J-S04016-24
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : CORY JOSEPH SULLIVAN : : Appellant : No. 988 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 10, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Criminal Division at No: CP-45-CR-0000249-2020
BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and LANE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED AUGUST 9, 2024
Appellant, Cory Joseph Sullivan, appeals from his judgment of sentence
of imprisonment for multiple crimes against his fiancé, J.S., and their children,
including (1) aggravated assault, graded as a first-degree felony, for causing
serious bodily injury to another under circumstances manifesting extreme
indifference to the value of human life (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1)), (2) ten
counts of aggravated assault for causing bodily injury with a deadly weapon,
graded as second-degree felonies (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(4)), (3)
strangulation, (4) indecent assault, (5) five counts of endangering welfare of
children, (6) corruption of minors, (7) furnishing liquors to minors, and (8)
terroristic threats. The court originally sentenced Appellant to an aggregate
sentence of 219 – 420 months’ imprisonment. The Commonwealth filed a
post-sentence motion requesting a longer sentence, and the court
resentenced Appellant to 222 – 444 months’ (18.5 to 37 years’) imprisonment. J-S04016-24
We reverse five of Appellant’s convictions under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(4)
due to insufficient evidence, and we affirm his remaining convictions. In
addition, we remand for imposition of Appellant’s original sentence, because
the court resentenced Appellant after expiration of the time limit for disposing
of the Commonwealth’s post-sentence motion under Pa.R.Crim.P. 721.
The evidence adduced during Appellant’s jury trial reveals that he lived
with (1) his fiancé, J.S., (2) their five children, whose ages ranged from six
years old to four months old at the time of Appellant’s arrest, and (3) A.H.A.,
a child from J.S.’s previous marriage. The Commonwealth presented evidence
that Appellant engaged in a prolonged pattern of physical abuse against J.S.
and the children for years, culminating in J.S.’s hospitalization in December
2019. We do not find it necessary to recite every detail of Appellant’s appalling
conduct; a few details will suffice.
J.S. testified that she began dating Appellant in 2012. Appellant began
abusing her physically in 2016 when she was pregnant with one of their
children, C.S., and she went into premature labor after Appellant threw her
onto a bed. In 2017, during another pregnancy, Appellant repeatedly threw
her to the floor, spat on her, pulled her hair, and verbally abused her. After
their second child was born, Appellant’s physical abuse increased in frequency
and severity. J.S. estimated that Appellant beat her once every week, often
by choking her and throwing her to the ground.
J.S. testified that Appellant choked her with a belt around her neck and
hit her in the head with a studded belt. She testified that there were cuts and
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marks on her face and head from Appellant repeatedly striking her with the
belt. On more than one occasion, Appellant forced her to take her clothes off,
poured water on her and forced her to stay outside in the cold until he allowed
her to come inside. Appellant also forced A.H.A. to stand outside naked as
punishment.
J.S. and A.H.A. both testified about the physical abuse that Appellant
inflicted on the children, including frequent beatings with a leather work belt.
Appellant also used a studded belt to beat A.H.A. and J.S. The Commonwealth
introduced photographs showing wounds that J.S. suffered on many parts of
her body from the beatings, including her face.
As an alternative to the beatings, Appellant ordered J.S. and A.H.A. to
drink shots of alcohol within thirty seconds and made them continue to drink
until they either blacked out or vomited.
Appellant repeatedly threatened to kill J.S. and all the children if the
police were ever called or if they ever told anyone what happened in the
house. He also threatened that if they left, he would have people find them
and kill them.
On December 23, 2019, J.S. brought her vehicle to receive service at a
Mavis Tire store. A Mavis employee noticed that J.S. had injuries and called
the police to report his concern for her welfare. Pennsylvania State Troopers
visited the store to speak with J.S. When they observed her injuries, they
called for an ambulance, photographed her injuries, and sent her to the
hospital. J.S. reported that earlier that morning, Appellant beat her about her
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head, arms, legs, and torso with a painter’s pole. J.S. also stated that
Appellant had been abusing her and many of her children for a long time.
On January 17, 2020, the police filed a multitude of charges against
Appellant. J.S. gave searing and graphic testimony during trial concerning the
abuse and humiliation inflicted upon her by Appellant, and she authenticated
dozens of photographs depicting the wounds that Appellant inflicted during
regular savage beatings on her head, face, torso, arms, and legs.
On March 7, 2022, a jury found Appellant guilty of the charges identified
above. On June 13, 2022, the court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate
sentence of 219 – 420 months’ imprisonment. On June 22, 2022, the
Commonwealth filed a timely post-sentence motion seeking an increased
sentence. On July 14, 2022, Appellant filed post-sentence motions. On
October 20, 2022, the court (1) granted the Commonwealth’s motion to
increase Appellant’s sentence, (2) granted Appellant’s post-sentence motions
to the extent that resentencing was necessary because he was not present in
person, and (3) denied the remainder of Appellant’s post-sentence motions.
Over four months later, in an order docketed on February 15, 2023, the court
resentenced Appellant to 222 – 444 months’ (18.5 to 37 years’) imprisonment.
On February 21, 2023, Appellant filed post-sentence motions seeking
reconsideration of this new sentence. On March 8, 2023, the court denied
Appellant’s motion. On April 7, 2023, Appellant appealed to this Court.
Appellant complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. The court did not file a Rule 1925(a)
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opinion, but it addressed the issues raised on appeal in its October 20, 2022
opinion and order concerning the parties’ post-sentence motions.
Appellant raises the following issues in this appeal, which we re-order
for the sake of convenience:
1. Did the trial court err by permitting the Commonwealth to introduce video evidence provided to the Commonwealth immediately before the trial began, thereby preventing the defense from investigating the video to determine its authenticity or context and preventing the defense from developing any strategy to address the video evidence?
2. Did the trial court err by precluding the defense from questioning two witnesses regarding [J.S.’s] statements about relationships she had prior to her relationship with [Appellant], which demonstrate [J.S.’s] propensity for alleging abuse?
3. Are [Appellant’s] convictions for aggravated assault with the use of a deadly weapon as it is related to the belt not supported by sufficient evidence because the Commonwealth failed to prove that serious or permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of any bodily member or organ occurred because of [Appellant’s] use of the belt?
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
Appellant first argues that the Commonwealth violated his due process
rights articulated in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1967), by turning over
a video one day before trial to Appellant. The video, filmed by Appellant,
showed J.S. sleeping on a couch while he was groping her private areas. This
argument is devoid of merit.
J.S. testified that she was unaware of the video in question until one
day before trial, when she discovered it in her cloud account. Upon finding it,
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she immediately forwarded it to the District Attorney. The Commonwealth
itself only became aware of the video on the eve of trial. Appellant admits
that the Commonwealth promptly produced the video to him after receiving it
from J.S.
Appellant does not contend that the Commonwealth violated his rights
under the rule of criminal procedure relating to discovery, Pa.R.Crim.P. 573.
Instead, Appellant argues that the disclosure of the video immediately before
trial violated his rights under Brady because it deprived him of the opportunity
to investigate its authenticity or develop a trial strategy relating to the video.
Appellant also complains that admission of the video prejudiced him because
the Commonwealth used it “as a piece of an overarching picture of [Appellant]
as a disruptive and abusive presence in the home [he] shared with [J.S.] and
their children.” Appellant’s Brief at 9.
Appellant’s argument fails because there was no Brady violation. In
Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due
process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Id. at 87. To
prove a Brady violation, the defendant has the burden of demonstrating that:
“(1) the prosecutor has suppressed evidence; (2) the evidence, whether
exculpatory or impeaching, is helpful to the defendant, and (3) the
suppression prejudiced the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Carson, 913
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A.2d 220, 244 (Pa. 2007). Prejudice is demonstrated where the evidence
suppressed is material to guilt or innocence. Id. Further, “[f]avorable
evidence is material, and constitutional error results from its suppression by
the government, if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Commonwealth v. Paddy, 15 A.3d 431, 450
(Pa. 2011).
Here, Appellant fails to meet his burden to demonstrate a Brady
violation under the test enunciated in Carson. He fails to show that the
Commonwealth suppressed the video. To the contrary, the Commonwealth
turned the video over to Appellant before trial immediately after J.S. sent it
to the District Attorney. Further, Appellant fails to demonstrate that the video
was favorable to him. To the contrary, the Commonwealth used it in its closing
argument to demonstrate Appellant’s abusive nature. Finally, he fails to prove
that suppression of the video prejudiced him, because, as discussed above,
there was no suppression. Accordingly, this argument does not warrant relief.
Next, Appellant argues that the court abused its discretion in precluding
testimony by Beau Sullivan, Appellant’s older brother, and Ashley Sullivan,
Beau’s wife, concerning why J.S. ended her relationship with her former
husband, Ryan Acevedo. Appellant claims that this testimony would have
demonstrated J.S.’s propensity to fabricate false allegations of physical abuse
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against her romantic partners. We conclude that the court acted within its
discretion1 by precluding this testimony, since Acevedo himself testified as to
why his relationship with J.S. ended, and further testimony on this subject by
Beau and Ashley Sullivan would have been cumulative.
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 403 provides: “The court may exclude
relevant evidence if its probative value is outweighed by a danger of one or
more of the following . . . needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E.
403. In this case, Acevedo testified as to why his relationship ended with J.S.
According to Acevedo, J.S. filed a Protection From Abuse petition against him
at the end of their marriage even though he made no threats against her and
did not harm her physically. N.T., 3/3/22, at 192-93. Since Acevedo testified
on this subject, the court acted within its discretion by determining that
testimony by Beau and Ashley Sullivan on the same subject would have been
cumulative.
Appellant argues that “[t]he testimony which would have been elicited
from Beau and Ashley Sullivan would have provided details as to what exactly
[J.S.] alleged against [] Acevedo to receive the PFA, as [] Acevedo himself
testified that there had been no physical abuse.” Appellant’s Brief at 17.
Appellant’s brief does not specify what these “details” would have been; nor
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1 The admission of evidence is a matter for the discretion of the trial court,
and we will reverse a ruling thereon only upon a showing that the trial court committed an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 42 A.3d 1017, 1027 (Pa. 2012).
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does he point to any place in the record where he made an offer of proof
concerning these “details.” Therefore, we have no basis to conclude that these
“details” would have affected our review of the trial court’s ruling.
Finally, Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain
multiple convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon under 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(4) because the belt that he used to beat J.S. did not
constitute a deadly weapon. We hold that the evidence was sufficient to
sustain four of Appellant’s nine convictions under Section 2702(a)(4) involving
use of the belt.2 The evidence was insufficient to sustain Appellant’s other
five convictions under Section 2702(a)(4) despite the brutality of his conduct.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,
We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Where there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every element of the crime has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.
The evidence established at trial need not preclude every possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact[-]finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter
2 One other conviction under Section 2702(a)(4) arose from Appellant’s use
of a painter’s pole as a deadly weapon. Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence concerning this conviction.
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of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Izurieta, 171 A.3d 803, 806 (Pa. Super. 2017).
To prove aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, the Commonwealth
must prove that the defendant “attempts to cause or intentionally or
knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon.” 18
Pa.C.S.A. §2702(a)(4). The Crimes Code defines a deadly weapon as “[a]ny
firearm, whether loaded or unloaded, or any device designed as a weapon and
capable of producing death or serious bodily injury, or any other device or
instrumentality which, in the manner in which it is used or intended to be
used, is calculated or likely to produce death or serious bodily injury.” 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 2301. The Crimes Code also defines “serious bodily injury” as
“[b]odily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes
serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the
function of any bodily member or organ.” Id.
“The definition of deadly weapon does not demand that the person in
control of the object intended to injure or kill the victim. Instead, it gives
objects deadly weapon status on the basis of their use under the
circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Scullin, 607 A.2d 750, 753 (Pa. Super.
1992) (tire iron thrown at victim was deadly weapon); see also
Commonwealth v. Cornish, 589 A.2d 718, 721 (Pa. Super. 1991) (fireplace
poker used to strike victim constituted deadly weapon).
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Counts 5 through 13 in the amended information alleged violations of
Section 2702(a)(4) through use of a belt as a deadly weapon. The pertinent
evidence for these counts comes from J.S.’s trial testimony and
Commonwealth’s exhibit sixteen, which consists of contemporaneous pictures
that J.S. took of her injuries and which she emailed to herself. N.T. Jury Trial,
3/3/22, at 119-20 (explaining Exhibit 16).
Count 5 concerned an incident on September 16, 2019, when Appellant
struck J.S. across the face, back of the head, arms, buttocks, and legs with
the belt and belt buckle. Id. at 123-28. Pictures capturing J.S.’s injuries
showed bruising around her eyes and on her shoulders, buttocks, and legs.
Id. at 127-28 (Exhibit 16 at 7-8, 10-11).
Count 6 charged Appellant with striking J.S. with the belt buckle on
September 25, 2019, causing bruising on the top of her head, back, and
breast. Id. at 130-31. He also hit her with the belt on the back, stomach,
arm, buttocks, and legs, causing bruising and a swollen elbow. Id. at 129-
32; see also id. at 128-35 (Exhibit 16 at 13-14). Appellant inflicted these
wounds while J.S. was naked, approximately one month after she had given
birth. Id. at 132, 135.
Count 7 concerns Appellant’s attack on J.S. on October 23, 2019.
Pictures from that date depict severe bruising to J.S.’s back, legs, and foot.
Id. at 137-39 (Exhibit 16 at 18-19). In this instance, Appellant beat J.S. with
the belt so brutally that her ankle became “swollen up” and the belt buckle
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“put a hole in [her] leg.” Id. at 138-39 (Exhibit 16 at 18-19). He even
“started hitting [her] in the vagina area, in the inner thighs, because it hurt
more.” Id. at 138.
Count 8 concerns a beating on November 14, 2019. The photographs
from that date portray intense injuries to J.S.’s torso, abdomen, shoulder,
breasts, back, legs, hips, and buttocks. Id. at 150-54 (Exhibit 16 at 23-24).
J.S. testified that Appellant “purposely hit [her] across the chest while [she]
was breastfeeding[,]” causing her “milk to be low.” Id. at 151. He also struck
her with the belt buckle, which caused “bigger and worse bruising.” Id. at
153.
Count 9 pertains to a beating on November 20, 2019. The pictures from
this date reveal bruising to J.S.’s back, abdomen, and buttocks. Id. at 154-
57 (Exhibit 16 at 26). During this violent episode, Appellant “hit [J.S.] on the
stomach with the belt on bare skin.” Id. at 155.
On November 28, 2019, the date relating to count 10, Appellant utilized
the belt in three different ways. He hit J.S. with the belt buckle on the arm
and shoulder, causing scars, as well as on her legs. He also whipped her on
the head, neck, back, breast, stomach, legs, buttocks, and vagina, causing
severe bruising. Finally, he used it to choke her. Id. at 158-64; see also id.
(Exhibit 16 at 30-31).
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Count 11 charged Appellant for a beating of J.S. in April 2019.3
Photographs taken afterwards show injuries to her legs, thighs, hips, back,
and arms. Id. at 165-66 (Exhibit 16 at 35). At this time, J.S. was five months
pregnant, and Appellant knew this fact yet continued the abuse. She testified
that Appellant “sometimes missed and hit her stomach.” Id. at 165.
Count 12 involved an incident on July 24, 2019. The evidence from this
day shows bruising on J.S.’s buttocks resulting from Appellant’s beating with
the belt. Id. at 167-68 (Exhibit 16 at 41). At this point, J.S. was nine months
pregnant. Id. at 168.
Finally, count 13 concerned Appellant’s beating of J.S. on July 31, 2019,
again during the ninth month of her pregnancy. On this occasion, Appellant
struck her with the belt on the face, buttocks, and legs. Id. at 168-69 (Exhibit
16 at 43). J.S. testified that, “at this point [in her pregnancy], [Appellant]
was no longer focusing on [her] body. He was focusing on her [head], because
[she] was close to delivery and he didn’t want markings on [her] body.” Id.
at 168.
The evidence was sufficient to sustain Appellant’s convictions on Count
5 (use of the belt on September 16, 2019), Count 6 (September 25, 2019),
Count 10 (November 28, 2019) and Count 13 (July 31, 2019). The evidence
demonstrates that Appellant used a studded belt on these dates either to
3 While the information stated that the beating took place on April 4, 2019,
the discovery and trial evidence instead pertained to April 18, 2019. Appellant raised no objection to the variance in either the trial court or this Court.
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choke J.S. or to strike her violently and repeatedly on her head and face. The
belt constituted a deadly weapon on these occasions because it caused serious
bodily injury, i.e., “bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death.” 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 2301.
The evidence, however, is insufficient to sustain Appellant’s other five
convictions in Counts 7-9 and 11-12, which concern beatings on J.S.’s legs,
buttocks and stomach.
We reach this decision despite the fact the stomach and torso are vital
parts of the body. See Commonwealth v. Haney, 131 A.3d 24, 36 (Pa.
2015) (defendant’s repeated attacks on four-year-old victim, “during which
he inflicted blows to vital parts of [victim]’s body, such as his head and
stomach, over a period of at least three days,” along with a refusal to seek
medical attention, proved malice and specific intent to kill); Commonwealth
v. Comerford, 313 A.3d 194, 2024 WL 223253, at *4 (Pa. Super. 2024) (non-
precedential decision) (evidence sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction
for aggravated assault with deadly weapon where he struck victim with frying
pan multiple times in torso, “a ‘vital’ part of the body”). Moreover, we have
upheld convictions for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon where the
defendants repeatedly struck their victims with heavy metal objects on the
torso and back. See Comerford, 2024 WL 223253, at *4; Commonwealth
v. Sun, 268 A.3d 401, 2021 WL 5121282, at *3 (Pa. Super. 2021) (non-
precedential decision) (determining aluminum bat was a deadly weapon where
the defendant “used the bat to hit his wife in the back – an area of the body
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in which he could easily have caused serious injury to her spine, kidneys, and
other body parts”).
Nevertheless, the way Appellant used the belt on J.S.’s legs, buttocks
and stomach was not likely to cause death or serious bodily injury, as defined
by our legislature. See Scullin, 607 A.2d at 753. Instead, Appellant intended
his actions to cause extreme pain and resulted in bodily injury to J.S.,
including while she was five months and nine months along in her pregnancy.
However, whipping the belt, while unquestionably repulsive and pain-
inducing, was simply not calculated to inflict the same types of injuries as the
blunt force of a heavy metal object to the stomach, torso, or back. Moreover,
Appellant did not focus on strangling J.S. or beating her in the head during
these attacks. Nor was there testimony regarding a substantial risk of death,
permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment resulting from the
beatings at issue in counts 7, 9, 11 and 12.
With regard to count 8, J.S. attested that Appellant purposefully struck
her in the breasts to limit her breastmilk supply, and that his assault actually
resulted in such a reduction. The Commonwealth, however, proffered no
evidence as to the duration of this injury. Thus, it did not establish that the
beating caused “protracted loss or impairment” of her breastmilk production.
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301. Cf. Commonwealth v. Cassidy, 668 A.2d 1143,
1146 (Pa. Super. 1995) (impairment protracted where victim had to wear
brace “from the top of the chest to the thighs, covering the front and back,
and a cast which immobilize[d] movement of the wrist, both for two months”).
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Before concluding, we address two issues relating to further proceedings
in this case. The first is whether Appellant’s resentencing was a nullity
because it was untimely under Pa.R.Crim.P. 721, the rule governing post-
sentence motions filed by the Commonwealth. We answer this question in the
affirmative, and we remand for reinstatement of Appellant’s original sentence.
Second, we consider whether a new sentencing hearing is necessary due to
our reversal of Appellant’s six convictions under Section 2702(a)(4). We
conclude that a new sentencing hearing is not necessary because reversal of
these convictions does not affect the structure of Appellant’s original sentence.
The question whether the trial court timely resentenced Appellant under
Rule 721 is a jurisdictional issue. Commonwealth v. Martinez, 141 A.3d
485, 487, 490 (Pa. Super. 2016) (trial court lacked jurisdiction to resentence
defendant due to failure to impose new sentence within time limits prescribed
under Pa.R.Crim.P. 721). Although neither party raised this issue, we may
raise jurisdictional questions sua sponte. Commonwealth v. Parker, 173
A.3d 294, 296 (Pa. Super. 2017).
Rule 721 sets forth the procedure for Commonwealth challenges to a
defendant’s sentence:
(A) Commonwealth Challenges to Sentence
(1) The Commonwealth may challenge a sentence by filing a motion to modify sentence, by filing an appeal on a preserved issue, or by filing a motion to modify sentence followed by an appeal.
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(B) Timing
(1) Motion for Modification of Sentence. A Commonwealth motion for modification of sentence shall be filed no later than 10 days after imposition of sentence.
(C) Trial Court Action; Disposition. If the attorney for the Commonwealth files a timely motion for modification of sentence pursuant to paragraph (A)(1), the judge shall dispose of the motion as provided in this paragraph.
(1) If the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the judge shall not vacate sentence but shall decide the Commonwealth’s motion and the defendant’s post-sentence motion simultaneously. The Rule 720(B)(3) time limits for deciding the defendant’s post- sentence motion,4 including the automatic denial provisions, shall apply to the disposition of the Commonwealth’s motion. The starting date for disposition of both motions shall be the date on which the defendant filed the post-sentence motion.
(2) If the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the judge shall not vacate sentence but shall decide the Commonwealth’s motion within 120 days of the filing of the motion. If the judge fails to decide the Commonwealth’s motion within 120 days, the motion shall be deemed denied by operation of law.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 721.
The Comment to Rule 721 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
4 Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3) provides that the judge shall decide the defendant’s
post-sentence motion within 120 days of the filing of the motion. Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(a). Upon motion of the defendant within the 120-day period and good cause, the judge may grant one thirty-day extension for decision on the motion. Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(b). If the judge fails to decide the defendant’s post-sentence motion within these time limits, the motion shall be deemed denied by operation of law. Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(a-b). Presently, after filing his post-sentence motions, Appellant did not request any extension for decision on the motions.
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Rule 720 Motion Filed
Under paragraph (C)(1), if the defendant has filed a post-sentence motion, the judge is not permitted to vacate sentence and must decide the defendant’s post-sentence motion and the Commonwealth’s motion simultaneously. The date on which the defendant’s post-sentence motion is filed, see Rule 720(A)(1), triggers the time limit within which the judge must also dispose of the Commonwealth’s motion, regardless of which motion is filed first. If the judge fails to decide the Commonwealth’s motion within this time limit, the motion is deemed denied by operation of law. See Rule 720(B)(3).
Rule 720 Motion Not Filed
When the defendant has not filed a post-sentence motion, the disposition of the Commonwealth’s motion is governed by paragraph (C)(2). The judge may not vacate sentence, but has 120 days to decide the Commonwealth’s motion or the motion is deemed denied by operation of law. If the judge decides the motion within the 120-day limit and then agrees to reconsider, the reconsideration must be resolved within the original 120-day time limit. The judge may not vacate sentence in order to reconsider the motion or otherwise use the reconsideration period to extend the 120-day time limit . . .
Comment, Pa.R.Crim.P. 721.
This Court’s analysis of Rule 721 in Martinez is instructive. There, the
court sentenced the defendant on November 13, 2012, to a term of
imprisonment for robbery and other offenses. On November 19, 2012, the
Commonwealth filed a timely post-sentence motion requesting application of
the deadly weapon enhancement to the defendant’s sentence. On January
16, 2013, the court granted the Commonwealth’s post-sentence motion and
ordered resentencing. On April 5, 2013, over 120 days after the
Commonwealth filed its post-sentence motion, the court vacated the
defendant’s original sentence and imposed a lengthier term of imprisonment.
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On direct appeal, we held that the court lacked jurisdiction to resentence the
defendant beyond the 120 day limit set forth in Rule 721, and we remanded
for reinstatement of the original sentence. We reasoned:
While Pa.R.Crim.P. 721(C)(2) provides that the trial court must “decide the Commonwealth's motion within 120 days of the filing of the motion”, the Comment to Rule 721 makes clear that not only does the trial court need to decide the Commonwealth’s post- sentence motion within the 120 day period, but the trial [court] must resolve the motion for reconsideration within the original 120–day time limit.
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In the case sub judice, the Commonwealth filed its post-sentence motion on November 19, 2012. Accordingly, the 120–day time period during which the trial court had authority to act upon the post-sentence motion expired on March 19, 2013. Thus, the trial court was required to entirely resolve the Commonwealth’s post- sentence motion by March 19, 2013. As stated, the trial court did not vacate Appellant's original sentence or resentence Appellant until April 5, 2013, which was 137 days after the Commonwealth filed its post-sentence motion. Because the trial court did not resolve the Commonwealth's post-sentence motion within the original 120–day time limit, the post-sentence motion was denied by operation of law on March 19, 2013, pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 721(C)(2). Accordingly, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to vacate Appellant’s original sentence and resentence Appellant on April 5, 2013. “Where there is no jurisdiction, there is no authority to pronounce judgment.” [Commonwealth v.] Santone, 757 A.2d [963,] 966 [(Pa. Super. 2000)].
Id. at 488-89, 490-91 (emphasis in original).
Here, as in Martinez, the trial court granted the Commonwealth’s
motion for reconsideration on October 20, 2022, within the 120 day period
prescribed under Rule 721, but failed to resentence Appellant until February
10, 2023, after the 120 day period expired. Thus, as in Martinez, the trial
court lacked jurisdiction to resentence Appellant by failing to “resolve the
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motion for reconsideration within the 120 day period.” 5 Id. at 488-89.
Further, as in Martinez, “where there is no jurisdiction, there is no authority
to pronounce judgment.” Id. at 490-91. Consequently, we must remand this
case for reinstatement of Appellant’s original sentence. 6
5 The only difference between Martinez and the present case is that the defendant in Martinez did not file post-sentence motions, while Appellant filed post-sentence motions in the present case. Appellant’s post-sentence motions appear to be untimely, since Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A) requires the defendant to file post-sentence motions within ten days after sentencing. Rule 721(C)(1) states that when both the Commonwealth and the defendant file post-sentence motions, the 120 day disposition period for both motions begins to run on the date of the defendant’s motion. We know of no decision, however, that addresses whether this rule applies when, as here, the defendant’s post-sentence motions are untimely under Rule 720(A). We need not resolve this issue, however, because regardless of whether the 120 day period began on the date of the Commonwealth’s motions (June 20, 2022) or Appellant’s motions (July 14, 2022), the court did not resentence Appellant until after this period expired.
6 It also bears mention that Appellant’s appeal to this Court was timely under
the circumstances of this case. As discussed above, the court was required to resolve the Commonwealth’s post-sentence motion either by late October 2022 or mid-November 2022, depending on whether the 120 day period began running on the date of the Commonwealth’s motion or Appellant’s motion. Instead of fully resolving the Commonwealth’s motion within the 120 day period, the court granted a new sentencing hearing on October 20, 2022 and filed an order resentencing Appellant on February 15, 2023. On February 21, 2023, Appellant filed post-sentence motions. The court denied these motions on March 8, 2023 and Appellant appealed to this Court on April 7, 2023.
In cases arising under Rule 720, we have held that a breakdown in the operations of the court occurs when the trial court and clerk of court fail to enter an order denying a defendant’s post-sentence motion within the 120 day period. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Braykovich, 664 A.2d 133, 137- 38 (Pa. Super. 1995). In our view, a breakdown also occurred here, since the court failed to resentence the defendant until after the 120 day period prescribed in Rule 721. Under these circumstances, we cannot fault Appellant (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Finally, our decision to reverse five of Appellant’s ten convictions under
Section 2702(a)(4) does not necessitate a new sentencing hearing because
reversal of these convictions did not upset the court’s sentencing scheme.
When a trial court errs in its sentence on one count in a multi-count case,
“then all sentences for all counts will be vacated, so that the court can
restructure its entire sentencing scheme.” Commonwealth v. Bartrug, 732
A.2d 1287, 1289 (Pa. Super. 1999). However, where vacating one sentence
does not upset the trial court’s sentencing scheme, there is no need to remand
for resentencing. Commonwealth v. Robinson, 817 A.2d 1153, 1163 n.14
(Pa. Super. 2003) (declining to remand for resentencing where reversal of one
sentence did not “upset the court’s sentencing scheme[,] as the sentence we
reverse here had been ordered to run concurrent to the sentence imposed on
the [other] conviction”). During Appellant’s original sentencing hearing, the
court ordered the sentences we reverse today to run concurrent to other
aggravated assault sentences that continue to remain intact.
Judgment of sentence on Counts 7-9 and 11-12 reversed. All other
convictions affirmed. Case remanded for reinstatement of Appellant’s original
judgment of sentence. Jurisdiction relinquished.
for filing post-sentence motions within ten days of the new sentence and filing his notice of appeal within thirty days after denial of his post-sentence motions.
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Date: 8/9/2024
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