SIMPSON, J.
This action is by the appellant for damages claimed to have been suffered from the publication of a certain article in the Montgomery Advertiser, a newspaper.
The first and second counts of the complaint, including said article and including the agreed statement, at the end of the record, in regard to amendment of complaint, will be set out in the statement of this case by the reporter.
In the court below the general affirmative charge was given in favor of the plaintiff, against the Advertiser Company, and the jury brought in a verdict for one cent.
The first assignment of error insisted on is to the giving of charge 2, at the request of the defendant the Advertiser Company; the insistence being that it was not proper for the jury to' consider the mitigating circumstances in this case, because the plaintiff expressly waived all claim for exemplary or punitive damages and claimed only compensatory damages.
Section 13 of our Constitution guarantees to our citizens, for an injury to person or reputation, a remedy by due process of law, and section 3746 of the Code of 1907 provides that: “In all actions of slander and libel, the truth of the words spoken or written, or the circumstances under which they were spoken or written may be given.in evidence, under the general issue, in mitigation of damages.” Said section merely prescribes a rule of evidence, and does not in the least deny the right of remedy by due process of law. Consequently the statute does not violate said provision of the Constitution.
[620]*620Mr. Townsbend, in bis work on Libel and Slander, states that “all tbe circumstances connected with tbe publication complained of should go to tbe jury.”— Townsbend on Libel & Slander (4th Ed.) § 415, page 683.
In an early case this court said that “the absence of malice, it is true, should be taken into consideration by tbe jury, in estimating tbe extent of tbe injury to tbe plaintiff’s character.” — Shelton v. Simmons, 12 Ala. 466, 468.
It will be noticed that plea 7 sets up tbe facts that tbe defendant, in making said publication, relied upon tbe sworn statement of E. A. Dickert, in good faith, etc., and no demurrer was interposed to said plea 7, but issue taken thereon. However, tbe statute is clear to tbe effect that such evidence is competent in eeall actions of libel and slander,” and we do not see bow this court can limit it to only some of said actions. — Ferdon v. Dickens, 161 Ala. 181, 193, 49 South. 888.
Tbe state of Washington has a statute similar to ours, and tbe Supreme Court of that state has held that such evidence should not be rejected, although only actual damages were recoverable in that state (Ott v. Press Pub. Co., 40 Wash. 308, 312, 82 Pac. 404, 405) ; tbe court saying: “In the later case of Levy v. Fleischner, Mayer & Co., 12 Wash. 15, 40 Pac. 384, Dunbar, J., after having distinguished punitive from' actual damages, in a further discussion of tbe different classes of actual damages, said: ‘We do not mean by tbe term “actual damages” tbe actual damages expressed by tbe statute, of course, such actual damages as could be definitely determined as tbe actual loss which tbe debtor would incur by reason of tbe attachment, and which loss could be determined or computed; but an undetermined loss and damage, which is no less actual by [621]*621reason of its indetermined character, such as damages to reputation, damage to pride and feeling, and damages of that character, some of which, it is true, are more or less sentimental. " * *’ Our interpretation of the above language is that as distinguished from punitive damages, there may be two classes of actual damages. Appellants separately claimed actual damages for mental pain and suffering and for injury to business. While damages for mental pain and suffering may be, and sometimes are, recognized as actual, as distinguished from punitive, damages, nevertheless they are to a certain extent indefinite, and their value must in all cases be fixed by the jury, in view of all the facts and circumstances surrounding any particular case. In this action appellants were permitted to introduce evidence showing damages of this character, and under said section 4939 [Ballinger’s Ann. Codes & St.], supra, evidence of mitigating circumstances was certainly admissible as affecting such actual damages. In any event, the statute expressly provides that such evidence may be admitted, and it would be improper for us, in the face of such statute, to hold that it should be rejected.”
Based upon the authorities cited, and the plain wording of the statute, the writer is of the opinion that there was no error in giving charge 2, but the other members of the court hold that the trial court erred in giving said charge.
Charge A, requested by the defendant, had been substantially duplicated, by the giving of charge 24, requested by the defendant.
There was no error in overruling the objections to the questions as to the witness Hanson as to the circumstances under which the publication was received and made, and that the columns of the paper were open to [622]*622each candidate on the same terms, to wit, by paying for the articles as advertisements. These were all a part of the circumstances which were proper to go to the jury. — Authorities supra.
In addition, it is shown by the record that substantially the same testimony had been brought out by the plaintiff in his examination of the same witness on interrogatories, and on his redirect examination he testified, without objection, that “the two candidates were treated alike, and each paid for advertisements, and that advertisements of each were accepted on the same terms.” So, if there was error in the action of the court in regard to the questions referred to, it was without injury.
The court erred in giving the general charge in regard to the defendant Moore. The circumstances in regard to his being instrumental in getting up the affidavit and having it published in the Birmingham papers, that the affidavit was sent from his office to Montgomery, and that it appeared in the Alvertiser the next morning, were proper to go to the jury in i'eaching a conclusion as to whether he also furnished it for the purpose of being published in the Advertiser.
As to the giving of the general charge as to De Funiak, the majority of the court, to wit, Dowdell, C. J., and Anderson, MoClellan, Sayre, and Somerville, JJ., hold that the evidence excluded should have been admitted, and that the general charge should not have been given as to De Funiak. The writer and Mayfield, J., hold that the evidence as to what was done in regard to publishing in the Birmingham papers was properly excluded, and that the general charge in favor of De Funiak was properly given.
The judgment of the court is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
[623]*623Dowdell, C. J., and Anderson, McClellan, Sayre, and Somerville, JJ., concur. Simps'on and Mayfield, JJ., dissent in part.
ANDERSON, J.
The complaint, as last amended, disclaims any right to recover exemplary or punitive damages, hut sought only actual compensatory damages.
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SIMPSON, J.
This action is by the appellant for damages claimed to have been suffered from the publication of a certain article in the Montgomery Advertiser, a newspaper.
The first and second counts of the complaint, including said article and including the agreed statement, at the end of the record, in regard to amendment of complaint, will be set out in the statement of this case by the reporter.
In the court below the general affirmative charge was given in favor of the plaintiff, against the Advertiser Company, and the jury brought in a verdict for one cent.
The first assignment of error insisted on is to the giving of charge 2, at the request of the defendant the Advertiser Company; the insistence being that it was not proper for the jury to' consider the mitigating circumstances in this case, because the plaintiff expressly waived all claim for exemplary or punitive damages and claimed only compensatory damages.
Section 13 of our Constitution guarantees to our citizens, for an injury to person or reputation, a remedy by due process of law, and section 3746 of the Code of 1907 provides that: “In all actions of slander and libel, the truth of the words spoken or written, or the circumstances under which they were spoken or written may be given.in evidence, under the general issue, in mitigation of damages.” Said section merely prescribes a rule of evidence, and does not in the least deny the right of remedy by due process of law. Consequently the statute does not violate said provision of the Constitution.
[620]*620Mr. Townsbend, in bis work on Libel and Slander, states that “all tbe circumstances connected with tbe publication complained of should go to tbe jury.”— Townsbend on Libel & Slander (4th Ed.) § 415, page 683.
In an early case this court said that “the absence of malice, it is true, should be taken into consideration by tbe jury, in estimating tbe extent of tbe injury to tbe plaintiff’s character.” — Shelton v. Simmons, 12 Ala. 466, 468.
It will be noticed that plea 7 sets up tbe facts that tbe defendant, in making said publication, relied upon tbe sworn statement of E. A. Dickert, in good faith, etc., and no demurrer was interposed to said plea 7, but issue taken thereon. However, tbe statute is clear to tbe effect that such evidence is competent in eeall actions of libel and slander,” and we do not see bow this court can limit it to only some of said actions. — Ferdon v. Dickens, 161 Ala. 181, 193, 49 South. 888.
Tbe state of Washington has a statute similar to ours, and tbe Supreme Court of that state has held that such evidence should not be rejected, although only actual damages were recoverable in that state (Ott v. Press Pub. Co., 40 Wash. 308, 312, 82 Pac. 404, 405) ; tbe court saying: “In the later case of Levy v. Fleischner, Mayer & Co., 12 Wash. 15, 40 Pac. 384, Dunbar, J., after having distinguished punitive from' actual damages, in a further discussion of tbe different classes of actual damages, said: ‘We do not mean by tbe term “actual damages” tbe actual damages expressed by tbe statute, of course, such actual damages as could be definitely determined as tbe actual loss which tbe debtor would incur by reason of tbe attachment, and which loss could be determined or computed; but an undetermined loss and damage, which is no less actual by [621]*621reason of its indetermined character, such as damages to reputation, damage to pride and feeling, and damages of that character, some of which, it is true, are more or less sentimental. " * *’ Our interpretation of the above language is that as distinguished from punitive damages, there may be two classes of actual damages. Appellants separately claimed actual damages for mental pain and suffering and for injury to business. While damages for mental pain and suffering may be, and sometimes are, recognized as actual, as distinguished from punitive, damages, nevertheless they are to a certain extent indefinite, and their value must in all cases be fixed by the jury, in view of all the facts and circumstances surrounding any particular case. In this action appellants were permitted to introduce evidence showing damages of this character, and under said section 4939 [Ballinger’s Ann. Codes & St.], supra, evidence of mitigating circumstances was certainly admissible as affecting such actual damages. In any event, the statute expressly provides that such evidence may be admitted, and it would be improper for us, in the face of such statute, to hold that it should be rejected.”
Based upon the authorities cited, and the plain wording of the statute, the writer is of the opinion that there was no error in giving charge 2, but the other members of the court hold that the trial court erred in giving said charge.
Charge A, requested by the defendant, had been substantially duplicated, by the giving of charge 24, requested by the defendant.
There was no error in overruling the objections to the questions as to the witness Hanson as to the circumstances under which the publication was received and made, and that the columns of the paper were open to [622]*622each candidate on the same terms, to wit, by paying for the articles as advertisements. These were all a part of the circumstances which were proper to go to the jury. — Authorities supra.
In addition, it is shown by the record that substantially the same testimony had been brought out by the plaintiff in his examination of the same witness on interrogatories, and on his redirect examination he testified, without objection, that “the two candidates were treated alike, and each paid for advertisements, and that advertisements of each were accepted on the same terms.” So, if there was error in the action of the court in regard to the questions referred to, it was without injury.
The court erred in giving the general charge in regard to the defendant Moore. The circumstances in regard to his being instrumental in getting up the affidavit and having it published in the Birmingham papers, that the affidavit was sent from his office to Montgomery, and that it appeared in the Alvertiser the next morning, were proper to go to the jury in i'eaching a conclusion as to whether he also furnished it for the purpose of being published in the Advertiser.
As to the giving of the general charge as to De Funiak, the majority of the court, to wit, Dowdell, C. J., and Anderson, MoClellan, Sayre, and Somerville, JJ., hold that the evidence excluded should have been admitted, and that the general charge should not have been given as to De Funiak. The writer and Mayfield, J., hold that the evidence as to what was done in regard to publishing in the Birmingham papers was properly excluded, and that the general charge in favor of De Funiak was properly given.
The judgment of the court is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
[623]*623Dowdell, C. J., and Anderson, McClellan, Sayre, and Somerville, JJ., concur. Simps'on and Mayfield, JJ., dissent in part.
ANDERSON, J.
The complaint, as last amended, disclaims any right to recover exemplary or punitive damages, hut sought only actual compensatory damages. Therefore, if the plaintiff was entitled to recover at all, he was entitled to the damage sustained by him, as the result of the publication — no more and no less — • and regardless of 'the circumstances attending the publication. The rule is that, in all cases of libel, the absence of malice, though it may not be a bar to the action, may yet have a material effect in reducing the damages. The plaintiff is still entitled to reasonable compensation for the injury he has suffered; but if the injury was unintentional, or was committed under a sense of duty, or through some honest mistake, clearly no vindictive damages should be given. — Newell on Dem. & Slander, p. 901.
■Section 13 of the Constitution of Alabama of 1901 provides that every person, for any injury done him in his person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due process of law. In libel cases there are two classes of damages — general and special. “General damages” (and these are actual) are those which the law presumes must naturally, proximately, and necessarily result from the publication of the libelous matter; they arise by inference of law, and are not required to be proved by .evidence; they are allowable whenever the immediate tendency of the words is to impair the plain.tiff’s reputation, although no actual pecuniary loss results; they are designed to compensate for that large and substantial class of injuries arising from injured feelings, mental suffering and anguish, .and personal [624]*624humiliation consequent upon the malicious publication of false and libelous matter. Such damages, though.not accurately measured by the dollar standard, are actual and substantial; and the effect of the provision, above quoted, in the Bill of Rights, is to protect a citizen in the recovery of such damages from a libelous publication. This proposition was so decided in the case of Hanson v. Krehbiel, 68 Kan. 670, 75 Pac. 1041, 64 L. R. A. 790, 104 Am. St. Rep. 422. And the same principles are recognized in Park v. Detroit Free Press, 72 Mich. 560, 40 N. W. 781, 1 L. R. A. 599, 16 Am. St. Rep, 544, which has been approved in McGee v. Baumgartner, 121 Mich. 287, 80 N. W. 21, where the court said: “The right to recover, in an action of libel for damages to reputation, cannot be abridged by statute.” The effect of charge 2 was to say to the jury that they might mitigate the damages which the plaintiff actually suffered, if they found the publication was made by the .Advertiser in the honest belief that it was true, without -express malice, and for the sole purpose of advising •and informing the electors of Alabama as to the fitness ■and qualifications of plaintiff for office. Such considerations might well have effect upon the recovery of punitive damages, but could and should have no weight in fixing the amount of actual or compensatory damages. The law is thus stated in 25 Cyc. 532: “In all cases where the charge is false and not privileged, plaintiff is entitled to his actual damages, and defendant -cannot reduce compensatory damages by proving mitigating circumstances, except such as in their nature 'bear upon the question of the extent of the injury sustained.” In a note to the text, we find the following: “Evidence of plaintiff’s intent and motive in publishing the defamatory matter will go in mitigation of the «-exemplary, but not of the actual, damages sustained.— [625]*625Rearick, v. Wilcox, 81 Ill. 77; Jones v. Murray, 167 Mo. 25, 66 S. W. 981; Callahan v. Ingram, 122 Mo. 855, 26 S. W. 1020, 43 Am. St. Rep. 583; Lewis v. Humphries, 61 Mo. App. 166; Thompson v. Powning, 15 Nev. 195; Buckstaff v. Hicks, 91 Wis. 34, 68 N. W. 403, 59 Am. St. Rep. 853.”
The majority of the court are of the opinion that the trial court erred in giving charge 2, at the request of the defendant Advertiser Company.
Neither do we think that the giving of said charge 2 can be justified because the plaintiff took issue upon defendant’s plea 7. Said charge went only to the reduction of damages and the plea was in bar of the action. It sought to answer the complaint and not to merely mitigate the damages.
The case of Shelton v. Simmons, 12 Ala. 166, cited by Justice Simpson, does not support his conclusion and is not in conflict with the holding of the majority. The opinion states: “The absence of malice, it is true, should be taken in consideration by the jury, in estimating the extent of the injury to the plaintiff’s character.” There is a fixed distinction between considering facts, to ascertain the extent of damage sustained, and in considering them for the purpose of reducing and cutting damages sustained. In other words, circumstances attending and prompting the publication should be considered in determining whether or not actual damage was sustained and the extent of same, but not for the purpose of reducing, or mitigating the damage that was actually sustained.
Nor do we think that section 3716 of the Code of 1907 should be so construed as to take away, by a rule of evidence or pleading, a guaranteed right under section 13 of the Constitution. Said section was intended to apply only to cases where such facts could operate to mit[626]*626igate damages and to obviate the necessity of special pleas.
The majority are also of tbe opinion that there was evidence of a prima facie conspiracy on the part of Moore and De Fnniak, to produce and use the affidavit of Dickert in the pending political campaign an,d to give it as much, publicity as possible, and the fact that they, one or both, caused it to be published in the Birmingham papers, is a circumstance strengthening the theory of such a conspiracy, and which also tends to show that it got to the defendant Advertiser- by or through their agency. With this evidence in, neither Moore or De Funiak should have the general charge.