1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 Commerce Point Capital, Inc., Case No.: 19-cv-556-W (LL)
12 Plaintiff, ORDER: 13 v. (1) DENYING FDC’S MOTION TO 14 First Data Corporation, et al., DISMISS [DOC. 17]; 15 Defendants. (2) GRANTING IN PART AND 16 DENYING IN PART FDMS’S 17 MOTION TO DISMISS [DOC. 18]; AND 18
19 (3) DENYING WELLS FARGO’S MOTION TO DISMISS [DOC. 21] 20 21 Pending before the Court are Defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a 22 claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (FDC MTD [Doc. 17]; FDMS 23 MTD [Doc. 18]; Wells Fargo MTD [Doc. 21].) The Court decides the matters on the 24 papers submitted and without oral argument. See Civ. L.R. 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons 25 stated below, the Court DENIES FDC’s motion [Doc. 17], GRANTS IN PART and 26 DENIES IN PART FDMS’s Motion [Doc. 18], and DENIES Wells Fargo’s motion 27 [Doc. 21]. 28 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Defendant First Data Merchant Services (“FDMS”) is a corporation under the 3 parent company Defendant First Data Corporation (“FDC”) and is one of the “world’s 4 largest” payment processing companies. (Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) [Doc. 5 15] ¶¶ 2, 11.) FDMS contracts with financial institutions, including Defendant Wells 6 Fargo, to underwrite transactions processed through FDMS. (Id. ¶ 13.) FDMS and Wells 7 Fargo contract with independent sales organizations (“ISO”), including Plaintiff 8 Commerce Point Capital, Inc. (“CPC”), to serve as brokers for FDMS to merchants for 9 payment processing services. (Id. ¶ 14.) In exchange for brokerage services, FDMS 10 shares a portion of its profits from merchants’ use of the payment processing services. 11 (Id.) FDMS gains revenue by collecting a percentage of the payments processed by the 12 merchants and by charging additional fees. (Id. ¶ 12.) 13 On July 1, 2006, CPC and FDMS entered into an agreement (“the agreement”). 14 (Id. ¶ 20; Ex. A.) The agreement instituted a relationship between CPC, FDMS, 15 BancorpSouth Bank, and, later, Wells Fargo. (Id. Ex. A, at 2.)1 Under section 10(b) of 16 the agreement, “[FDMS] may increase any of the fees, costs and charges set forth in 17 Schedule A . . . by an amount not to exceed the percentage increase in the Consumer 18 Price Index (“CPI”) during the period described below.” (Id. at 9) Additionally, the 19 agreement allowed FDMS to “pass through to [CPC] increases in the non-controllable 20 fees, costs and charges set forth in Schedule A of the agreement . . . to reflect any 21 increases in such fees, costs and charges to [FDMS], upon ten (10) days prior written 22 notice to [CPC].” (Id.) The agreement noted that in the event of a fee increase FDMS 23 “shall provide reasonable assistance” to pass such fee increases through to merchants. 24 (Id.) 25 In July 2018, CPC filed its initial complaint in California state court alleging 26 27 28 1 All Exhibit page numbers referenced by the Court refer to the page numbers provided in the lower 1 breach of contract and various tort claims. CPC’s numerous allegations include 2 mislabeling and improperly applying fees, charging for nonexistent accounts, failing to 3 provide promised services, and interfering with CPC’s business relationships. 4 Defendants removed the case from state court on March 26, 2019. (See Notice of 5 Removal [Doc. 1].) On April 2, 2019, FDMS filed two motions to dismiss. Both motions 6 were denied as moot in light of CPC filing an amended complaint. CPC subsequently 7 filed a second amended complaint. In response to CPC’s SAC, Defendants filed the 8 instant three motions to dismiss. (FDC MTD [Doc. 17]; FDMS MTD [Doc. 18]; Wells 9 Fargo MTD [Doc. 21].) 10 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 The Court must dismiss a cause of action for failure to state a claim upon which 13 relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) 14 tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. See Parks Sch. of Bus., Inc. v. Symington, 51 15 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). A complaint may be dismissed as a matter of law either 16 for lack of a cognizable legal theory or for insufficient facts under a cognizable theory. 17 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). In ruling on the 18 motion, a court must “accept all material allegations of fact as true and construe the 19 complaint in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Vasquez v. L.A. Cnty., 20 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007). 21 Complaints must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 22 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The Supreme Court has interpreted 23 this rule to mean that “[f]actual allegations must be enough to rise above the speculative 24 level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007). The allegations in the 25 complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 26 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing 27 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 28 Well-pleaded allegations in the complaint are assumed true, but a court is not 1 required to accept legal conclusions couched as facts, unwarranted deductions, or 2 unreasonable inferences. Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986); Sprewell v. 3 Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 4 Leave to amend should be freely granted when justice so requires. See Fed. R. 5 Civ. P. 15(a). However, denial of leave to amend is appropriate when such leave would 6 be futile. See Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996); Plumeau 7 v. Sch. Dist. No. 40 Cnty. of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 439 (9th Cir. 1997). 8 9 III. DISCUSSION 10 A. Choice of Law 11 The parties dispute the scope and applicability of the choice of law clause (“the 12 clause”) contained in the 2006 agreement. The clause states, “[t]his [a]greement shall be 13 governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without 14 giving effect to its conflict of law principles.” (SAC Ex. A, at 17.) 15 CPC argues that pursuant to California’s choice of law principles, the scope of the 16 clause is to be determined by New York law. (Pl. Brief [Doc. 30] at 2–3.) CPC further 17 argues that New York law would interpret the clause narrowly—to only include 18 contractual claims—and as such, California law would apply to non-contractual claims. 19 (Id.) Defendants oppose, arguing that because the clause expressly excluded New York’s 20 conflicts of law principles, this Court must apply California’s conflict-of-law principles 21 to determine the scope of the choice of law provision. (Def. Brief [Doc. 29] at 3.) 22 Defendants contend that under California law, the clause is interpreted broadly, 23 encompassing all causes of action arising from or related to their contract. (Id.) 24 Defendants then conduct an analysis under Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 3 Cal. 25 4th 459 (1992), concluding that New York law should apply to all of CPC’s claims. (Id. 26 at 4.) Defendants are incorrect. 27 28 1 1. The Scope of the Choice of Law Clause 2 Under California law, the scope of a choice of law clause is governed by the 3 parties’ choice of law contained therein, which here is New York. See Nedlloyd Lines 4 B.V., 3 Cal. 4th at 495 n. 7 (noting that “the question of whether that [choice of law] 5 clause is ambiguous as to its scope . . . is a question of contract interpretation that in the 6 normal course should be determined pursuant to Hong Kong law [the choice of law 7 contained in the clause]”).2 8 “Under New York law, in order for a choice of law provision to apply to claims for 9 tort arising incident to the contract, the express language of the provision must be 10 ‘sufficiently broad’ as to encompass the entire relationship between the contracting 11 parties.” Krock v. Lipsay, 97 F.3d 640, 645 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Turtur v. Rothschild 12 Registry Int’l, Inc., 26 F.3d 304, 309–10 (2d Cir. 1994)). In JMP Sec. LLP v. Altair 13 Nanotechnologies, Inc., 880 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (2012), the choice of law clause identified 14 New York law.3 Id. at 1036. The court determined, under Nedlloyd, that New York law 15 would be used to determine the scope of the clause. Id. There, the court held that New 16 York law would exclude any claims “arising from tortious breaches of contractual 17 duties.” Id. The plaintiff’s “extra contractual claims,” including promissory estoppel, 18 fraud, and negligent misrepresentation were extra-contractual and therefore covered by 19 state law other than New York.4 Id.; see also Knieriemen v. Bache Halsey Stuart Shields, 20 427 N.Y.S.2d 10, 12–13 (1980) (holding “[t]hat the parties agreed that their contract 21
22 2 The California Supreme Court in Nedlloyd applied California law to determine the clause’s scope 23 because the court did not have Hong Kong law before it. See Nedlloyd Lines B.V., 3 Cal. 4th at 495 n. 24 7. Here, however, this Court can readily examine New York law. 3 The clause said “The Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal 25 laws of the State of New York without giving effect to any princples of conflicts of law.” JMP Sec. LLP, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1033. 26 4 The court then addressed what state law would apply to the non-contractual claims, concluding California law would apply because, “[i]n the absence of an effective choice of law agreement, 27 California choice of law rules permit a court to apply the decisional rules of its forum state ‘unless a 28 party litigant timely invokes the law of a foreign state.’” JMP Sec. LLP, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1037; 1 should be governed by an expressed procedure does not bind them as to causes of action 2 sounding in tort, and, as to the tort causes of action, there is no reason why all must be 3 resolved by reference to the law of the same jurisdiction”5); Champlain Enter., Inc. v. 4 United States, 945 F. Supp. 468, 471 (N.D.N.Y. 1996) (“Under New York law, a choice- 5 of-law provision indicating that a contract will be governed by a certain body of law does 6 not dictate the law that will govern non-contract based claims”). 7 Here, the clause was drafted narrowly. In fact, it is almost identical the clause in 8 JMP Sec. LLP, with one minor and ultimately immaterial exception.6 The clearest 9 reference to the agreement’s scope is the phrase “[t]his agreement.” (SAC Ex. A, at 156.) 10 As such, the clause here should be narrowly interpreted to include contractual claims and 11 exclude non-contractual claims. This narrow interpretation does not contravene the 12 drafting party’s intention to exclude a New York conflict of law analysis because this 13 Court is not giving any effect to New York conflict of law principles. What is more, the 14 need for uniformity as it relates to contractual disputes and New York’s interest in having 15 commercial transactions governed by its law is satisfied. The contractual disputes will be 16 governed entirely by New York law, subject only to the Nedlloyd analysis. 17 18 2. The Enforceability of the Choice of Law Clause 19 Under Nedlloyd, a court must first determine whether “California would ‘be the 20 state of the applicable law in absence of an effective choice of law by the parties.’” 21 Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 459 (citing Restatment (Second) of Conflict of Laws, section 22 187(2)). Here, California law applies to extra-contractual claims not covered by the 23 24 25 5 The clause in Knieriemen said “[t]his contract shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York.” Knieriemen, 427 N.Y.S.2d at 13. 26 6 The clause in JMP Sec. LLP said: “without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of law.” JMP Sec. LLP, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1033 (emphasis added). The clause here says: “without giving effect to its 27 [New York’s] conflicts of law principles.” Whether this Court ignores any conflicts of laws principles 28 or just New York’s conflicts of law principles, the result is the same: ignore New York’s conflicts of law 1 clause because California is the forum state, the alleged injury was sustained in San 2 Diego, and the alleged acts or omissions that caused the injury occurred in San Diego. 3 (SAC ¶ 9.) 4 “California follows the approach set out in the Restatement (Second) of Conflicts 5 of Laws § 187 to determine the law that applies to a contract with a choice-of-law 6 clause.” First Intercontinental Bank v. Ahn, 798 F.3d 1149, 1153 (9th Cir. 2015); see 7 also Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 466. The Restatement first considers whether the chosen 8 state has a “substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, or . . . whether there 9 is any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of law.” Washington Mut. Bank, FA 10 v. Superior Court, 24 Cal. 4th 906, 916 (2001). 11 If there is either a substantial relationship between the transaction or parties and 12 the chosen state or there is any reasonable basis for applying the chosen state’s law, the 13 court “then determines whether the relevant portion of the chosen state’s law is contrary 14 to fundamental policy in California law.” First Intercontinental Bank, 798 F.3d at 1153 15 (quoting Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 24 Cal. 4th at 916). If there is a conflict, the court 16 then must ask “whether California has a materially greater interest than the chosen state.” 17 Id. (citation omitted). Then, if California has a materially greater interest than the chosen 18 state in the dispute, California law is applied to those issues. See First Intercontinental 19 Bank, 798 F.3d at 1153–54. 20 Here, both parties agree there is a substantial relationship between the parties, the 21 transaction, and New York because “FDMS (the contracting party) had substantial 22 contacts with the state of New York during all times relevant to this litigation; FDMS 23 entered into agreements with ISOs (such as CPC) in New York and performed a 24 substantial amount of its payment-processing services from New York.” (Def. Brief at 5.) 25 CPC does not contest this: “New York is the chosen state and it is where performance by 26 one of the parties is likely to take place.” (Pl. Brief at 9.) 27 Additionally, both parties agree that there is a reasonable basis for applying New 28 York as the choice of law due to the need for uniformity and familiarity of law. (Def. 1 Brief at 4; Pl. Brief at 9.) The Court agrees that there is both a substantial relationship 2 between the parties and New York and a reasonable basis for applying the laws of New 3 York to claims covered by the clause. 4 The next issue, then, is whether an application of New York law to the contractual 5 claims would conflict with fundamental California policy. See First Intercontinental 6 Bank, 798 F.3d at 1153. In the absence of such conflict, New York law would apply. 7 Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 24 Cal. 4th at 917. If a conflict is present, the Court must 8 determine whether California has a materially greater interest than New York in the 9 dispute. Id. Because a conflict of New York law and California law will depend on each 10 claim involved in the dispute, the Court will address the claims independently below. 11 The Court will address each claim and determine, under New York law, whether it 12 is contractual or non-contractual. Contractual claims will be controlled by New York law 13 unless they are contrary to fundamental California policy and California has a materially 14 greater interest than New York in litigating the dispute. 15 16 B. Breach of Contract 17 Breach of contract is clearly a contractual claim. Importantly, both parties agree 18 that the parties and the transaction have a substantial relationship to New York and that 19 there is a reasonable basis for applying New York law. (See Def. Brief at 5; Pl. Brief at 20 9.) Moreover, this Court perceives no fundamental policy of California requiring the 21 application of California law to CPC’s breach of contract claim.7 As such, New York 22 law will apply to CPC’s breach of contract claim. 23 The elements of a cause of action for breach of contract under New York law are: 24 “(1) formation of a contract between plaintiff and defendant, (2) performance by plaintiff, 25
26 7 California generally seeks to enforce freely negotiated choice of law clauses. See Washington Mut. Bank, FA, 24 Cal. 4th 27 at 906. Should the proponent of the clause demonstrate there is a substantial relationship between New York and the parties or transaction or that there is a reasonable basis for enforcing the clause, the clause will generally be enforced absent any 28 showing to the contrary by the opponent of the clause. Id. at 917 (quoting Nedlloyd Lines B.V., 3 Cal. 4th at 462). Here, 1 (3) defendant’s failure to perform, (4) resulting in damage.” U.S. Nonwovens Corp. v. 2 Pack Line Corp., 4 N.Y.S.3d 868, 871–72 (2015). The statute of limitations for a breach 3 of contract under New York law is six years. N.Y. C.P.L.R § 213(2). 4 CPC has alleged sufficient facts that, accepted as true, could constitute a valid 5 breach of contract claim. While it is arguable that the agreement and its amendments 6 allowed FDMS to bill CPC for many of the fees CPC contests, a few examples, construed 7 in a light favorable to CPC, allege a breach of contract that rises above mere speculation. 8 For example, CPC alleges that FDMS charged CPC for merchant accounts that it 9 repeatedly requested be closed. (Id. ¶ 83.) CPC complained to FDMS about the charges, 10 but alleges that FDMS would stop billing for a period of time and then require CPC to 11 send a request to remove or cancel a merchant account after CPC already requested its 12 removal. (Id. ¶ 85.) Under Schedule A of the agreement FDMS charged CPC for “[e]ach 13 account of a Merchant of [CPC] that remains on [CPC]’s master file at FDMS on the last 14 processing day of the calendar month . . . .” (Id. Ex. A, at 20.) Given that FDMS 15 controlled the master file, it appears to have been FDMS’s job to remove closed 16 merchants, the failure of which resulted in damage to CPC. 17 Additionally, CPC alleges that customer service procedures, which should have 18 been completed by FDMS, were pushed onto CPC. (Id. ¶ 113.) Section 3 of the 19 agreement required FDMS to provide “Merchant customer services” and “all other Back 20 Office Services.” (Id. Ex. A, at 6.) However, as of July 15, 2018, when merchants call 21 FDMS customer service a message prompt gives CPC’s phone number and instructs them 22 to call CPC instead. (Id. ¶ 115.) 23 FDMS argues that the statute of limitations has expired and that CPC has waived 24 its claim by never challenging any of FDMS’s reports prior to filing this action. 25 However, CPC alleges facts that, if true, could constitute a breach of contract at or around 26 2014, 2018, and 2019, which brings the claim within the appropriate statute of 27 limitations. (See SAC ¶¶ 48, 115, 124, 125.) The doctrine of waiver is likewise 28 inapplicable because CPC alleges that FDMS also breached the contract by purposefully 1 creating deceptive reports, making it impossible for CPC to discover the extent of its 2 damages. (See id. ¶¶ 15, 22, 55, 75, 97.) The motions to dismiss the breach of contract 3 claim are DENIED.8 4 5 C. Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 6 The covenant of good faith and fair dealing is imposed on all contracting parties 7 and supplements express contractual provisions. See Cobb v. Ironwood Country Club, 8 223 Cal. App. 4th 960, 965–66 (2015). As such, this is a contractual claim. Because 9 both parties agree that New York law should govern, there is a sufficient relationship and 10 reasonable basis for applying New York law, and there is no perceived threat to 11 fundamental California policy in applying New York law, New York law shall govern 12 this claim. 13 “Causes of action for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith 14 and fair dealing may stand together where the defendant engages in conduct that injures 15 or frustrates the other party’s right to receive the fruits of the contractual bargain.” 16 MBIA Ins. Corp. v. Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC, 927 N.Y.S.2d 517, 534 (2011) (citing 17 Frydman v. Credit Suisse First Boston Corp., 708 N.Y.S.2d 77, 80 (2000)). The covenant 18 is breached when a party to a contract engages in conduct that would deprive the other 19 party the right to receive the benefits of their agreement, even if that conduct is not 20 expressly forbidden by that contract. J. Kokolakis Contracting Corp. v. Evolution 21 Piping Corp., 998 N.Y.S.2d 788, 791 (2014). Breach of implied covenant is actionable, 22 generally, where the conduct alleged is independent of the express terms of the contract 23 and the recovery is not intertwined with damages resulting from breach of contract. Id. 24 CPC has alleged sufficient facts to plausibly argue that FDMS attempted to 25 frustrate CPC’s ability to receive the fruits of its bargain. For example, CPC claims that 26 27 28 8 Because both FDC and Wells Fargo’s separate motions to dismiss incorporate all arguments set forth 1 FDMS created an independent sales force which used CPC’s confidential information to 2 solicit CPC merchants to work directly with FDMS, thereby frustrating CPC’s ability to 3 act as a broker to those merchants and reap the financial benefits. (See SAC ¶¶ 119–123.) 4 Contrary to FDMS’s contention, this appears to be a duty separate and apart from 5 contractual duties and not merely duplicative of the breach of contract claim. The 6 motions to dismiss the breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim are 7 DENIED. 8 9 D. Unjust Enrichment 10 Under New York law, the existence of a valid and enforceable contract precludes 11 recovery on a theory of unjust enrichment. Goldstein v. CIBC World Mkt. Corp., 776 12 N.Y.S.2d 12, 14 (2004). “[A]n unjust enrichment claim cannot be a contract claim.” 13 Robert M. Schneider, M.D., P.C. v. Licciardi, 108 N.Y.S.3d 720, 726 (2019). As such, 14 California law will control this claim. 15 “[I]n California, there is not a standalone cause of action for ‘unjust enrichment,’ 16 which is synonymous with ‘restitution.’” Astiana v. Hain Celestial Group, Inc., 783 F.3d 17 753, 762 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Durell v. Sharp Healthcare, 183 Cal. App. 4th 1350, 108 18 (2010)). “As a matter of law, an unjust enrichment claim does not lie where the parties 19 have an enforceable express contract.” Durell v. Sharp Healthcare, 183 Cal. App. 4th 20 1350, 1370 (2010). Unjust enrichment must be plead along with a quasi-contract cause 21 of action, such as alleging that the contract was void or rescinded. See id. at 1370. A 22 plaintiff may assert alternative theories, even if those theories appear inconsistent. 23 Klevin v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 202 Cal. App. 4th 1342, 1388 (2012). 24 CPC is permitted to allege recovery under both a contract and quasi-contract theory, the 25 latter under which an unjust enrichment recovery could lie. However, CPC fails to 26 properly allege a quasi-contract theory. To the contrary, CPC maintians that there is a 27 valid, enforceable contract. (SAC ¶¶ 128, 147.) As such, CPC’s request for recovery 28 under a theory of unjust enrichment is dismissed. The motions are GRANTED. 1 E. Conversion, Fraudulent Misrepresentation, Negligent 2 Misrepresentation 3 FDMS argues that “[i]t is a well-established principle of New York law that a 4 simple breach of contract is not to be considered a tort unless a legal duty indepent of the 5 contract itself is violated.” (FDMS MTD at 12:24–26.) However, given that these tort 6 claims involve duties distinct from any contractual obligation, California law governs 7 these claims and New York law is inapplicable.9 Alternative pleadings are proper under 8 Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(3) (“A party may 9 state as many separate claims or defenses as it has, regardless of consistency.”). Thus, 10 for example, it may have been a breach of contract for FDMS to charge CPC for 11 merchant accounts it repeatedly asked FDMS to close. (SAC ¶ 83.) Alternatively, it may 12 be that the agreement did not require FDMS to close the accounts. If so, it may also be 13 true that FDMS retained an independent legal duty not to retain ownership of money it 14 knew resulted from closed accounts. Thus a plausible claim for conversion remains in 15 the alternative to the breach of contract claim. For the same reason, a claim for 16 fraudulent or negligent misrepresentations remains in the alternative if indeed FDMS 17 represented that it would not form a competing sales force to interfere with CPC’s 18 business relationship with merchants. (See SAC ¶ 188(m).) 19 FDMS argues further that CPC failed to plead its fraudulent and negligent 20 misrepresentation claims with particularity as required under Federal Rule of Civil 21 Procedure 9(b). (FDMS MTD at 14:1–4.) “In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must 22 state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 9(b). CPC alleges that beginning September of 2009, FDMS representatives Erick 24 Nicholson and Zach Casey made 22 factual misrepresentations. (SAC ¶ 188.) This is a 25 sufficient pleading of the “when,” “who,” and, most importantly, “what” needed to 26 27 28 9 The Court is not ruling that California law provides otherwise, merely that the only law it has argued 1 adequately put FDMS on notice with regards to the misrepresentation claims. The 2 motions to dismiss the conversion, fraudulent misrepresentation, and negligent 3 representation claims are DENIED. 4 5 F. Conspiracy 6 A civil conspiracy claim is not an independent claim in New York—the 7 claim must be connected to an underlying tort. See Williams v. Williams, 53 N.Y.S.3d 8 152, 153 (2017) (holding that “a cause of action alleging conspiracy to commit a tort 9 stands or falls with the underlying tort.”) In any event, the alleged breach of duty here is 10 independent of any promise or obligation created by the contract. As such, a claim of 11 conspiracy is not a contractual claim and California law applies to CPC’s conspiracy 12 claim. 13 Civil conspiracy is “a legal doctrine that imposes liability on persons who, 14 although not actually committing a tort themselves, share with the immediate tortfeasors 15 a common plan or design in its perpetration.” City of Industry v. City of Filmore, 198 16 Cal. App. 4th 191, 211–12 (2011). The elements are: “(1) the formation of a group of 17 two or more persons who agreed to a common plan or design to commit a tortious act; (2) 18 a wrongful act committed pursuant to the agreement; and (3) resulting damages.” Id. 19 FDMS’s sole argument is that the conspiracy claim necessarily fails because the 20 predicate torts also fail. (FDMS MTD 20:22–21:11.) Given the remainder of numerous 21 tort claims, the motions to dismiss the conspiracy claim are DENIED. 22 23 G. For An Accounting 24 Under New York law, the right to an accounting requires a confidential or 25 fiduciary relationship, not a contractual one. See Marine Midland Bank, N.A. v. Yoruk, 26 662 N.Y.S.2d 957, 958 (1997) (dismissing a claim for an accounting because the legal 27 relationship between the parties was contractual, not fiduciary). As such, the claim does 28 not arise from a contractual obligation and therefore, California law controls. 1 “A cause of action for accounting requires a showing of a relationship between the 2 plaintiff and the defendant, such as a fiduciary relationship, that requires an accounting or 3 a showing that the accounts are so complicated they cannot be determined through an 4 ordinary action at law.” Fleet v. Bank of America N.A., 229 Cal. App. 4th 1403, 1413 5 (2014). Thus, a fiduciary relationship is not required to state a cause of action in 6 California. Teselle v. McLoughlin, 173 Cal. App. 4th 156, 179 (2009). However, “[a]n 7 action for accounting is not available where the plaintiff alleges the right to recover a sum 8 certain or a sum that can be made certain by calculation.” Id. 9 CPC alleges various losses incurred by Defendants’ actions. Many of these losses 10 involve complicated fee structures. Additionally, CPC alleges that the monthly 11 compensation reports that otherwise may shed light on their exact losses consisted of 12 “hundreds of thousands of pages of data” with “technology required to access the 13 reports,” making it incredibly difficult to discern the fees. (SAC ¶ 15.) Construed as true, 14 deceptive reporting practices and complex fee structures over extensive periods of time 15 would make CPC’s recovery difficult or impossible to discern with any certainty. As 16 such, CPC has sufficiently alleged a cause of action for an accounting. The motions to 17 dismiss the accounting request are DENIED. 18 19 H. Donnelly and Cartwright Acts 20 The Donnelly and Cartwright Acts are New York and California’s versions of the 21 Sherman Antitrust act, respectively. Antitrust laws and their enforcement do not require 22 a contractual relationship. Therefore, this claim is controlled by California law and the 23 Cartwright Act will control. 24 A violation of the Cartwright act requires “a combination of capital, skill or acts by 25 two or more persons” that seeks an anticompetitive end. See CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE 26 §16720. To state a claim under the Cartwright Act, the complaint must allege (1) the 27 formation and operation of a conspiracy; (2) a wrongful act done pursuant to the 28 conspiracy; and (3) damage proximately caused by those wrongful acts. Quelimane Co. 1 v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 19 Cal. 4th 26, 47, (1998). California state courts require a 2 high degree of particularity in pleading Cartwright Anti-trust violations. Marsh v. 3 Anesthesia Services Med. Group, Inc., 200 Cal. App. 4th 480, 493 (2011). 4 CPC has not pled a violation of the Cartwright Act with sufficient particularity. 5 CPC contends that FDMS attempted to monopolize the payment processing market by 6 forcing CPC to use FDMS’s point-of-sale terminal, hiding minimum fee requirements, 7 and recalculating residuals. (SAC ¶¶ 161–64.) However, the Cartwright Act bans 8 combinations, and CPC alleges no wrongful conduct committed by any Defendant other 9 than FDMS. The motions to dismiss the Cartwright Claim are GRANTED. 10 11 I. Unfair Business Practices Under California Business and Professions 12 Code §§ 17200, 17203, 17500 13 FDMS’s sole argument with regard to this cause of action is that it must be 14 dismissed because New York law governs. Although plead under California law, the 15 Court will interpret the claims as unfair competition, injunctive relief for unfair 16 competition, and false advertising. (See Pl. Brief at 33; see CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE 17 §§17200, 17203, 17500 (West 2019)). Under analogous New York law, such claims 18 would not require an underlying contractual obligation. FDMS’s alleged conduct— 19 engaging in unfair competition and deceptive adversiting—is “separate and apart from its 20 failure to fulfill its contractual obligations.” J. Kokolakis Contracting Corp., 998 21 N.Y.S.2d at 790. As such, this is not a contractual claim, California law controls, and the 22 motions to dismiss this claim are DENIED. 23 24 J. California Civil Code §§ 1670 and 1671 25 An illegal contract is unenforceable. Agam v. Gavra, 236 Cal. App. 4th 91, 112 26 (2015). Recovery for the formation of an illegal contract involves a theory of duty 27 imposed by law to avoid causing injury to others, not an obligation that flows from a 28 contract. See J. Kokolakis Contracting Corp., 998 N.Y.S.2d at 790. Therefore, this claim 1 is controlled by California law. 2 California Civil Code section 1670 relates to disputes “arising from a construction 3 contract with a public agency.” CAL. CIV. CODE §1670. The agreement at issue is not a 4 construction contract and no party to the contract is a public agency. CPC’s claim under 5 section 1670 fails. 6 Section 1671 states, “a provision in a contract liquidating damages for the breach 7 of the contract is valid unless the party seeking to invalidate the provision establishes that 8 the provision was unreasonable under the circumstances existing at the time the contract 9 was made.” CAL. CIV. CODE §1671. 10 CPC fails to allege sufficient facts to support its contention that the liquidated 11 damages clause should be invalidated. CPC’s only mention of the liquidated damages 12 clause in the 2006 agreement is a mere conclusory statement: “The liquidated damages 13 clause is not a reasonable calculation of the amount of damages that FDMS and Wells 14 Fargo would suffer. The assessment of such penalty would provide a windfall for FDMS 15 and Wells Fargo.” (See SAC ¶ 173.) Even construed in CPC’s favor, the only allegations 16 related to the clause are conclusory statements that fail to provide a plausible claim 17 undermining the clause’s presumptive validity. The motions to dismiss the illegal 18 contract claim are GRANTED. 19 20 K. Declaratory Relief 21 A request for declaratory relief is based in equity. Reid v. City of San Diego, 24 22 Cal. App. 5th 343, 362 (2018). As such it is controlled by California law. 23 Any person under a contract may bring an action for a declaration of his 24 or her rights and duties pertaining to any question of construction or validity under a 25 contract. CAL. CODE. CIV. PRO. § 1060. “One test of the right to institute proceedings for 26 declaratory judgment is the necessity of present adjudication as a guide for plaintiff’s 27 future conduct in order to preserve his legal rights.” Meyer v. Sprint Spectrum L.P., 45 28 Cal. 4th 634, 647 (2009). 1 At this stage, a request for declaratory relief is proper. CPC is permitted to allege 2 alternative theories of recovery and Defendants’ contention that “the cause of action . . . 3 serves no useful purposes as there is already full and adequate remedy available to 4 plaintiff” is unpersuasive. (See FDMS MTD at 22.) Under section 1060, CPC may 5 request a declaration “whether or not further relief is or could be claimed at the time” and 6 CPC is entitled to at least request this relief so that they may preserve their rights. CAL. 7 CODE. CIV. PRO. § 1060. The motions to dismiss the request for declaratory relief are 8 DENIED. 9 10 L. Breach of Fiduciary Duty 11 “The creation of a fiduciary duty does not depend upon the existence of an 12 agreement or contract between the parties, but results from the relationship between the 13 fiduciary and the beneficiary.” Benfeld v. Fleming Properties, LLC., 932 N.Y.S.2d 140, 14 141 (2011) (quoting Barrett v. Freifeld, 883 N.Y.S.2d 305, 308 (2009)). Therefore, this 15 claim is controlled by California law. 16 A breach of fiduciary duty cause of action requires: “(1) the existence of a 17 fiduciary duty; (2) the breach of that duty; and (3) damage proximately caused by that 18 breach.” IIG Wireless, Inc. v. Yi, 22 Cal. App. 5th 630, 646 (2018). 19 CPC alleges a fiduciary duty that arises from legal representation by FDMS. (See 20 SAC ¶ 200.) It is clear, however, that neither FDMS nor Wells Fargo ever represented 21 CPC in a legal capacity. The motions to dismiss the breach of fiduciary duty claim are 22 GRANTED. 23 24 M. Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage 25 New York considers this cause of action a tort. See Ray v. Stockton, 80 N.Y.S.3d 26 569, 572 (2018). California law controls this claim. 27 Intentional interference with prospective economic advantage entails: “(1) the 28 existence, between the plaintiff and some third party, of an economic relationship that 1 contains the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant’s 2 knowledge of the relationship; (3) intentionally wrongful acts designed to disrupt the 3 relationship; (4) actual disruption of the relationship; and (5) economic harm proximately 4 caused by the defendant’s action.” Roy Allan Slurry Seal, Inc. v. Am. Asphalt South, 5 Inc., 2 Cal. 5th 505, 512 (2017). The interference must be independently wrongful, aside 6 from its interfering character. Edwards v. Arthur Andersen, LLP, 44 Cal. 4th 937, 944 7 (2008). “[A]n act is independently wrongful if it is unlawful, that is, if it is proscribed by 8 some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other determinable legal 9 standard.” Id. (citing Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 10 1153–54 (2003)). 11 FDMS argues CPC does not allege that FDMS was motivated by anything other 12 than normal economic self-interest, which does not rise to the requisite level of 13 interference. (FDMS MTD 15:8–19.) To the contrary, CPC alleges that FDMS created a 14 sales force and used CPC’s confidential and proprietary information to interfere with 15 CPC’s contracts and business relationships. (SAC ¶¶ 120, 204–209.) Use of another’s 16 confidential information to interfere with their business relationships is an independently 17 wrongful act sufficient to satisfy the third element of the tort. 18 FDMS also argues the SAC is insufficient because it did not identify any specific 19 merchants or plead that those merchants would have entered into a contract with CPC had 20 FDMS not contacted them. (FDMS MTD 15:20–26.) However, CPC alleges it was 21 already in economic relationships with these merchants and presumably would have 22 continued to be had FDMS not interfered. Further, CPC need not plead specific 23 merchants to meet the standard of plausibility required by Twombly and Iqbal. The 24 motions to dismiss the intentional interference with prospective opportunity claim are 25 DENIED. 26 27 N. Violation of California Penal Code § 496 28 A violation of any state’s penal code is clearly not a contract claim. As such, the 1 claim is controlled by California law. 2 California Penal Code § 496 punishes the receipt of stolen property and provides a 3 person injured by a violation to recover treble damages. Cal. Penal Code § 496(a), (c). 4 Presumably, CPC attempts to claim theft under the California Penal code, but improperly 5 alleges a claim of violation of receiving stolen property. CPC fails to allege any 6 cognizable facts that state a plausible claim that Defendants received stolen property or 7 how, in any event, Defendants’ receipt of any stolen property gives rise to a claim to 8 CPC. The motions to dismiss the violation of the California Penal Code are GRANTED. 9 10 O. Limitation of Liability 11 Finally, FDMS argues the agreement requires any recovery be limited to actual 12 damages. (FDMS MTD at 22:23–23:15.) However, Rule 12(b)(6) only sanctions 13 dismissal for failure to state a claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); see also Palantir 14 Technologies, Inc. v. Palantir. net, Inc., 2011 WL 3047327, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 25, 15 2011) (explaining that “the test of a complaint pursuant to a motion to dismiss lies in the 16 claim, not in the demand”). Because a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss challenges the legal 17 sufficiency of the pleadings, not the appropriateness of the relief sought, a motion to 18 dismiss is not the proper mechanism to challenge a prayer for relief. See Oppenheimer v. 19 Southwest Airlines Co., 2013 WL 3149483, *3 (S.D. Cal. June 17, 2013); see also 20 Andrawes v. Flora Media, Inc., 2018 WL 1942197, *2 (C.D. Cal. March 16, 2018) 21 (“However, ‘because punitive damages are but a remedy, and thus neither constitutes a 22 claim nor pertains to whether any claim has been stated, requests for punitive damages 23 provide no basis for dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).’”). 24 25 P. FDC 26 FDC argues it should be dismissed because it is not a party to any agreement with 27 CPC. (FDC MTD [Doc. 17] at 4:15–16.) Indeed, it is axiomatic that only a party to a 28 1 contract may be sued for its breach. However, CPC alleges facts which suggest the 2 possibility of piercing the corporate veil to hold FDC liable for its subsidiary, FDMS. 3 Under New York law, a corporate parent is not automatically liable for the acts of 4 its wholly owned subsidiary. See Beck v. CONRAIL, 394 F. Supp. 2d 632, 637 5 (S.D.N.Y. 2005). However, a court may pierce the corporate veil and hold two 6 corporations to constitute a single legal unit where there was an exercise of complete 7 dominion that led to inequity, malfeasance, or fraud. IMG Fragrance Brands, LLC v. 8 Houbigant, Inc., 679 F. Supp. 2d 395, 403–04 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). 9 FDMS alleges that: (1) FDC owns 100% of FDMS; (2) FDC and FDMS share 10 offices and employees”; (3) FDMS is a mere shell for FDC; and (4) at certain points FDC 11 acted unilaterally without FDMS with respect to CPC. (SAC ¶ 2.) FDC argues these 12 allegations are mere legal conclusions insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. 13 However, not only has CPC alleged that FDC and FDMS almost completely overlap with 14 respect to ownership and offices, but also that FDC operated on behalf of FDMS with 15 respect to CPC. Taken as true, which the Court is obliged to do at this stage, that is a fact 16 which pushes us into the realm wherein FDC plausibly exercised complete domination 17 over FDMS. FDC’s request to be dismissed from the SAC is DENIED. 18 19 Q. Wells Fargo 20 Wells Fargo makes a short, general argument that, in addition to all the reasons set 21 forth by FDMS, it should be dismissed because the SAC contains conclusory allegations 22 insufficient to state a claim against it. (Wells Fargo MTD [Doc. 21] at 5:1–3.) However, 23 Wells Fargo is at least plausibly implicated in the conspiracy claim, which survives due 24 to the remainder of predicate tort claims. CPC alleges FDMS and Wells Fargo developed 25 a scheme whereby FDMS assigned Wells Fargo to the agreement in order to aid and abet 26 FDMS’s attempts “to defraud CPC.” (SAC ¶ 141.) In return, CPC claims Wells Fargo 27 was able to “collect exorbitant fees.” (Id.) In the Court’s estimation, CPC has plead an 28 1 actionable claim and Wells Fargo’s request to be dismissed from the SAC is therefore 2 DENIED. 3 4 R. CPC will be given a final opportunity to amend the complaint 5 The remaining issue is whether leave to amend should be granted. Courts “should 6 freely give leave” to amend “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). 7 “Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear . . . that the complaint 8 could not be saved by any amendment.” Krainski v. Nev. ex rel. Bd. of Regents of Nev. 9 Sys. of Higher Educ., 616 F.3d 963, 972 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Thinket Ink Info. Res., 10 Inc. v. Sun Microsystmes, Inc., 368 F.3d 1053, 1061 (9th Cir. 2004)). 11 FDMS contends that CPC has had three attempts at preparing a complaint, and 12 thus presumably should not be given leave to amend. But one of those “attempts” was a 13 state form complaint that was amended before the Court had evaluated the substantive 14 sufficiency of the complaint. At this juncture, the Court cannot conclude that amendment 15 would be futile. Accordingly, CPC will be given a final opportunity to amend its SAC. 16 // 17 // 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 2 For the foregoing reasons: 3 i. Defendant FDC’s motion to dismiss is DENIED. [Doc. 17.] 4 il. Defendants FDMS and FDC’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART 5 and DENIED IN PART. [Doc. 18.] 6 iii. Defendant Wells Fargo’s motion to dismiss is DENIED. [Doc. 21.] 7 iv. Plaintiff CPC will have leave to amend the SAC. The third amended 8 complaint must be filed, if at all, by Friday, January 10, 2020. 9 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 12 ll Dated: December 20, 2019 \ {Th ue Vor 14 Hn. 1 omas J. Whelan 15 United States District Judge 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28