J-S25019-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
RUSSELL EARL LATTIMER
Appellant No. 1473 MDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered April 2, 2013 In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at No: CP-08-CR-0000546-2012
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
Appellant No. 1474 MDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered April 2, 2013 In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at No: CP-08-CR-0000549-2012
BEFORE: OTT, STABILE, and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED AUGUST 01, 2014
Appellant, Russell Earl Lattimer, appeals from the April 2, 2013
judgment of sentence. We affirm.
At docket number CP-08-CR-0000546-2012, a jury found Appellant
guilty of rape, aggravated indecent assault, intimidation of witnesses, J-S25019-14
statutory sexual assault, and indecent assault.1 At docket number CP-08-
CR-0000549-2012, a jury convicted Appellant of rape, aggravated indecent
assault, three counts of indecent assault, and sexual assault.2
The Commonwealth charged Appellant with committing the
aforementioned sexual offenses against five female victims, including his
biological daughter and four daughters of his paramour. The rape and
victimization of S.T. and T.O., two daughters of Appell
S.T., 26 years old at the time of trial, testified that she was twelve
years old the first time Appellant had sex with her. N.T. Trial, 11/15/12 at
25, 37-
when she was 20 or 21. Id. at 27, 30. In describing her first sexual
him a question. Id. at 34. S.T. was home sick from school at the time, and
her mother was at work. Id. at 36. As she was leaving the bedroom,
Appellant asked S.T. to sit on the bed and talk to him, so she did. Id. at 34-
35. Appellant started touching her vagina and chest. Id. at 35. When S.T.
asked Appellant why he was touching her, he told her she would like it. Id.
a
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(2), 3125, 4952, 3122.1, and 3126, respectively. 2 Sexual assault is codified at 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3124.1.
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her. Id. Id. S.T. told Appellant to
stop and that he was hurting her. Id. at 37.
Appellant continued having sex with S.T. two or three times per week
until after her high school graduation. Id. at 45. S.T. testified that
Appellant used condoms at first, but stopped using because S.T. had an
allergic reaction to them. Id. at 42. Appellant would occasionally ejaculate
outside of her after that. Id. If S.T. refused to submit to the sexual
with her or do anything for her. Id. at 40. When she submitted, Appellant
would buy her things such as clothes, a cell phone, and a computer for her
room. Id. at 40-41. Appellant would allow S.T. to visit her boyfriend only if
she submitted to sex with Appellant. Id.
graduation, Appellant m
kept having sex with him. Id. at 45-46. She was 19 years of age at that
time. Id. at 57.
T.O. was 24 years old at the time of trial. Id. at 101. She lived in
Id. at 102, 105. Appellant acted as a
father and was in charge of the household. Id. at 106. When she was 12
years old, Appellant began touching her breasts and vagina. Id. at 107-08.
I told
anyone, that our whole family would be broken apart, we would be put in
foster care, and that my mom could go to jail. He also told me that my
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Id. at 109. She testified that Appellant had
sexual intercourse with her for the first time on her 13th birthday. Id. at
110. After that, Appellant continued to have sexual intercourse with T.O.
several times per week until T.O. was 19. Id. at 111-12, 117. On each
occasion, he withdrew and ejaculated outside of her in order to avoid
pregnancy. Id. at 113. T.O. allowed the conduct to continue because she
was afraid her family would break up if she told anyone. Id. at 119.
A jury found Appellant guilty of the aforementioned offenses at the
conclusion of the November 15, 2012 trial. Prior to sentencing, the Sexual
Offenders Assessment Board concluded Appellant was a sexually violent
predator. The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of 35 years and 7
months to 81 years of incarceration on April 2, 2013. Appellant filed a
timely post-sentence motion on April 10, 2013, in which he challenged the
weight of the evidence and the discretionary aspects of his sentence. The
trial court denied that motion on July 29, 2013 and this timely appeal
followed.
Appellant raises four assertions of error:
I. Whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence of penetration to sustain verdicts of guilty on rape and aggravated indecent assault?
II. Whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence of threat of forcible compulsion to sustain verdicts of guilty of rape?
III. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion in arrest of judgment?
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IV. Whether the sentence is unduly harsh and excessive?
evidence. We will address the first these arguments together, pursuant to
the well-settled standard of review:
The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is to determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom is sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crimes charged is established beyond a reasonable doubt. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.
The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence.
the fact-finder. As an appellate court, we do not assess credibility nor do we assign weight to any of the testimony of record. Therefore, we will not disturb the verdict unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Vogelsong, 90 A.3d 717, 719 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(citations and quotation marks omitted). As sufficiency of the evidence
poses a question of law, or standard of review is de novo and our scope of
review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Staton, 38 A.3d 785, 789 (Pa.
2012).
3121(a)(2), which
defines rape as follows:
§ 3121. Rape.
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(a) Offense defined. --A person commits a felony of the first degree when the person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant:
(2) By threat of forcible compulsion that would prevent resistance by a person of reasonable resolution.
18 Pa.C.S.A. §
ordinary meaning, [. . .] intercourse per os or per anus, with some
penetration however slight; emission is not required. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101.
Forcible compulsion includes:
Id.3 ____________________________________________
3 The Pennsylvania Crimes Code defines aggravated indecent assault as follows:
(a) Offenses defined. --Except as provided in sections 3121 (relating to rape), 3122.1 (relating to statutory sexual assault), 3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse) and 3124.1 (relating to sexual assault), a person who engages in penetration, however slight, of the genitals or
purpose other than good faith medical, hygienic or law enforcement procedures commits aggravated indecent assault if:
(2) the person does so by forcible compulsion;
(3) the person does so by threat of forcible compulsion that would prevent resistance by a person of reasonable resolution;
(7) the complainant is less than 13 years of age; (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellant first argues the Commonwealth failed to produce sufficient
evidence of penetration to support the rape and aggravated assault
convictions. As noted above, S.T. and T.O. both testified that Appellant
repeatedly had sexual intercourse with them several times per week
throughout their teenage years. Appellant argues that testimony indicating
argument strains credulity, in that S.T. and T.O. were in their mid-twenties
at the time of trial and clearly understood their testimony. In addition, both
victims testified that Appellant would withdraw and ejaculate outside of them
to avoid pregnancy. The record contains overwhelming evidence that
Appellant engaged in sexual intercourse, as that term is defined in § 3101,
with both S.T. and T.O.
Appellant also asserts his conviction for aggravated assault of a victim
less than thirteen years of age with respect to T.O. cannot stand because
T.O. testified that she first had intercourse with Appellant on her thirteenth
_______________________ (Footnote Continued)
(b) Aggravated indecent assault of a child. --A person commits aggravated indecent assault of a child when the person violates subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) or (6) and the complainant is less than 13 years of age.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3125.
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birthday.4 Appellant concedes that he failed to include this issue in his
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, which results in waiver. Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(vii).5
Next, Appellant argues the record does not contain sufficient evidence
that his intercourse with S.T. and T.O. took place under threat of forcible
compulsion. In Commonwealth v. Rhodes, 510 A.2d 1217 (Pa. 1986), the ____________________________________________
4 S.T. testified that she and Appellant began having sex prior to her thirteenth birthday. 5
vagina. This Court has held similar conduct sufficient to establish penetration:
[T]he definition of Pa.C.S.A. §
entrance in the labia is sufficient[.] We therefore will not hold that a finding of penetration of the vagina is necessary for the
since penetration of the vagina, in essence the farther reaches of the female genitalia, is not necessary to find penetration under
Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 457 A.2d 559, 560-61 (Pa. Super. 1983); see also, Commonwealth v. Zeigler, 550 A.2d 567, 569-70 (Pa. Super. 1988)
establish penetration), overruled in part on other grounds, Commonwealth v. Goggins, 748 A.2d 721 (Pa. Super. 2000) (en banc), appeal denied, 759
We further observe that aggravated indecent assault occurs when the perpetrator penetrates genitals or anus of the victim with a part of his or her body. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3125(a). Digital penetration is therefore sufficient. Commonwealth v. Bishop, 742 A.2d 178, 189-90 (Pa. Super. 1999), appeal denied, 758 A.2d 1194 (Pa. 2000).
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20-year-old perpetrator raped his 8-year-old neighbor. Id. at 1218. They
had been neighbors for three years. Id. The perpetrator sexually assaulted
the victim after he led her to an upstairs room in an abandoned building and
instructed her to lie down on the floor and pull her legs up. Id. The
Supreme Court set forth the following guidelines for ascertaining the
existence of forcible compulsion or threat thereof:
The determination of whether there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that an accused engaged in sexual intercourse by forcible compulsion (which we have defined to include not only physical force or violence, but also moral, psychological or intellectual force used to compel a
will,[]), or by the threat of such forcible compulsion that would prevent resistance by a person of reasonable resolution is, of course, a determination that will be made in each case based upon the totality of the circumstances that have been presented to the fact finder. Significant factors to be weighed in that determination would include the respective ages of the victim and the accused, the respective mental and physical conditions of the victim and the accused, the atmosphere and physical setting in which the incident was alleged to have taken place, the extent to which the accused may have been in a position of authority, domination or custodial control over the victim, and whether the victim was under duress. This list of possible factors is by no means exclusive.
Id. at 1226.
In ruling that the record contained sufficient evidence in support of a
conviction for rape by threat of forcible compulsion, the Court wrote:
There is an element of forcible compulsion, or the threat of forcible compulsion that would prevent resistance by a person of reasonable resolution, inherent in the situation in which an adult who is with a child who is younger, smaller, less psychologically and emotionally mature, and less sophisticated than the adult, instructs the child to submit to the performance of sexual acts.
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This is especially so where the child knows and trusts the adult. In such cases, forcible compulsion or the threat of forcible compulsion derives from the respective capacities of the child and the adult sufficient to induce the child to submit to the
physical force or violence or the explicit threat of physical force or violence.
Id. at 1227. Thus, the 20-year-old perpetrator who knew the 8-year-old
victim for three years and lured her into an abandoned building committed
rape by threat of forcible compulsion. Id. The Supreme Court therefore
the illicit commands of
this twenty year old [man] in an isolated and abandoned room were . . . an
imperative which gave the [eight year old] child victim no alternative but
physically and emotionally helpless to resist the commands of her twenty
Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Rhodes, 481 A.2d
610, 614 (Pa. Super. 1984) (Cavanaugh, J. dissenting), , 510 A.2d
1217 (Pa. 1986)).
Appellant relies primarily on Commonwealth v. Titus, 556 A.2d 425
(Pa. Super. 1989), in which this Court found insufficient evidence of threat of
forcible compulsion where the defendant was convicted of raping his 13-
year-old daughter. Id. at 426. The defendant came home from a night of
drinking, got in bed with his daughter, and had sex with her after she
awoke. Id. The victim pushed the defendant away after the intercourse
was over. Id. In reversing the rape conviction, this Court reasoned that a
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parent-child relationship, in and of itself, is not sufficient to support a finding
of forcible compulsion. Id. at 429. Since no fact of record, other than the
father/daughter relationship, supported a finding of forcible compulsion, this
Court vacated the judgment of sentence. Id. at 430. In distinguishing
Rhodes, the trial court noted additional factors contributing to the finding of
forcible compulsion in that case, such as directing the victim to a remote
location where she could not get help. Id. at 429.
Indeed, in many cases where a familial relationship exists between the
perpetrator, the courts rely on additional factors to support a finding of
forcible compulsion. See Commonwealth v. Ables, 590 A.2d 334, 338
(Pa. Super. 1991) (finding sufficient evidence of forcible compulsion where
the defendant repeatedly victimized his thirteen-year-old niece and told her
if she told anyone she would get into trouble), appeal denied, 597 A.2d 1150
(Pa. 1991); Commonwealth v. Ruppert, 579 A.2d 966, 969 (Pa. Super.
1990) (finding sufficient evidence of forcible compulsion where the father,
who repeatedly sexually victimized his nine-year-old daughter over the
course of three months, showed her sexually explicit magazines to
encourage her to imitate what she saw), appeal denied, 588 A.2d 914 (Pa.
1991).
Instantly, the parties do not dispute that Appellant served as a father
figure to both S.T. and T.O. In addition to this relationship, the record
contains evidence that Appellant would withhold favorable treatment from
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S.T. if she did not submit to sexual intercourse. Likewise, Appellant told
ehavior to
-
teen years until they reached the age of majority. In other words, Appellant
used psychological and emotional force to gain submission from S.T. and
T.O., who clearly were unwilling victims. As such, the record contains
evidence, in addition to the familial relationship, indicating that Appellant
See
Commonwealth v. Poindexter, 539 A.2d 1341, 1344-45 (Pa. Super.
1988) (finding sufficient evidence of forcible compulsion where the sexual
assaults commenced when the victims were young and the perpetrator used
their family would break up if they told anyone), appeal denied, 549 A.2d
134 (Pa. 1988). This case is easily distinguishable from Titus, which
involved a single incident of sexual intercourse not precipitated by any
lacks merit.
support of his rape convictions.
A verdict is not contrary to the weight of the evidence because of a conflict in testimony or because the reviewing court on the same facts might have arrived at a different conclusion than the factfinder. Rather, a new trial is warranted only when
so that righ Where, as here, the judge who presided at trial ruled on the
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the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to whether the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.
Commonwealth v. Tharp, 830 A.2d 519, 528 (Pa. 2003) (citations
omitted), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1045 (2004). Appellant preserved this
issue in a timely post-sentence motion in accordance with Pa.R.Crim.P.
Appellant argues the victims were not able to give dates, days of the
testimony was inconsistent with a prior statement she made to a social
worker. Id. Appellant also argues the jury failed to give sufficient weight to
them allowed the sexual relationship with Appellant to continue into
adulthood. Id.
None of these assertions warrants a new trial. Given that Appellant
committed numerous sexual assaults over many years, it is not surprising
the victims could not recite dates and times. Further, the jury was free to
assess the
of her prior inconsistent statement. Finally, the ongoing sexual conduct
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between the victims and
Commonwealth v. Blakeney Assessing
the credibility of witnesses at trial is within the sole discretion of the fact-
cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1177 (2009). The trial court acted well
of error is that the trial court abused its
discretion in imposing a sentence of 35 years and 7 months to 81 years of
incarceration. Appellant was 58 years old at the time of sentencing, and he
argues the trial court abused its discretion in imposing a virtual life
sentence.
Appellant preserved this issue in a timely post-sentence motion, and
his brief includes a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement asserting that a substantial
question exists. The 2119(f) statement notes that the trial court arrived at
its sentence by imposing sentence at the top of the aggravated range for
each offense and running the sentences consecutively. Appellant argues the
were not atypical of the crimes for which Appellant was convicted. This
argument raises a substantial question. Commonwealth v. Fullin, 892
A.2d 843, 848 (Pa. Super. 2006). We will therefore review the merits of
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use of discretion.
Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957 (Pa. 2007). The sentencing court
the gravity of the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim
and on Id.
at 962 (quoting 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
sentence falls within the sentencing guidelines, the reviewing court may
reverse only if the sentencing court applied the guidelines improperly or if
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c)(1), (2).
In conducting our review of the record, we must consider:
(1) The nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.
(2) The opportunity of the sentencing court to observe the defendant, including any presentence investigation.
(3) The findings upon which the sentence was based.
(4) The guidelines promulgated by the commission.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(d).
Appellant repeatedly sexually abused five young women, to whom he
was a father and father figure over a period of years. The trial court noted
the victims were young women Appellant should have been protecting rather
than exploiting. Trial Court Opinion, 11/6/13, at 4-5. He was in the home
when his paramour was working and took advantage of the victims when no
one was there to protect them. Id. As such, the trial court concluded
aggravated range sentences were appropriate. Id. at 5. Based on all of the
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evidence of record, as summarized above, we conclude the trial court acted
within its permissible discretion in imposing sentences at the top of the
aggravated range.
Appellant also argues the trial court abused its discretion in imposing
the sentences consecutively. He cites Commonwealth v. Dodge, 957 A.2d
Dodge II appeal denied, 980 A.2d 605 (Pa.
2009) for the proposition that a trial court can abuse its discretion in
creating a de facto life sentence by imposing numerous consecutive
sentences. In Dodge II, the trial court imposed 52½ to 111 years of
incarceration for numerous thefts of personal property of little monetary
value. Id. at 1199, 1201. Given the absence of injured victims or violent
crime, we concluded the trial court abused its discretion imposing a de facto
life sentence. Id. at 1202. The rationale of Dodge II plainly has no
application here, where Appellant repeatedly engaged in the sexual abuse of
five young women who lived in his home with him. Appellant has failed to
offer a meritorious argument that the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing consecutive sentences.
Finally, Appellant asserts the trial court improperly disregarded his
tative needs are relevant under
the Sentencing Code, but they must be weighed alongside protection of the
public, the gravity of the offense, and the impact on the victims. 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b). Here, the trial court was well aware of the gravity of
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Ap
court was aware the conduct continued for years until Appellant was
arrested. After Appellant was arrested and jailed, he wrote a letter to S.T.
asking her not to say anything if she could avoid it. N.T. Trial, 11/15/12, at
47, 49-51.:
Q.
If they ever ask. Do you see that paragraph?
A. Yes.
Q. Can you read that to us?
A. If they ever ask if I did anything to you, too, and you really have to, tell them yes it was when you lived where [name deleted] lives
phone calls [sic] are monitored.
Id. at 51 (emphasis added). Thus, when Appellant was facing criminal
charges he asked S.T. to say nothing or maintain that she was a willing
victim.
In light of the foregoing, the trial court acted within its permissible
discretion in weighing the § 9721(b) factors and discounting the prospect of
of them meritorious, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 8/1/2014
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