J-S21027-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
GLENVILLE MOSLEY
Appellant No. 514 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 26, 2010 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0111341-2006
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MAY 06, 2016
Glenville Mosley appeals from the judgment of sentence entered in the
Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County following his convictions for
several offenses stemming from his sexual abuse of a minor, D.G. After
careful review, we vacate and remand for resentencing.
The underlying facts of the case are as follows. In 1990, Mosley
moved into the house where five-year old D.G. was living with his mother,
G.G., two older brothers and two younger sisters. In 1991, G.G. and Mosley
were married and had a child together.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-S21027-16
Over time, G.G.’s two older sons, M.G. and L.G., moved out, and by
1994 or 1995, D.G. was the only boy in the house. At that point Mosley
began to sexually abuse D.G.
In 1998, while D.G. was staying at the home of his older brother,
M.G., he told M.G. about the abuse, which had occurred over a period of
years. M.G. informed an uncle, who contacted the Philadelphia Department
of Human Services (DHS). A DHS social worker interviewed D.G. at his
aunt’s house, and DHS then contacted D.G.’s mother and Mosley. D.G. and
his siblings were removed from the family home and were placed in foster
care.
D.G. initially did not wish to pursue a case against Mosley. In April
2004, D.G. made a statement to police but still did not wish to prosecute.
However, in December 2005, after becoming a father, D.G. went to the
police and asked them to pursue the matter. Mosley was arrested in 2006.
In Fall 2009, following several pretrial hearings, the Honorable Leslie
Fleisher made the following rulings: (1) pre-arrest delay did not violate
Mosley’s due process rights; (2) the Commonwealth could not present
testimony in its case in chief, that following Mosley’s interview with a DHS
investigator on May 26, 1998, he attempted suicide; and (3) the
Commonwealth could not present testimony in its case in chief that in 1986
Mosley pled no contest to attempted involuntary deviate sexual intercourse
(IDSI) with his 13-year-old stepson.
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The case proceeded to a jury trial before the Honorable Willis W.
Berry, Jr., on January 28, 2010. On February 3, 2010, the jury found
Mosley guilty of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (IDSI), 1 indecent
assault,2 endangering the welfare of children,3 and corruption of a minor.4
On October 26, 2010, Judge Berry sentenced Mosley to 10 to 20 years’
incarceration for IDSI. It is clear from the record that the court imposed the
sentence pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. §9718(a)(1), which requires a minimum
sentence of ten years when the victim of IDSI is less than sixteen years of
age. The court imposed a consecutive term of incarceration of one to two
years for child endangerment, and concurrent terms of incarceration of one
to two years for corruption of a minor and indecent assault, resulting in an
aggregate sentence of 11 to 22 years in prison.
Mosley filed a direct appeal to this Court, which we quashed on July 2,
2012, for failure to file a brief. Mosley filed a PCRA petition on April 15,
2013, which was granted on January 21, 2014. This timely nunc pro tunc
appeal followed and the matter was assigned to the Honorable Charles A.
Ehrlich due to Judge Berry’s retirement in September 2012.
1 18 Pa.C.S. § 3123(a)(1). 2 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(1). 3 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304. 4 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301.
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On January 31, 2014, following the grant of an extension pending
receipt of the notes of testimony, Mosley filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement
of errors complained of on appeal. By leave of court, he filed an amended
statement on June 18, 2014. The trial court filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion on
June 29, 2015.
On appeal, Mosley raises the following issues for our review:
1. The court erred and abused its discretion when it denied [Mosley’s] motion for dismissal resulting from pre-arrest delay. The Court erred and abused its discretion when it ruled that the Commonwealth’s delay in arresting [Mosley] in this case did not violate [Mosley’s] due process rights.
2. The Court erred and abused its discretion when it ruled that the defense had not met the standard for the second prong of a dismissal motion even though the same court ruled that the Defendant had been prejudiced as a result of pre-arrest delay. Such ruling by the court was clearly erroneous. Peden v. Gambone Bros. Development Co., 798 A.2d 305 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002); In re Estate of Rochez, 606 A.2d 563 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1992).
3. The trial court erred and abused its discretion when it denied [Mosley’s] motion for a mistrial where the Commonwealth’s complaining witness testified that this older brother may have been sexually assaulted by [Mosley], testimony which was explicitly ruled as inadmissible by the trial court when it ruled on the Commonwealth’s motion for admission of prior bad acts. In violation of the trial court’s order, the Commonwealth elicited the exact testimony the trial court ruled as inadmissible to provoke [Mosley] into moving for a mistrial and was done either intentionally or with gross negligence to prejudice [Mosley] to the point of the denial of a fair trial. Commonwealth v. Anderson, 38 A.3d 828, 835 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc) (quoting Commonwealth v. Smith, 615 A.2d 321, 325 (Pa. 1992).
4. The trial court erred and abused its discretion when it denied [Mosley’s] objection and motion for mistrial where the assistant district attorney asked [Mosley] (1) whether he had
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ever participated in sexual offenders counseling, in violation of the trial court’s ruling excluding evidence of prior bad acts, and (2) whether [Mosley] had ever stated that he would attend sexual offender’s counseling, statements made to a religious pastor prior to trial.
5. [Mosley] was convicted of, inter alia, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse and sentenced to the mandatory minimum of ten (10) years upon a finding that the victim was under sixteen (16) years of age. Such a determination, made by the judge at sentencing, violated [Mosley’s] due process rights, Commonwealth v. Hilbert, 382 A.2d 724, 728 (Pa. 1978), and was in clear violation of recent decisional case law holding that any fact or factor which raises the mandatory minimum sentence is a fact that must be determined beyond a reasonable doubt. Alleyne v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2151 (2013); Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800, 801 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Brief of Appellant, at 8-10.
Mosley first asserts that the trial court committed legal error when it
denied his motion for dismissal for pre-arrest delay. He argues that Judge
Fleisher applied an incorrect standard when making her decision. While we
agree that Judge Fleisher did indeed apply the wrong standard, Mosley is not
entitled to relief.
At a hearing on September 30, 2009, the Commonwealth suggested
that the standard for pre-arrest delay was set forth in Commonwealth v.
Jette, 818 A.2d 533 (Pa. Super. 2004). In Jette, a panel of this Court
relied on the opinion announcing the judgment of the court in
Commonwealth v. Scher, 803 A.2d 1204 (Pa. 2002), which held that to
establish a due process violation, the defendant must first show that the
delay caused him actual prejudice and the evidence must show “the delay
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was the product of intentional, bad faith, or reckless conduct by the
prosecution.” Id. at 1221. Scher further held that “[n]egligence in the
conduct of a criminal investigation, without more, will not be sufficient to
prevail on a due process claim based on pre-arrest delay.” Id. at 1222.
The following exchange took place between the court and counsel at
the September 30, 2009 hearing:
The Court: I’m trying to get this so we can address each prong – circumstances that would determine the reason for the Commonwealth’s delay? And it may not be the Commonwealth’s. And was it the product of any, you know, kind of intentional bad faith or reckless conduct by the prosecution, then it would be a due process violation, but negligence is not enough to prevail. I think that’s the most basic way to put that paragraph [of Jette]. And the court would have to weigh the totality of the circumstances. Is there anything anyone wishes to add?
The Commonwealth: No.
The Court: In terms of that being the analysis which applies?
Defense Counsel: I agree.
N.T. Pre-Trial Hearing, 9/30/09, at 52-53.
At a hearing on October 1, 2009, the court continued to discuss pre-
arrest delay with counsel:
The Court: Negligence would not be attributable to the Commonwealth?
The Commonwealth: Well, if the [c]ourt finds that the Commonwealth acted negligently that would not be enough to find a violation of the defendant’s due process rights.
The Court: Okay. Anyway, we did discuss this yesterday. [Defense counsel], do you agree so far?
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Defense Counsel: I am in agreement so far.
N.T. Pre-Trial Hearing, 10/1/09, at 17.
At the commencement of the hearing on October 2, 2009, the court
referenced Jette and stated that Mosley had established actual prejudice.
N.T. Pre-Trial Hearing, 10/2/09, at 7. However, after hearing testimony
from two Commonwealth witnesses regarding the delay, the court concluded
that Mosley’s due process rights were not violated. Id., at 152.
In Commonwealth v. Wright, 865 A. 894 (Pa. Super. 2004), a panel
of this Court noted that Jette incorrectly relied on the opinion announcing
the judgment of the court in Scher because it had no precedential value.
Instead, the applicable standard, set forth in Commonwealth v. Snyder,
713 A.2d 596 (Pa. 1998), was that a due process violation occurs where
there is actual prejudice to the defendant and there are no proper reasons
for postponing the defendant’s arrest. The Wright court stated:
We deem it appropriate in extended pre-arrest delay cases there should be a shifting burden with the initial burden upon the accused to establish that the pre-arrest delay caused actual prejudice, and the subsequent burden upon the Commonwealth to provide a reasonable basis for the extended delay in prosecuting the crime.
Wright, supra at 902.
Mosley asserts that the trial court erred by applying the Scher
standard adopted by Jette. Furthermore, he argues that the
Commonwealth’s evidence at the hearing failed to meet the burden of
establishing proper reasons for the delay under Wright.
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This Court decided Wright on March 22, 2004, more than five and
one-half years before the first hearing in the instant case. However, at the
hearings on September 30 and October 1, 2009, counsel for Mosley explicitly
stated his agreement with the application of the Scher/Jette standard. At
the hearing on October 2, 2009, the court stated, “I believe, yesterday, we
all agreed, counsel and I, that that was the standard applied.” N.T., Pre-
Trial Hearing, 10/2/09, at 7. Mosley did not object to this statement.
Because Mosley agreed to application of the intentional bad faith or
recklessness standard for pre-trial delay, any challenge to that standard is
waived on appeal. “Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and
cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Failure to
raise or preserve a due process claim precludes an appellate court from
considering the issue. Commonwealth v. Colavita, 993 A.2d 874, 89-94
(Pa. 2010).5
Mosley next asserts that the trial court erred by applying the law of
the case doctrine to its review of the issues raised on appeal.6 This claim ____________________________________________
5 Even if we were to apply the standard set forth in Snyder and Wright, we would conclude that there were valid reasons for the delay based on the victim’s unwillingness to pursue the matter until he became an adult. This Court should defer to the prosecutor’s conclusions that under the circumstances a case is not ripe for court. Commonwealth v. Snyder, 761 A.2d 584, 589 (Pa. Super. 2000). 6 Mosley did not raise this issue in the statement of questions involved. However, because this failure has not hampered our review of the issue, we will we consider it despite Mosley’s failure to conform to the Rules of (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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arises, in part, from the unusual procedural history of this case. As noted,
Judge Fleisher decided the pre-trial motions, and Judge Berry conducted the
trial. However, by the time permission to appeal from the judgment of
sentence nunc pro tunc was granted, both members of the bench had
retired. Accordingly, it fell to Judge Ehrlich to file a Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Judge Ehrlich notes in his Rule 1925(a) opinion that the law of the
case doctrine precluded him from assessing the merits of the errors alleged
by Mosley. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/29/15, at 6, 15. The law of the case
doctrine “refers to a family of rules which embody the concept that a court
involved in the later phases of a litigated matter should not reopen questions
decided by another judge of that same court or by a higher court in the
earlier phases of the matter.” Commonwealth v. Starr, 664 A.2d 1326,
1331 (Pa. 1995) (citation omitted).
Mosley argues that the trial court’s reliance on the law of the case
doctrine was misplaced. We agree, but find that he is not entitled to relief.
It is not the law of the case doctrine that precluded Judge Ehrlich from
“reopening questions decided by another judge,” but rather Pa.R.A.P. 1701,
which provides that after an appeal is taken the trial court may no longer
proceed further in the matter.” A Rule 1925(b) opinion is not an opportunity
_______________________ (Footnote Continued)
Appellate Procedure. See In re Adoption of G.K.T., 75 A.3d 521, 524 n.4 (Pa. Super. 2013).
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to reopen previously decided issues; it simply provides an explanation for
the order on appeal.
While his analysis of some of the issues is less than comprehensive,
we note that in his Rule 1925(a) opinion, Judge Ehrlich extensively reviews
the standard for granting relief on a claim of pre-trial delay, and concludes
that Judge Fleisher applied the incorrect standard. Judge Ehrlich also
explains why this Court should remand the matter for resentencing.
Because the trial court’s opinion adequately addresses the issues on appeal,
no relief is due on this claim.
Mosley next argues that the trial court erred by not granting a mistrial
when on direct examination, the complainant, D.G., referred to Mosley
having abused his older brother.
We review the trial court’s decision to deny a mistrial for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Boone, 862 A.2d 639, 646 (Pa. Super. 2004). A mistrial is necessary only when “the incident upon which the motion is based is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive the defendant of a fair trial by preventing the jury from weighing and rendering a true verdict.” Commonwealth v. Parker, 957 A.2d 311, 319 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied, 600 Pa. 755, 966 A.2d 571 (2009). A mistrial is inappropriate where cautionary instructions are sufficient to overcome any potential prejudice. Id.
Commonwealth v. Bedford, 50 A.3d 707, 712-13 (Pa. Super. 2012).
At trial, the Commonwealth established that one to two weeks elapsed
between the final time Mosley abused the victim and the time that the victim
told his eldest brother, M.G., what had happened. N.T. Trial. 1/29/10, at
21-22. The following line of questioning ensued by the Commonwealth:
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Q: Where were you the last time this defendant did these things?
A: On 25th (Street).
Q: Which room?
A: Front room.
Q: On the second floor of the house?
A: Yes.
Q: What happened then . . .?
A: That’s when told me that I should be comfortable with it now. That was it.
And from there, I went and stayed at my brother’s house and he asked me was anything taking place. From my understanding, this happened to him.
Defense Counsel: Objection.
Q: Let me ask you this . . .. Without saying what [M.G.] told you specifically, what did you say to him?
A: I told him something was going on. He was doing things to me. His wife noticed that I didn’t want to go back home and that I wanted to stay at his house.
So, from my understanding, this may have taken place with my second oldest brother.
The Court: Let me see counsel at the side.
Id. at 22-23.
An on-the- record discussion took place in the robing room, during
which Mosley’s counsel rejected the offer of a curative instruction and moved
for a mistrial. The court decided to take the motion under advisement, and
denied it on the last day of trial.
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“[M]ere ‘passing references’ to prior criminal activity will not
necessarily require reversal unless the record illustrates definitively that
prejudice results.” Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.2d 742, 752 (Pa.
Super. 2014). “When the Commonwealth introduces evidence which does
not directly establish appellant’s [other] criminal conduct, but which is
merely suggestive of it, the operative question is whether the jury could
reasonably infer from the facts presented that the accused had engaged in
[other] criminal activity.” Commonwealth v. Edwards, 762 A.2d 382, 388
(Pa. Super. 2000), quoting Commonwealth v. Thomas, 521 A.2d 442,
449-450 (Pa. Super. 1987).
Mosley argues that the statements prejudiced him in the eyes of the
jury. Furthermore, he argues that the statements bolstered the victim’s
credibility. Appellant’s Brief, at 33.
At the pre-trial hearing, the court specifically held that the
Commonwealth would not be allowed to present testimony in its case-in-
chief regarding Mosley’s 1986 conviction for attempted IDSI. Based on this
ruling, Mosley asserts that the Commonwealth had an affirmative duty to
direct D.G. not to make any statements about allegations of abuse against
Mosley by anyone. Mosley argues that the Commonwealth’s failure to give
this instruction to D.G. was an attempt to circumvent the trial court’s ruling
and constituted prosecutorial misconduct.
The Commonwealth directed D.G. not to mention Mosley’s
incarceration or that Mosley had attempted suicide after being confronted
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about allegations of abuse against D.G. This instruction was consistent with
the pre-trial orders precluding introduction of this evidence by the
Commonwealth. Contrary to Mosley’s assertion, there was nothing in the
pre-trial rulings that would have put the Commonwealth on notice that it
needed to direct D.G. not to mention any other possible victim.
It is also clear from the testimony cited above that the
Commonwealth’s questions to D.G. about what happened to him and what
he told his brother were not intended to elicit statements regarding other
victims.
Here, in light of the speculative nature of the challenged testimony,
Mosley has failed to establish that the trial court abused its discretion in
denying his request for a mistrial. See Bedford, supra. It is also apparent
from the record that Mosley’s related claim of prosecutorial misconduct fails.
Mosley next argues that the trial court erred by permitting the
Commonwealth to question him about privileged material during cross-
examination.
On direct examination, Mosley testified that in 2004, DHS investigated
matters involving his daughters, and that the allegations were deemed to be
unfounded. N.T. Trial, 2/1/10, at 153-54. On cross-examination, the
following exchange took place between the assistant district attorney and
Mosley:
Q: This allegation from 2004, when DHS came out to investigate you for having sex with your two stepdaughters and
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your biological daughter was initiated by Michelle Humphrey in March of 2004; isn’t that right?
Q: Tonya Baker is your sister, correct?
Q: And Robert Baker is her husband?
Q: And you know Tonya Baker’s husband, Robert, had a conversation with Pastor Henry Davis; isn’t that right?
A: I don’t know anything about that.
Q: Do you know Pastor Henry Davis?
A: Yes, I do.
Q: Isn’t it true you promised your brother-in-law, Robert Baker that you were going to go for sex offenders counseling once Michelle Humphrey made those allegations against you?
The Court: Overruled.
Q: You never said to Pastor Henry Davis that you would go to counseling and then reneged on that promise to go?
A: I never made a promise to him at all.
Q: In fact, you never had sex offenders counseling in your life; is that correct?
A: No.
Id. at 159-60. The Commonwealth then engaged in a completely different
line of questioning.
Mosley argues that without filing a pretrial motion, the Commonwealth
questioned him about his communications with Pastor Davis. He claims that
the communications are subject to the statutory privilege between priest and
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penitent set forth in section 5943 of the Judicial Code, which provides, in
relevant part:
§ 5443 Confidential communications to clergymen
No clergyman, priest, rabbi or minister of the gospel of any regularly established church or religious organization . . . who while in the course of his duties has acquired information from any person secretly and in confidence, shall be compelled, or without consent of such person, to disclose that information in any legal proceeding, trial or investigation before any government unit.
42 Pa.C.S. § 5943.
He further asserts that questioning about the communication should
have been outside the presence of the jury, so the court could have
determined the applicability of the privilege.
From our review of the record, it is clear that Mosley did not assert the
privilege and did not request a mistrial. His objection to whether he had
promised his brother-in-law that he would go to sex offenders counseling did
not preserve the issue of a statutory privilege. “Issues not raised in the
lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”
Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Accordingly, we engage in no further review of this issue.
Mosley’s final claim is that pursuant to Alleyne v. United States, ___
U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2151 (2013) his sentence is illegal. In Commonwealth
v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800 (Pa. Super. 2014), petition for allowance of appeal
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granted, 121 A.2d 433 (Pa. 2015),7 this Court held that section 9718 of the
Sentencing Code governing mandatory minimum sentences for persons
convicted of specified crimes, including IDSI, against victims less than
sixteen years of age is facially unconstitutional. Therefore, we agree with
the trial court that the sentence for IDSI must be vacated and remanded for
resentencing without imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence.
Because Mosley was sentenced for multiple offenses, we vacate the
entire judgment of sentence and remand to the trial court for resentencing.
See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 934 A.2d 1191 (Pa. 2007) (where
appellate court’s disposition upsets trial court’s original sentencing scheme,
remanding for resentencing is appropriate disposition).
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 5/6/2016 ____________________________________________
7 The Supreme Court heard oral argument in Wolfe on November 18, 2015. On January 20, 2016, the Supreme Court ordered the case be resubmitted for reconsideration on previously filed briefs.
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