IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS ══════════ No. 18-0879 ══════════
COMMISSION FOR LAWYER DISCIPLINE, PETITIONER, v.
MARK A. CANTU, RESPONDENT ══════════════════════════════════════════ ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS ══════════════════════════════════════════
PER CURIAM
In this attorney discipline case, the trial court rendered judgment disbarring Mark Cantu.
The court of appeals reversed due to the admission of testimony by the federal bankruptcy judge
who oversaw Cantu’s personal bankruptcy proceedings. Because we agree with the Commission
for Lawyer Discipline (the CLD) that allowing the judge’s testimony was not error, we reverse the
court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to that court.
This disciplinary action arose from Cantu’s conduct in his personal bankruptcy proceeding,
in which Judge Marvin Isgur denied a bankruptcy discharge because of misconduct by Cantu
during the bankruptcy proceeding. Judge Isgur prepared a 72-page Memorandum Opinion (the
Opinion) explaining his decision. He also concluded that his ethical obligations required him to
notify the State Bar of Texas of Cantu’s conduct. Based on the conduct described in the Opinion,
the CLD brought a disciplinary action against Cantu. The CLD alleged violations of several of the Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct: Rule 3.02 (prohibiting lawyers from “taking a
position that unreasonably increases the costs or other burdens of the case or that unreasonably
delays resolution of the matter”), Rule 3.03(a)(1) (prohibiting lawyers from “knowingly making
false statements of material fact or law to a tribunal”), Rule 3.03(a)(5) (prohibiting lawyers from
knowingly offering false evidence), Rule 3.04(d) (prohibiting lawyers from knowingly disobeying
a standing rule or ruling by the tribunal), and Rule 8.04(a)(3) (prohibiting lawyers from “engaging
in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation”). TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES
OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 3.02, 3.03(a)(1), (5), 3.04(d), 8.04(a)(3), reprinted in TEX. GOV’T CODE.
ANN. tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (Tex. State Bar R. X § 9).
The disciplinary case was tried to a jury. The CLD called Cantu, the bankruptcy trustee,
and Judge Isgur to testify. The bankruptcy trustee testified at great length about Cantu’s conduct.
The CLD initially designated Isgur as an expert witness but opted before trial to call him as a fact
witness. Cantu objected to Judge Isgur’s testimony before and during trial. After lengthy
discussions with counsel, the trial court endeavored to limit Judge Isgur’s testimony to the rulings
he made in bankruptcy court as reflected in his Opinion. The trial court also permitted the CLD
to admit a heavily redacted copy of the Opinion itself. Over 81 objections, the Opinion was
redacted to include those portions that had been explored by the witnesses.
Judge Isgur’s testimony was relatively brief but certainly damaging to Cantu. He described
his personal background and the role of a federal bankruptcy judge. He testified that he denied
Cantu’s discharge. He recited certain findings from his Opinion. He testified that Cantu:
“displayed a pattern of omission, obfuscation and noncompliance”; “had given false oaths in the
bankruptcy court”; “improperly concealed and transferred assets”; “refused to comply with lawful
2 Court orders”; “failed to keep adequate records” as required by the Bankruptcy Code; and
“withheld information from the trustee.” Judge Isgur further testified that Cantu violated various
court orders and that he had ordered Cantu to pay sanctions for violations of the automatic
bankruptcy stay. He explained that this conduct was the basis for his decision to deny Cantu’s
discharge and that he had forwarded a copy of his Opinion to the State Bar of Texas and the chief
judge of his federal district court.
Cantu offered several expert witnesses who opined that his conduct did not violate the
disciplinary rules. The jury found that Cantu violated all the disciplinary rules alleged by the CLD,
except for Rule 3.04(d). The trial court found that disbarment was the proper sanction for each of
the four rule violations and rendered judgment disbarring Cantu. Cantu appealed on several
grounds. The court of appeals reversed and remanded for a new trial. The court of appeals
concluded, over a dissent, that admission of Judge Isgur’s testimony was reversible error. Cantu
v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2018, pet. granted)
(mem. op.). In reaching this conclusion, the court of appeals relied heavily on Joachim v.
Chambers, 815 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. 1991), in which this Court disapproved of the admission of
expert testimony by a judge. Cantu, ___ S.W.3d at ___.
In this Court, the CLD contends that Joachim does not require exclusion of Judge Isgur’s
testimony. At the outset, the CLD argues that Cantu did not specifically invoke Joachim in the
trial court and so failed to preserve the argument. But Cantu “was not required . . . at trial to rely
on precisely the same case law . . . [the court of appeals found] persuasive.” Adams v. Starside
Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex. 2018). Among his laundry list of objections
to Judge Isgur’s testimony, Cantu complained that it was improper expert testimony by a judge,
3 that “the jury is supposed to hear what happened,” and, most importantly, that it is “not for the
judge to tell them how to vote.” This line of argument is very similar to the concerns about judicial
testimony animating Joachim. See 815 S.W.2d at 237. Cantu’s trial-court arguments expressed
the basic rationale for the objection without citing the case law. This does not prevent him from
relying on the case law on appeal. “We do not consider issues that were not raised in the courts
below, but parties are free to construct new arguments in support of issues properly before the
Court.” Greene v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 446 S.W.3d 761, 764 n.4 (Tex. 2014).
Turning to the merits, we agree with the CLD that Joachim does not require exclusion of
Judge Isgur’s testimony. Joachim was a lawyer-malpractice case. The defense argued that the
plaintiffs’ damages were caused not by the lawyer’s mistakes but by the actions of Judge Godard,
the presiding judge in the underlying matter. The defense called as an expert witness another
judge, Judge Blanton, who was not involved in the underlying proceeding. Judge Blanton testified
about Judge Godard’s handling of docket sheet entries. The plaintiffs sought mandamus relief to
prohibit the court in the malpractice case from allowing Judge Blanton’s testimony at trial.
Joachim, 815 S.W.2d at 235–37.
This Court held that, in the circumstances presented, permitting Judge Blanton’s expert
testimony was an abuse of discretion. The Court reasoned as follows. Generally, a judge is
competent to testify in any trial except one over which he is presiding. Id. at 237. However, the
testimony of a judge as an expert witness implicates Canon 2 of the Texas Code of Judicial
Conduct, which at the time stated, “A Judge Should Avoid Impropriety and the Appearance of
4 Impropriety in All Activities.” 1 Id. The Canon went on to specify that a judge should promote
“the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary” and “should not lend the prestige of his or her office
to advance the private interests of himself or herself or others.” 2 Id. The Court held that Canon 2
prohibited Judge Blanton’s testimony as an expert witness. The Court stated, “The appearance of
a judge as a witness threatens, rather than promotes, public confidence in the integrity and
impartiality of the judiciary.” Id. at 238 (internal quotation marks omitted). It further reasoned:
Although Canon 2 specifically restricts judges only from testifying as character witnesses, the underlying principles may apply to other judicial testimony, especially expert testimony. A judge who testifies as an expert witness for a private litigant provides more than evidence; the judge also confers the prestige and credibility of judicial office to that litigant’s position, just as a judge who testifies to the litigant’s character. Expert witnesses, unlike judges, rarely appear impartial; a party does not ordinarily call an expert whose testimony is unfavorable. An expert witness is offered to support a party’s position, and if the expert is a judge, the jury may mistake that support for an official endorsement. An expert witness is usually subject to more rigorous interrogation than a character witness. Thus, the opportunity for strained relations between a judicial witness and a cross-examining attorney bent on discharging his duty to zealously represent his client is perhaps greater when the judge is testifying as an expert than as a character witness. The danger that the judge will not be able to set aside the memory of the interrogation when the attorney appears before the judge in other cases is at least as real. Even when there is no actual impropriety, the appearance of impropriety looms.
The risk of such appearance of impropriety extends beyond the particular case in which the judge testifies. Not only are jurors likely to be influenced in their decision by the testimony of a judge on one party’s behalf, they will see a judge appearing to take sides. The entrance of a judge into the litigation arena in aid of a combatant impacts not only the outcome of that conflict but the very idea of judicial impartiality.
1 The current version of Canon 2 similarly states: “Avoiding Impropriety and the Appearance of Impropriety in All of the Judge’s Activities.” TEX. CODE JUD. CONDUCT Canon 2, reprinted in TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. B. 2 The current version of Canon 2 similarly states that a judge “should act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary” and “shall not lend the prestige of judicial office to advance the private interests of the judge or others.” Id. Canon 2(A)–(B).
5 Id. at 238–39. While much of Joachim speaks in broad principles, its holding was explicitly
limited to its facts. Id. at 240 (“We hold only that in the circumstances of this case, Canon 2
prohibits defendants from calling Judge Blanton as an expert witness.”).
Applying Joachim and its reasoning to this case, we conclude that the trial court did not err
by admitting Judge Isgur’s testimony. In Joachim itself, this Court acknowledged that judges
generally are competent to testify in any trial except one over which they are presiding. Id. at 237.
The Court went on to explain why, in the circumstances presented, the judicial testimony should
have been excluded. In so doing, the Court did not announce a broad and general rule against
courtroom testimony by judges. See id. at 239 (“We do not hold that [these standards of judicial
conduct] prohibit judges from ever testifying in court.”). To impose such a rule in attorney-
disciplinary cases would be particularly ill-advised. In this case, as in others, the judge is the
complainant who filed the grievance against the lawyer. Disallowing testimony from judges in
such cases would place judge-initiated grievances at an artificial disadvantage relative to other
grievances in which the complainant may freely testify. In this instance, the difficulty the CLD
would have faced without the initiating complainant as a witness was especially acute because
Cantu’s counsel made it clear that if Judge Isgur did not testify, he would portray that failure to
appear as a weakness in the case against Cantu:
To the extent that Judge Isgur is not going to be here, we’re going to talk about it. We think that’s relevant. He is the complainant in this case. He is the one that filed the original grievance, and to try to say that that’s somehow not relevant, huh-uh. We’re going to talk about him not being here. We think it’s relevant, highly relevant, goes to show his bias or prejudice, I guess I should say, against my client. And I think that’s extremely relevant. Other than that, I’m not going to talk about anybody else. I’m not going to say what testimony those witnesses would have. I’m not going to say, If Judge Isgur was here, he would tell you X, Y and Z. I’m going to say Judge Isgur ain’t here, and he filed a complaint.
6 Thus, whereas Joachim sought to protect the integrity of the judiciary by limiting judicial expert
testimony, in Cantu’s case, excluding judicial testimony could have had the opposite effect by
suggesting to the jury, at Cantu’s urging, that judges do not stand behind their accusations.
The possibility of judicial testimony in attorney-discipline proceedings is envisioned by
the Texas and federal codes of conduct for judges. Judge Isgur is a federal judge subject to the
Code of Conduct for United States Judges. Canon 3 of that code requires a judge to perform his
duties “fairly, impartially and diligently.” CODE OF CONDUCT FOR U.S. JUDGES Canon 3. Canon
3(B)(6) provides: “A judge should take appropriate action upon receipt of reliable information
indicating the likelihood . . . that a lawyer violated applicable rules of professional conduct.” Id.
Canon 3(B)(6). The commentary to this section states: “Appropriate action may include . . .
reporting the conduct to the appropriate authorities . . . . Appropriate action may also include
responding to a subpoena to testify or otherwise cooperating with or participating in judicial or
lawyer disciplinary proceedings; a judge should be candid and honest with disciplinary
authorities.” Id. Canon 3(B)(6) cmt. The ethics rules for federal judges thus affirmatively
encourage the reporting of attorney misconduct and the providing of testimony in disciplinary
proceedings. Needless to say, nothing in the federal judicial canons endorses the kind of judicial
expert testimony for private litigants of which Joachim disapproved.
The Texas rules of judicial conduct are consistent with these federal standards. Texas Code
of Judicial Conduct Canon 3(D)(2) states:
A judge who receives information clearly establishing that a lawyer has committed a violation of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct should take appropriate action. A judge having knowledge that a lawyer had committed a violation of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct that raises a substantial question as to the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a
7 lawyer in other respects shall inform the Office of the General Counsel of the State Bar of Texas or take other appropriate action.
TEX. CODE JUD. CONDUCT Canon 3(D)(2). The obligation to report attorney misconduct applied
doubly to Judge Isgur, who is not only a judge but a licensed Texas attorney. Under Texas
Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct 8.03(a), “a lawyer having knowledge that another
lawyer has committed a violation of applicable rules of professional conduct that raises a
substantial question as to that lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in other
respects, shall inform the appropriate disciplinary authority.” TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES OF
PROF’L CONDUCT R. 8.03(a). Judge Isgur correctly testified that he sent his Opinion to the State
Bar because, as an attorney, “[he] was mandated to do it by the State Bar of Texas.”
These standards of conduct for lawyers and judges reporting attorney misconduct place
this case in stark contrast to Joachim. While Joachim recognized several reasons why judicial
expert testimony may often be inappropriate, in attorney disciplinary proceedings the applicable
ethical guidelines suggest that testimony by a judge may be not just appropriate but required. It is
no surprise that judges in fact do testify with some regularity in disciplinary proceedings. See, e.g.,
Hamlett v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 538 S.W.3d 179, 182 n.3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2017,
no pet.) (per curiam); Olsen v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 347 S.W.3d 876, 889 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2011, pet. denied); McIntyre v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 169 S.W.3d 803, 812 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied); Hawkins v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 988 S.W.2d 927,
938 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, pet. denied); Cohn v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 979 S.W.2d
694, 698 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).
Joachim is further distinguishable because, unlike Judge Isgur, the judge in Joachim was
not a participant in the prior judicial proceedings that formed the factual core of the case. In 8 Joachim, Judge Blanton offered his expert opinion on what happened in the prior case in which he
was not involved. 815 S.W.2d. at 235–36. Judge Isgur, by contrast, witnessed Cantu’s misconduct
and initiated the grievance process. His testimony—as a witness with personal knowledge of the
underlying bankruptcy proceedings—was important in explaining to the jury the underlying facts
that led to the grievance action. While Cantu argues that other witnesses could have explained the
proceeding, including the bankruptcy trustee, the posture of this case was such that Isgur’s failure
to testify would have handicapped the presentation of the underlying facts and confused the jury
as to why a critical participant was not present. As the court of appeals noted, Judge Isgur’s
“testimony was crucial to key issues in the case as pleaded by the Commission and as submitted
to the jury.” Cantu, ___ S.W.3d at ___. The trial court did not err in admitting it.
The court of appeals reasoned that Judge Isgur’s testimony “primarily constituted expert
opinion.” Id. at ___. This conclusion led the court to conclude that the testimony must be excluded
under Joachim. We do not agree. First, Joachim recognizes that in some circumstances a judge
may testify, even as an expert. 815 S.W.2d at 239. Second, we do not agree with the court of
appeals that Judge Isgur’s testimony was primarily expert testimony. Joachim acknowledges that
“a judge must, like anyone else, testify to relevant facts within his personal knowledge when
summoned to do so.” Id. Judge Isgur did exactly that. He gave the jury his background and a
general description of his job as a bankruptcy judge. He explained his dealings with Cantu and
the circumstances in which he prepared his Opinion. He explained that he found Cantu had
“displayed a pattern of omission, obfuscation and noncompliance,” and that Cantu had given false
oaths, concealed and transferred assets that belonged to the bankruptcy estate, and refused to
comply with court orders. Judge Isgur testified that Cantu had failed to keep adequate records and
9 had withheld information from the trustee. He testified that “Cantu’s actions were the most
litigious that I’ve ever seen in an individual bankruptcy case,” and that these actions drove up the
expenses of the case. Id. at 103. He explained that he forwarded his opinion to the State Bar. This
testimony was largely a recounting of events Judge Isgur personally observed and of his factual
findings. Testimony is deemed expert testimony “when the main substance of the witness’s
testimony is based on application of the witness’s specialized knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education.” Reid Rd. Mun. Util. Dist. No. 2 v. Speedy Stop Food Stores, Ltd., 337
S.W.3d 846, 851 (Tex. 2011). Here, the main substance of the testimony was based on Judge
Isgur’s personal knowledge of Cantu’s conduct in the bankruptcy proceeding. Judge Isgur did not
purport to give any opinions on whether Cantu committed violations of Texas ethical standards.
Judge Isgur is certainly in possession of much expert knowledge, but “not all witnesses who are
experts necessarily testify as experts.” Id. at 850. While we agree with the court of appeals that
“the judge was presented not as a typical fact witness,” Cantu, ___ S.W.3d at ___, we do not agree
that he primarily testified as an expert witness.
The court of appeals also concluded that Judge Isgur gave character witness testimony.
Texas Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2(B) provides, “A judge shall not testify voluntarily as a
character witness.” TEX. CODE JUD. CONDUCT Canon 2(B). The court of appeals concluded that
Judge Isgur had given character witness testimony because he testified that he based his thousands
of decisions in part on the credibility of witnesses before him, because he testified as to specific
acts of professional misconduct, and because he had instructed Cantu to stop “doing frivolous
things.” We do not agree that this testimony amounted to character witness testimony. Character
witness testimony is testimony in the form of an opinion about a person’s general character. See
10 TEX. R. EVID. 405(a)(1), 608(a); In re Jimenez, 841 S.W.2d 572, 574 (Tex. Spec. Ct. Rev. 1992)
(“Judge Jimenez testified as a character witness that Heim had a bad reputation for truthfulness
and veracity . . . .”); JEFF BROWN & REECE RONDON, TEXAS RULES OF EVIDENCE HANDBOOK 236–
37 (2019) (“The definition of ‘character’ as the term is used in Rules 404 and 405 . . . is a
generalized personality trait or a propensity to behave in a certain manner.”). Judge Isgur did not
testify as to Cantu’s character when he confirmed that he based his decisions as a judge in part on
the credibility of witnesses—testimony elicited by Cantu’s counsel. Nor did the judge testify as a
character witness when he testified that he found specific acts of misconduct or when he testified
that he instructed Cantu to stop doing frivolous things. None of these comments were in the nature
of testimony about Cantu’s general character or reputation.
The CLD also argues that the trial court did not err in admitting Judge Isgur’s written
Opinion denying Cantu’s discharge in bankruptcy. The court of appeals devoted a single footnote
to this issue. We are unable to discern whether the court of appeals viewed the admission of the
Opinion as an independent basis for reversal. 3 If it did, we disagree. Cantu argues that the Opinion
was inadmissible hearsay. But the CLD is correct that the Opinion was admissible under the
hearsay exception for public records found in Rule of Evidence 803(8). This exception applies to
“[a] record or statement of a public office if . . . it sets out (i) the office’s activities; (ii) a matter
observed while under a legal duty to report . . . or (iii) in a civil case . . . factual findings from a
3 The court of appeals noted Cantu’s separate argument that the trial court erred in admitting Judge Isgur’s Opinion. It stated, “We need not further address this issue here,” but then noted that the Opinion “‘could be . . . a form of judicial influence no less proscribed than judicial testimony.’” Cantu, ___ S.W.3d at ___ n.4 (quoting In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Tex. 2003)).
11 legally authorized investigation . . . .” TEX. R. EVID. 803(8). 4 The Opinion sets out Judge Isgur’s
legally authorized factual findings. As a court-generated document, it can qualify as a public
record. See JEFF BROWN & REECE RONDON, TEXAS RULES OF EVIDENCE HANDBOOK 906 (2019)
(stating that examples of Rule 803(8) public records include “court-ordered judgments and
sentences kept in the court’s files”); see also Estate of Wilson v. Wilson, 587 S.W.2d 674, 675
(Tex. 1979) (per curiam) (holding that prior judgment containing factual finding of undue
influence was admissible as a public record under prior statute permitting admission of government
records).
Cantu argues that the Opinion was unduly prejudicial under Rule 403, which provides that
relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by certain
risks, including the danger of “unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, [or] misleading the jury.”
TEX. R. EVID. 403. The CLD argues that the Opinion was properly admitted because Cantu
“opened the door” to its admission by asking one of his experts about the Opinion. “Evidence that
is otherwise inadmissible may become admissible when a party opens the door . . . . by leaving a
false impression with the jury that invites the other side to respond.” Hayden v. State, 296 S.W.3d
549, 554 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Burlington N. R.R., 966 S.W.2d
467, 473 (Tex. 1998) (“A party on appeal should not be heard to complain of the admission of
improper evidence by the other side, when he . . . introduced the same evidence or evidence of a
similar character.” (quoting McInnes v. Yamaha Motor Corp., 673 S.W.2d 185, 188 (Tex. 1984))).
4 Rule 803(8) separately requires that “the opponent fails to demonstrate that the source of the information or other circumstances indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” TEX. R. EVID. 803(8)(B). Cantu failed to make such a showing.
12 On many occasions, one of Cantu’s experts testified that there was no evidence of
misconduct “other than Judge Isgur’s opinion.” We agree with the Commission that, by repeatedly
referencing the Opinion—over 30 times—and repeatedly claiming there was no evidence of
misconduct other than Judge Isgur’s Opinion, the expert’s testimony suggested that the Opinion
was somehow conclusory or perfunctory, or lacking in factual foundation. Permitting the jury to
see the relevant, detailed findings of the Opinion fairly showed the jury that the Opinion included
findings of specific acts of misconduct and was consistent with the testimony of the judge and the
trustee. The Opinion was a fair response to Cantu’s evidence and was properly admitted under the
circumstances. It was not unfairly prejudicial or misleading. Further, any potential for unfair
prejudice arising from the admission of the Opinion was minimized because it was heavily
redacted to include only those portions explored by the live witnesses, who were subject to cross-
examination. The trial court did not err in admitting the Opinion over a Rule 403 objection.
In summary, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting Judge Isgur to testify
or by admitting Judge Isgur’s redacted Opinion. The court of appeals erred by holding otherwise.
Cantu raised many other issues in the court of appeals that were not reached by that court. 5
Accordingly, without hearing oral argument, we grant the petition for review, reverse the judgment
of the court of appeals, and remand the case to that court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 59.1, 60.2(d).
OPINION DELIVERED: October 25, 2019
5 Cantu raises several points in his cross-petition that were not reached by the court of appeals. We deny the cross-petition without regard to the merits.