to transfer the Michigan assets to the New York liquidator until such time as definite facts could be produced by the Michigan receiver and the New York liquidator. This motion was denied and on March 9, 1938, an order was entered authorizing the Michigan receiver to enter into an agreement with the New York department of insurance to transfer the Michigan assets of Lloyds to the New York department of insurance, a copy of said agreement being as follows:

“Agreement made and entered into this........ day of ........., 1938 between Horace B. Corell, receiver of the assets and property of the Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., located within the State of Michigan, hereinafter referred to as ‘receiver,’ and Louis H. Pink, superintendent of insurance of the State of New York, as liquidator of Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., by Milton O. Loysen, duly appointed special deputy superintendent of insurance in charge of the liquidation of said company, hereinafter referred to as ‘liquidator;’

“Whereas, by an order of the supreme court of the State of New York, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York, on the 16th day of August, 1933, the Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., a New York insurance corporation, was declared insolvent and its charter was dissolved, and the liquidator directed to take possession of its property and to liquidate its affairs pursuant to article 11 of the insurance law of the State of New York; and

“Whereas, by an order dated August 16, 1933 of the circuit court of the State of Michigan, in and for the county of Ingham, Horace B. Corell was appointed receiver of Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., and directed to take possession of all the property and assets of said company located within the State of Michigan; and

“Whereas on the 9th day of March, 1938, an order was duly made and entered in the circuit court of the State of Michigan, in and for the county of Ingham, authorizing and empowering the said Horace B. Corell, receiver, to enter into an agreement with the liquidator for the transmission of the Michigan assets by the receiver to the liquidator in return for which the liquidator will recognize claims filed in the Michigan court and give them the same force and effect as claims properly filed and allowed in the New York liquidation proceedings.

“Now, therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises herein contained, the parties hereto respectively agree as follows-:

“1. The receiver will immediately, after deducting the administration expenses of the Michigan proceeding as determined by the court in charge of that proceeding, remit, assign and transfer to the liquidator all assets of Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., which now are, or which hereafter may come, within his possession or control, saving and excepting the sum of $3,000, which the receiver shall retain in his possession until administration of the estate has been completed in the State of Michigan, out of which sum the receiver shall pay such administration expenses as have accrued or may ac erne pursuant to the order of the circuit court for the county of Ingham and State of Michigan.

“2. The liquidator will accept the final determination and allowance which has been, or will be made, by the receiver and the Michigan court in charge of the Michigan proceeding on the claims set forth in the schedule hereto annexed, made a part hereof and marked Exhibit ‘A’ (not exceeding the amounts therein set forth); and will make dividend distribution to said claimants on the basis of the amounts allowed by the Michigan receiver and approved by the Michigan court, along with and like all other allowed claims of the same class in the New York liquidation proceedings; provided, however, that if any Michigan claimant has filed his claim both in the Michigan proceedings and in the New York liquidation proceeding, upon which a dividend has been paid by the New York liquidator, such claimant shall not be entitled to a further dividend by the liquidator, until and unless all other claimants or creditors of the same class have received a dividend equal in amount to the dividend which such claimant has already received.

“3. All expenses, fees, disbursements and debts incurred in the administration of the Michigan receivership are to be payable only out of the Michigan assets, and no claim for any part of such expenses, fees, disbursements and debts may be asserted against the liquidator or against the assets of Lloyds Insurance Company of America, Inc., in New York.

“4. The liquidator will immediately after the execution of this agreement by the parties hereto, apply to the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in and for the county of New York, for an order approving same; and this agreement shall not become effective until and unless such an order is made. ’ ’

Claimant appeals and contends that where the stock of a new corporation is the sole consideration received for the old company’s assets, the assets transferred to the new corporation are impressed with a trust for the benefit of the creditors of the old corporation; and that assuming that the Michigan receivership is ancillary to the New York receivership it was an abuse of judicial discretion on the part of the trial court to order the transfer of the local assets of Lloyds to the New York receivership where there was no showing of the status of the primary or ancillary trust, or no showing that the transfer would be beneficial, or at least not detrimental to the Michigan creditors of Lloyds.

Prior to the hearing of this cause in the Supreme Court, a motion was made to dismiss appellant’s appeal upon the theory that such appeal was from an interlocutory order entered by the trial judge and contrary to Court Rule No. 60 (1933).

Appeal from a chancery decree or order is a statutory right, 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15508 (Stat. Ann. § 27.2608); an appeal of right is proper only from a final judgment or order, In re Widening Woodward Avenue, 265 Mich. 87; the right to appeal is determined not by the form of the order or decree, but by its effect, Perrin v. Lepper, 72 Mich. 454. In Equitable Twist Co. v. Bankers Trust Co., 268 Mich. 394, we held that if the order might finally dispose of a portion of the subject matter in controversy, it is a final order and leave to appeal need not be obtained.

The order appealed from relates in part as follows :

“It is further ordered that the receiver herein be and he hereby is authorized to do any and all necessary acts to accomplish the intents and purposes of said agreement without the further order of this court. ’ ’

The effect of the order complained of is to transfer the assets to the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York and conclusively determines the rights of Michigan creditors to relief out of the assets in the courts of Michigan. The order appealed from was final as to certain rights of Michigan creditors and leave to appeal was unnecessary.

It is the claim of appellee that it is the duty of an ancillary receiver to transmit assets to the receiver acting in the domicile of a foreign corporation; and that it is the duty of the Michigan receiver to assist the New York liquidator who is the only proper person to dissolve the defendant company.

In the case at bar a judgment in the sum of $250,000 was secured against the Detroit Fidelity & Surety Company upon its bonds. The claim upon which this judgment arose occurred before the agreement of consolidation was perfected. Under these facts, the claimant was a creditor of the Detroit company prior to the consolidation. It is a general rule in Michigan that where a corporation transfers all of its assets to another corporation, the purchaser of those assets receives them subject to the right of creditors of the transferring corporation.

In Grenell v. Detroit Gas Co., 112 Mich. 70, we said:

“Under such circumstances, we think a legitimate inference is that the purchase was made subject to the application of so much of the property as might be necessary to the payment of the debts of the Michigan Gas Company, if not with the understanding that all debts should be paid by the purchaser. Berry v. Railroad Co., 52 Kan. 774 (36 Pac. 724, 39 Am. St. Rep. 381). Again, a corporation cannot sell all of its property, and take in payment stock in a new corporation, under an arrangement that has the effect of distributing the assets of the vendor among its stockholders, to the exclusion and prejudice of its creditors; and a company making such purchase, in consideration of an issue of its own stock to such stockholders, takes the property subject to the rights of creditors. Such an arrangement is a diversion of the trust fund.

“It is said that there is nothing to show an intention to defeat the creditors of the Michigan Gas Company, as this was not a liquidated claim at the time this transfer was made. See Schaible v. Ardner, 98 Mich. 70. Under the arrangement, the promoters and stockholders of the Detroit Gas Company knew that it was getting all of the property of the Michigan Gas Company, without provision for its debts, if there were any. It was bound to know that this property was charged with such debts, and ought not to be distributed among the stockholders to the exclusion of creditors. It was a party, then, to a diversion of the trust fund, and, having in its possession such fund, holds it subject to the payment of debts. It cannot be called a bona fide purchaser of the property, as against existing creditors.”

Under the authority of the Grenell Case, supra, the transfer of the assets of the Detroit company to Lloyds Insurance Company was made subject to the rights of the creditors of the Detroit company and under the authority of Fisk v. State Savings Bank of Ann Arbor, 225 Mich. 580, the new corporation held the assets subject to debts and as trustee for creditors.

Appellant claims that the record fails to show sufficient facts from which the court can be assured that if the assets are transferred to the New York liquidator, the Michigan creditors will receive the protection they are entitled to. It is to be noted that the New York liquidator promises to make equal dis tribution of dividends to the Michigan creditors with all creditors of the same class.

An examination of the record fails to show the value of the assets in the hands of the New York liquidator nor does it show the value of the assets in the hands of the Michigan receiver. The record speaks of an office building in the city of Detroit with a book value of $375,000, but this building is subject to a real estate mortgage, the amount of which is not stated. In Commissioner of Insurance v. National Life Ins. Co. of United States of America, 280 Mich. 344, we held that a receiver appointed in a foreign State had no extraterritorial jurisdiction; and that a trial judge may impose conditions upon a foreign receiver when Michigan assets are transferred to him. In the case at bar, the trial judge failed to impose conditions upon the New York liquidator that would preserve the rights of the receiver of the First National Bank-Detroit against the Detroit Fidelity & Surety Company in the manner hereinbefore mentioned. The record is insufficient to make such a determination. It was an abuse of judicial discretion to order the transfer of Michigan assets to the New York liquidator without first having ascertained that the Michigan creditors would receive adequate protection in the foreign jurisdiction.

The decree of the trial court is reversed and the cause referred to the trial court for further proceedings in harmony with this opinion. Appellant may recover costs.

Wiest, Bushnell, Potter, Chandler, and North, JJ., concurred with Sharpe, J.