J-S31043-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : KHAREE MUHAMMAD : : Appellant : No. 1036 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 28, 2020 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0008182-2015
BEFORE: STABILE, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: Filed: November 18, 2021
Kharee Muhammad (Muhammad) appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial
court) after his jury conviction for second-degree murder,1 four counts of
robbery2 and related crimes.3 He challenges the (1) sufficiency of the
evidence to sustain the second degree murder conviction, alleging the
Commonwealth failed to prove identification and mens rea; and (2) the
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(b).
2 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(l).
3 The related crimes included possessing an instrument of crime, criminal conspiracy, firearms not to be carried without a license and carrying firearms in public in Philadelphia. 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 907(a), 903, 6106(a)(1), 6108. J-S31043-21
legality of his sentence on the basis that the second-degree murder and
robbery convictions should have merged for sentencing purposes. After our
careful review, we vacate the judgment of sentence with respect to the
robbery of the murder victim only and affirm in all other respects.
We take the following factual background and procedural history from
the trial court’s November 30, 2020 opinion and our independent review of
the record.
I.
The charges in this matter relate to the June 10, 2014 robberies of four
individuals4 by Muhammad (aka Kaz), Tim Jordan (aka T1), Andrew Baker,
Joshua Voght and Brandon Munroe (aka B-Dub). The incident resulted in the
fatal shooting of Mora as he attempted to flee. On October 8, 2014, police
arrested Muhammad and charged him with the foregoing crimes.5 Following
a preliminary hearing on August 12, 2015, he was bound over for trial and
jury selection began on November 14, 2019. The Commonwealth presented
the trial testimony of approximately 20 people, including co-conspirators
4 The victims included Humberto Sarmiento, Jose Miguel Colon-Torres, Ruben
Dario Pasquel-Lopez and Decedent Moises Mora. (See Information, 10/18/15).
5 Muhammad was also charged with burglary, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1), of which he was later acquitted. The Commonwealth nolle prossed charges of theft by unlawful taking, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3921(a), and receiving stolen property, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3925(a), and the conspiracy charges related to them.
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Joshua Voght and Andrew Baker;6 Philadelphia Police Officers Christopher
Daukaus, Christopher Hyk and Derrick Suragh; Deputy Medical Examiner Dr.
Albert Chu; expert witness Detective James Dunlap; Philadelphia Crime Scene
Unit (CSU) Officer Terry Tull; robbery victim Humberto Sarmiento; eyewitness
Jorge Blanco; and witnesses Jennifer Wong and Philip Dawson.
Joshua Voght testified for two days. This co-conspirator told the jury that in June of 2014, he was living [on] Wingoshocking Street in Philadelphia with his girlfriend, Jennifer Wong, her three sons and another girl. (See N.T. Trial, 11/21/19, at 7-8). In the early afternoon of June 10th, he drove with his girlfriend Wong, in his dark blue Hyundai Sonata, to 17th and Dauphin Street to meet up with his friend Andrew [Baker]. (See id. at 9-14). They had been hanging out for a while when Andrew asked if he and a friend could borrow Joshua’s car. (See id. at 16). Voght ignored the request and later Andrew [and Muhammad] asked if [Voght] could give some people a ride. Prior to getting in the car, they explained to Voght that they were going to rob somebody and that they would split some of the money with him. When they were proposing the robbery, Voght was sitting in the driver’s seat, Andrew in the front passenger seat and Muhammad in the back seat behind the driver. This witness testified he had known Muhammad before, hanging out with him and talking about robbing a neighborhood drug house on previous occasions. (See id. at 16-28). They pulled around the corner on to Susquehanna Avenue where two other young men got into the car. (See id. at 29-30). Voght had never seen these two individuals before, but eventually identified all of the individuals involved. (See id. at 29, 77-79; N.T. Trial, 12/03/19, at 10-12). The five decided to rob a barbershop in the area of 63rd and Haverford Avenue in West Philadelphia. They drove past the barbershop and around the block a couple of times. The guys in the back of the car were against going through with that robbery, because there was a man outside of the shop talking on his phone and it looked suspicious ____________________________________________
6 In exchange for their guilty pleas to lesser charges, Voght and Baker testified
on behalf of the Commonwealth. (See N.T. Trial, 11/21/19, at 114-18; N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 117-21).
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to them. (See N.T. Trial, 11/21/19, at 30-31, 82-86). Muhammad suggested that they rob the drug house around the corner from Joshua’s house. (See id. at 32, 85, 159). They drove back to the area of Caskey Street, near where [Voght] lived. Having decided to rob the drug dealers on that street, Voght told the guys in the car that he could not drive down that road because people knew him as well as his car, so he let the three guys in the back seat out on Blavis Street, then he parked on that street’s intersection with 5th Street [by a Metro PCS store]. (See id. at 35-40, 44). Shortly after, the three guys ran back to the car and told Voght to pull off relating that they had shot one of the robbery victims as he tried to run away. (See id. at 89). [The three men stole marijuana and a little bit of money from the victims. (See id. at 56, 59, 64).] They drove back to 17th and Dauphin where the others got out of Voght’s car and went their separate ways. (See id. at 47-50, 85-92). He and his girlfriend went home. The witness confirmed that the police later arrived at his house and took him down to homicide for a statement. (See id. at 53-67). Eventually, Voght agreed to plead guilty to criminal conspiracy, four counts of robbery and eight counts of theft and additionally agreed to testify against the remaining defendants. (See id. at 114-18, 187).
* * *
Another co-defendant, Andrew Baker, took the stand identifying Jordan and Muhammad standing trial, recounting everyone’s participation in the events and corroborating Voght’s testimony. Baker told the jury that on the 10th of June he was around Chadwick and Dauphin Streets when [Voght] pulled up with Jen [Wong], his girlfriend. This witness verified Voght’s testimony that Kaz [(Muhammad)] suggested robbing the drug house around the corner from Voght’s house, which was rejected at the time, and the men then settled on robbing a barbershop in West Philadelphia. Baker recounted how he, Voght, and Kaz [(Muhammad)] got in the car and drove away, picking up B-Dub [(Brandon Munroe)] and T1 [(Tim Jordan)], and driving out to the barbershop. Again, this witness validated the co-defendant’s previous testimony that the men canceled their plans to rob the barbershop because ‘it didn’t look right.’ (See N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 70-81, 194). Baker confirmed that they all drove back to North Philly where [Voght] identified the house where the drugs were sold, as well as that [Muhammad], [Tim Jordan] and [Brandon Munroe] jumped out of the car after telling Josh [Voght]
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and Andrew [Baker] to park. The three assailants ran back towards the drug house, and when they returned, [Tim Jordan] said, “Pull off. I shot him.” (Id. at 85) (see id. at 81-84). [Baker identified Muhammad, Jordan and Munroe running away from the murder scene in surveillance footage from a local Metro PCS store. (See id. at 124).]
(Trial Court Opinion, 11/20/19, at 10-12) (record citation formatting and some
record citation page numbering provided).
Ms. Wong testified that at the time of the incident, she was living at the
Wingoshocking address with Voght and her children. On that day, she had
gone for a ride with Voght when he went to see Andrew Baker on Dauphin
Street. The males spoke for a while, then drove off, leaving Ms. Wong on
Dauphin Street for approximately one hour. Voght appeared nervous when
he returned with Andrew Baker and two other men. She and Voght returned
home. A little while later, the police appeared there and separately took Ms.
Wong and Voght to police headquarters for statements. At the police station,
Ms. Wong identified photographs of some of the individuals she had seen that
day on the corner and upon getting in the car. Philadelphia Police Detective
Philip Nordo7 showed Ms. Wong a photo array at her home on June 13, 2014,
and despite his encouragement, she was unable to identify anyone. Detective
Nordo returned to Voght and Wong’s home on August 14, 2014, at which time
she identified Muhammad as the black male with dreadlocks or braids, stating
7 Detective Nordo did not testify at trial.
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he was familiar because she had seen him on her porch before with Voght. At
trial, she identified Muhammad as one of the five individuals who had been in
the Hyundai on June 10, 2014. (See N.T. Trial, 11/20/19, at 10-53, 40, 101,
132, 155-59).
Robbery victim Humberto Sarmiento testified that three armed black
males approached him, Pasqual-Lopez and Colon-Torres8 outside 433 Caskey
Street demanding money. Mora, who was standing at the doorway, ran into
the house when he saw the three defendants approaching. One of the three
assailants, who was armed with a revolver, ran into the house after Mora. The
other two attackers remained outside demanding money, one with what
Sarmiento believed was a .9 millimeter and one with a .45 caliber. When he
attempted to give them his cell phone, they pushed it away, but he saw
Pasqual-Lopez and Colon-Torres handing them their wallets and cell phones.
Sarmiento heard a gunshot from inside the house and the two attackers who
remained outside told him to shut up and not say anything. As the three
assailants ran toward 5th Street, Sarmiento and his two friends tried to chase
them, but they got into a vehicle and got away. He did not identify Muhammad
either before or at trial. (See N.T. Trial, 11/19/19, at 51-56).
8 Pasqual-Lopez did not respond to subpoenas left at his mother’s residence
and Colon-Torres refused service and advised he would not appear in court. (See N.T. Trial, 12/09/19, at 15-16).
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Jorge Blanco testified that he lived near the scene of the shooting. He
looked outside when he heard the gunshot and saw Sarmiento, Colon-Torres
and a male with a gun on the steps of 433 Caskey Street. He did not see
Pasquel-Lopez. He described the armed assailant he saw standing with his
neighbors as approximately 6’1” and skinny, wearing a gray hooded
sweatshirt and black pants, with a silver .44 caliber firearm without an
extended clip. Mr. Blanco stated he then saw two black men come running
out of the house and Sarmiento and Colon-Torres chase them. He did not
identify Muhammad before or during trial. (See N.T. Trial, 11/19/19, at 95-
101, 108-09, 126, 129-30, 166-68).
Witness Philip Dawson testified that on June 10, 2014, he was working
in the area of the shooting in the late afternoon when he heard a commotion
and saw a group of young men running from Caskey Street to North 5th Street
and onto Blavis Street. Thirty second later, he observed the men in a black
Hyundai pull off Blavis Street and onto 5th Street before speeding away. He
wrote down the license plate of the vehicle because the incident seemed
suspicious. (See N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 78-82). Expert witness Detective
James Dunlap testified that video surveillance of the area from a Metro PCS
store showed the black Hyundai pulling up on Blavis Street and crossing 5th
Street. A short time later, three individuals ran past the store and then the
black Hyundai exited Blavis Street onto 5th Street. (See id. at 119-23).
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Officer Christopher Hyk was working as a plainclothes officer on June
10, 2014, and spoke with Mr. Dawson that evening. Mr. Dawson provided him
with the tag number of the Hyundai he had seen leaving the area earlier.
Later that evening, Officer Hyk and his partner found the Hyundai near to
where the shooting had taken place and on the same street as the vehicle’s
registered Wingoshocking address. Homicide detectives met Officer Hyk and
went to the residence while Officer Hyk remained outside by the vehicle.
Voght came outside and gave the police the keys to the Hyundai, which was
towed to the police garage. (See N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 130-36, 141-44).
Officer Christopher Daukaus testified that he and his partner were the
first to respond to the radio bulletin of a male shot on the highway on the 400
block of West Caskey Street in North Philadelphia. When they arrived at the
scene, they observed the wounded Mora in the back of a pickup truck. The
officers took him to Temple Hospital. (See N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 48-49).
Dr. Albert Chu testified that the bullet had struck Mora in the left side of the
central or lower back, ultimately traveling to the left lung and heart. He opined
that to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the cause of death was the
gunshot wound and the manner of death was homicide. (See N.T. Trial,
11/18/19, at 73-76).
Officer Derrick Suragh testified that he worked that day, responded to
the radio call and secured the 433 West Caskey Street location where he
observed shell casings and blood. (See N.T. Trial, 12/03/19, at 83-89).
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Officer Suragh spoke with four witnesses who gave him a description of the
assailants and he transported two of them to the homicide division where they
and the officer gave statements. (See id. at 89-107).
CSU Officer Terry Tull presented the photographs taken of the crime
area and evidence collected. He also photographed, examined and collected
evidence from the towed Hyundai, including a swab from a water bottle that
contained a DNA mixture belonging to Muhammad and Brandon Munroe. (See
N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 165-230). Baker’s cell phone records showed that he
had contact with all his co-conspirators except Muhammad. (See id. at 118-
23).
On December 13, 2019, the jury convicted Muhammad of second-
degree murder, four counts of robbery and related crimes. On February 28,
2020, in reliance on a presentence investigative report (PSI), the court
imposed a mandatory term of life without parole on the murder charge. It
also sentenced Muhammad to not less than five nor more than ten years’
imprisonment for each of the four robbery counts to run consecutively to each
other, but concurrently to his life imprisonment sentence. It also sentenced
Muhammad to a concurrent term of imprisonment of not less than five nor
more than ten years for criminal conspiracy. Muhammad filed a timely post-
sentence motion challenging the sufficiency and weight of the evidence, which
the court denied on March 10, 2020. (See Post-Sentence Motion, 3/06/20, at
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1-2) (pagination provided). Muhammad timely appealed. He and the court
have complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
II.
A.
In his first issue, Muhammad claims that the evidence was insufficient
to establish second-degree murder where the Commonwealth failed to prove
identification or the required mens rea.9 (See Muhammad’s Brief, at 15, 18-
20). Specifically, he maintains that being driven to the scene by Voght is
insufficient evidence of his presence at the crime where the eyewitnesses to
the robbery did not identify him and Voght and Baker did not witness either
the robbery or the shooting. (See id. at 18). He further argues that even if
9 Our standard of review of this matter is well-settled:
As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency claims requires that we evaluate the record in the light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336–37 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). “[T]he Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.” Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d 501, 517 (Pa. 2005), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 848 (2006) (citation omitted).
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the identification evidence is sufficient, the Commonwealth failed to establish
mens rea where the record reflects that he was not the shooter and was
outside the residence when Mora was killed inside. (See id. at 19).
“A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is
committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an accomplice in
the perpetration of a felony.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a). The “perpetration of a
felony” is “[t]he act of the defendant in engaging in or being an accomplice in
the commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing, or
attempting to commit robbery[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2402(d).
“The statute defining second degree murder does not require that a
homicide be foreseeable; rather, it is only necessary that the accused engaged
in conduct as a principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of a felony.”
Commonwealth v. Lambert, 795 A.2d 1010, 1023 (Pa. Super. 2002)
(evidence sufficient for second-degree murder when appellant “drove Co-
Defendant to the scene of the crime, waited during the commission of the
crime and facilitated the flight afterwards.”); see also Commonwealth v.
Rivera, 238 A.3d 482, 500 (Pa. Super. 2020), appeal denied, 250 A.3d 482
(Pa. 2021) (“Not only the killer, but all participants in a felony, including the
getaway driver, are equally guilty of felony murder when a killing by a felon
occurs.”) (citation omitted). “It does not matter whether the appellant
anticipated that the victim would be killed in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Rather, the fact finder determines whether the appellant knew or should have
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known that the possibility of death accompanied a dangerous undertaking.”
Lambert, supra at 1023 (internal citation omitted); see id. at 1022 (“The
malice or intent to commit the underlying crime is imputed to the killing to
make it second-degree murder, regardless of whether the defendant actually
intended to physically harm the victim.”) (internal citations omitted).
Here, Voght and Baker both testified that Muhammad proposed the
robbery that led to the death of the victim. (See N.T. Trial, 11/21/19, at 32,
85, 159; N.T. Trial, 12/03/19, at 11; N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 81-82, 194).
They testified that Muhammad, Jordan and Munroe got out of the car to
commit a robbery at the targeted drug house. (See N.T. Trial, 12/03/19, at
11; N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 83, 84). Baker testified that when the three men
returned to the Hyundai, they reported that one of the victims (Mora) had
fled, that Munroe had shouted, “get his ass,” and Jordan admitted that he shot
him. (See N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 83-85). Baker also identified Muhammad
in the video surveillance footage running away from the crime scene. (See
N.T. Trial, 12/04/19, at 124).
In addition to the testimony of Voght and Baker, one of the robbery
victims, Sarmiento, testified that three armed men robbed him and his friends
and shot Mora in the back when he tried to escape. (See N.T. Trial, 11/19/19,
at 53-55). Deputy medical examiner Dr. Chu testified that the victim died
from a gunshot wound to his back. (See N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 73-74).
Witness Dawson saw the three robbers running up the street, turn a corner
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and Voght’s dark-colored Hyundai, whose license plate he recorded, speed
away. (See N.T. Trial, 11/18/19, at 78-82).
Viewing the foregoing evidence, we conclude that it was sufficient to
establish that Muhammad was a participant in the second-degree murder of
Mora with the required mens rea. See Chmiel, supra at 517; Lambert,
supra at 1023. Muhammad’s first issue lacks merit.10
B.
In his second claim of error, Muhammad maintains that his sentence is
illegal because his convictions for second degree murder and robbery should
have been merged for sentencing purposes.11 (See Muhammad’s Brief, at 20-
21). The Commonwealth responds that only one of the four robbery counts
10 Muhammad’s arguments that the evidence was insufficient because Sarmiento and Blanco did not identify him, there was conflicting testimony about details, and because Voght and Baker were not credible because they were polluted sources, go to the weight of the evidence and not its sufficiency. The jury had this evidence in front of them and it was within their province to determine the weight and credibility it should receive. See Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 562 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 911 A.2d 933 (Pa. 2006) (“It was within the province of the jury as fact-finder to resolve all issues of credibility, resolve conflicts in evidence, make reasonable inferences from the evidence, believe all, none, or some of the evidence, and ultimately adjudge appellant guilty.”) (citation omitted).
11 This issue implicates the legality of sentence and is non-waivable. Hence, although Muhammad failed to raise it in his post-sentence motion or Rule 1925(b) statement, we will review its merits. See Commonwealth v. Parham, 969 A.2d 629, 631 (Pa. Super. 2009). Our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 920 A.2d 887, 889 (Pa. Super. 2007).
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should have been merged for sentencing purposes, and that remanding for
resentencing is not necessary where it does not affect the trial court’s
sentencing scheme. (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 11-12).
A court cannot sentence a defendant “for felony murder as well as … for
the predicate offense. In other words, a predicate felony and second-degree
murder ipso facto (1) arise from a single criminal act, and (2) all of the
elements of the predicate felony are included within the elements of second-
degree murder.” Commonwealth v. Leaner, 202 A.3d 749, 784 (Pa. Super.
2019), appeal denied, 216 A.3d 226 (Pa. 2019) (citation omitted); see also
42 Pa.C.S. § 9765.12
This Court has explained:
The doctrine of merger applies when one crime “necessarily involves” another, that is, if the essential elements of both crimes are the same and no additional facts are needed to prove the additional offense, the additional offense merges into the primary offense for sentencing purposes and only one sentence may thereafter be imposed.
Commonwealth v. Adams, 39 A.3d 310, 325 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation
and most quotation marks omitted). For multiple felonies to merge into a
12 Pursuant to Section 9765 of the Judicial Code:
No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crimes arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one offense are included in the statutory elements of the other offense. Where crimes merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the defendant only on the higher graded offense.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9765.
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second-degree murder sentence, they must all merge into one another. See
Commonwealth v. Maddox, 453 A.2d 1010, 1015 (Pa. Super. 1982).
In this case, the predicate felony for Muhammad’s second-degree
murder conviction was the robbery of Mora. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(d);
(Information, 10/18/15, at 1 Count 2). Thus, we agree that those two
convictions should be merged for sentencing purposes. However, we also
agree with the Commonwealth that Muhammad has failed to argue how the
robberies of Sarmiento, Colon-Torres and Pasquel-Lopez merge into his
robbery and murder of Mora, and, in fact, we agree with the Commonwealth
that they do not where the convictions related to Mora did not “necessarily
involve[]” the other three robberies, which relied on additional facts. (See
Muhammad’s Brief, at 20-21); (Commonwealth’s Brief, at 11); see Adams,
supra at 325; Maddox, supra at 1015.
Accordingly, we vacate Muhammad’s sentence for his robbery of Mora
only and affirm the judgment of sentence in all other respects. Because the
robbery sentence was imposed to run concurrent to the life sentence for
murder, vacating it does not affect the overall sentencing scheme and we need
not remand for resentencing. See Commonwealth v. Lomax, 8 A.3d 1264,
1268 (Pa. Super. 2010) (declining to remand where vacating sentence does
not upset overall sentencing scheme).
Judgment of sentence as to robbery of Mora vacated. Judgment of
sentence affirmed in all other respects. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 11/18/21
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