J-A22029-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA, : PENNSYLVANIA : Appellee : : v. : : CHARLES GLAZE, : : Appellant : No. 355 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 10, 2018 in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-46-CR-0005345-2018
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., STRASSBURGER, J.* and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 19, 2019
Charles Glaze (Appellant) appeals from his December 10, 2018
judgment of sentence imposed after he was found guilty of false identification
to a law enforcement officer. Upon review, we reverse Appellant’s judgment
of sentence.
We glean the following facts from the record. On July 31, 2018, at about
1:00 p.m., Appellant was a passenger in a vehicle driven by Tanisha Chandler.
Chandler’s boyfriend, Damond Dade, was also in the vehicle. At some point,
Chandler and Dade began to argue. At about the same time, the vehicle broke
down and Chandler pulled it into the parking lot of a local establishment.
Chandler exited the vehicle and walked away, taking Appellant’s cell phone
with her. Chandler used Appellant’s phone to call police, and during her call,
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-A22029-19
she reported a verbal altercation between her and her boyfriend and requested
assistance.
Police Officer Brian Makowski responded to the scene.1 He observed
Dade and Appellant in the parking lot, but did not see Chandler. At some
point while Officer Makowski was at the scene, Police Chief Miller 2 arrived to
assist. According to Officer Makowski, Chief Miller spoke with Chandler nearby
since she had walked down the street. Officer Makowski first spoke with Dade.
Dade confirmed the verbal altercation was between Chandler and Dade. After
investigating for about 15-20 minutes, including speaking with Chief Miller,
Officer Makowski determined that no charges would be filed against Chandler
or Dade.
Next, Officer Makowski turned his attention to Appellant. Officer
Makowski confirmed during his testimony that he did not suspect Appellant of
violating the law. Nonetheless, Officer Makowski asked Appellant for
identification. Appellant responded that “he didn’t want to be involved” and
ultimately provided a false name, birthdate, and social security number. N.T.,
1/16/2019, at 20. Officer Makowski searched the information in his vehicle’s
computer system, and it returned a result of no records found. From his
1Officer Makowski testified that he works part-time as a police officer for the Borough of Rockledge, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and at that time, had been an officer for about six months. N.T., 1/16/2019, at 6.
2 The notes of testimony do not indicate Miller’s first name. Miller did not testify at trial. -2- J-A22029-19
vehicle, Officer Makowski contacted the county dispatch radio with the same
information, which also returned negative results.
Officer Makowski returned to Appellant and advised him that none of his
identification information was located. At this point, which was after Appellant
had already given false identification for the first time, Officer Makowski
testified that he “advised [Appellant] that he was under official investigation,
and if he continued to provide false information[,] he would be charged
criminally.” Id. at 18; see also id. at 100.
Appellant then provided false identification to Officer Makowski a second
time. That computer search likewise returned no information. According to
Officer Makowski, after the second negative records search, Appellant insisted
he had provided the correct identification, so Officer Makowski “instructed
[Appellant] at that time that he had to be identified.” Id. at 21. He then
placed Appellant in the back of the police vehicle and transported him to the
police station for fingerprint identification. At the station, Appellant provided
false identification a third time, but eventually, when Appellant was asked to
sign his fingerprint card, he gave his correct name and other identifying
information.
Officer Makowski testified that he was at the scene for about an hour.
He stated that he spent the first 15-20 minutes of his investigation “focusing
on the domestic incident and the remaining time was spent trying to identify
[Appellant].” Id. at 23.
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Based on the foregoing, Appellant was charged with false identification
to a law enforcement officer. After a nonjury trial held on January 16, 2019,3
the trial court found Appellant guilty and sentenced him the same day to a
term of time served to 12 months of incarceration. Appellant timely filed a
notice of appeal. Both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P.
1925.
On appeal, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his conviction for false identification to a law enforcement officer.
Appellant’s Brief at 2. Accordingly, the following principles apply.
The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is to determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom is sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crimes charged is established beyond a reasonable doubt. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.
The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubt raised as to the accused’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact-finder. As an appellate court, we do not assess credibility nor do we assign weight to any of the testimony of record. Therefore, we will not disturb the verdict unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances.
3 At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, Appellant moved for judgment of acquittal. N.T., 1/16/2019, at 45. After an off-the-record discussion among the trial judge and counsel for the parties, as well as on-the-record argument by both counsel regarding the applicability of Commonwealth v. Kitchen, 181 A.3d 337 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc), and Commonwealth v. Barnes, 14 A.3d 128 (Pa. Super. 2011), the trial court denied the motion. N.T., 1/16/2019, at 45-54. -4- J-A22029-19
Commonwealth v. Wanner, 158 A.3d 714, 717-18 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Vogelsong, 90 A.3d 717, 719 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(citations and quotations omitted)).
To sustain a conviction for the crime of false identification to a law
enforcement officer, the Commonwealth must prove that Appellant
furnishe[d] law enforcement authorities with false information about his identity after being informed by a law enforcement officer who is in uniform or who has identified himself as a law enforcement officer that [Appellant] is the subject of an official investigation of a violation of law.
18 Pa.C.S. § 4914(a).
In Kitchen, this Court examined section 4914(a). Kitchen was pulled
over by a police officer for a traffic violation. 181 A.3d at 338. When the
officer approached her car, he asked for her license, registration, and
insurance. Id. When she could not produce the documents, Kitchen provided
false identification. Id. at 339. She was charged with and convicted of, inter
alia, the offense of false identification to a law enforcement officer. Id. at
338. On appeal, Kitchen argued that her conviction could not stand because
she had not been informed she was the subject of an official investigation.
Id. at 341. An en banc panel of this Court agreed. In interpreting the statute,
this Court noted that
[t]he use of the term “informed” in this context strongly suggests that the legislature intended a statutory element akin to a formal notice requirement, rather than imposing an additional mens rea element focused on the accused’s inferential knowledge about the presence of an investigation at the time he or she presents false credentials.
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Id. at 342-43. Further, in Kitchen this Court examined In re D.S., explaining
that
while investigating an armed robbery, plainclothes officers approached D.S. and two other individuals in a park, as D.S. matched the robbery victim’s description of his assailant. The police ordered D.S. and his cohorts to put their hands in the air, and then demanded their names, ages, and addresses. D.S. responded with a fake name. The officers did not identify themselves as police, nor did they specifically and/or verbally inform D.S. that he was under investigation. Nevertheless, D.S. was charged with, and ultimately adjudicated delinquent of, a [false identification to a law enforcement officer] offense.
Kitchen, 181 A.3d at 344. In D.S., our Supreme Court made clear that
[u]nder the plain language of the statute, three conditions must be satisfied before an individual will be found to have violated [18 Pa.C.S. § 4914] by providing false information about his identity. First, if the law enforcement officer is not in uniform, the officer must identify himself as a law enforcement officer. Second, the individual must be informed by the law enforcement officer that he is the subject of an official investigation of a violation of law. Third, the individual must have furnished law enforcement authorities with false information after being informed by the law enforcement officer that he was the subject of an official investigation of a violation of law.
39 A.3d at 974. Because the officers did not identify themselves as police or
specifically inform D.S. that he was under investigation, our Supreme Court
found the evidence was insufficient to support D.S.’s adjudication of
delinquency. Id. at 975.
In D.S., our Supreme Court rejected “the Commonwealth’s suggestion
that an individual may be ‘informed’ of an officer’s identity and/or purpose by
surrounding circumstances.” Id. at 974. The D.S. Court expounded that
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[i]n stating that an individual violates Section 4914 when he provides false information to law enforcement authorities “after being informed by a law enforcement officer” that he is the subject of an official investigation, the General Assembly made clear its intent that such information must be provided to the individual by the law enforcement officer. While the word “informed” might in other contexts carry the broader meaning the Commonwealth suggests, here it is linked to the law enforcement officer, indicating that the information conveyed must come from the law enforcement officer.
In short, there is no language in the statute to suggest that the General Assembly intended that an individual’s knowledge could be derived from the surrounding circumstances.
Id. at 975.
Thus, this Court held in Kitchen that to sustain a conviction for false
identification to a law enforcement officer, the Commonwealth must prove
that the law enforcement officer informed the individual that he or she was
the subject of an official investigation, and that must occur prior to the
individual’s giving false identification. 181 A.3d at 345.
Further, in Barnes, a police officer, while conducting a traffic stop for
windshield obstructions, encountered Barnes, who was a passenger in the
vehicle. 14 A.3d at 128. After Barnes twice gave false identification to the
officer, the officer informed Barnes he was under investigation for providing
false identification to law enforcement. Id. at 129-131. Barnes then gave
false identification for a third time. Id. at 129. In concluding that the second
element of the false identification statute cannot be satisfied by informing the
accused he is being investigated for providing false identification to an officer,
this Court stated that
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[l]iterally read, the [false identification] statute in question does not make it illegal to provide to a law enforcement authority false information as to one’s identity unless and until one is first apprised that he is the subject of an official investigation of a violation of law. If one provides false information as to his identity prior to that point, he has not violated the statute.
Id. at 131; see also Kitchen, 181 A.3d at 343 (“‘[T]he official investigation
element of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4914(a) cannot be satisfied solely by an investigation
of the individual’s providing false information as to his [or her] identity.’”)
(quoting Barnes, 14 A.3d at 131).
Instantly, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to
establish the second element of the statute, i.e., that an officer must inform
the individual that he or she is the subject of an official investigation of a
violation of the law.4 Appellant contends that he was not required to provide
identification to Officer Makowski because there was no underlying official
investigation of a violation of the law at the time the officer asked Appellant
to provide his name, and even if there were such an investigation, Appellant
was not the subject of it. Id. at 13-29.
The trial court offered the following in support of its determination that
Appellant violated the false identification statute.
The evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction because Officer Makowski was identified as a police officer. He approached the scene in a marked patrol vehicle, and he was in uniform.
4 Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to satisfy the other two elements of the statute. Appellant does not contest that Officer Makowski identified himself as a police officer, see N.T., 1/16/2019, at 9, 12, or that Appellant provided false identifying information, see id. at 16, 99.
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When Officer Makowski arrived at the scene[,] he had only the information provided to him by dispatch, and was investigating to determine all of the facts and persons involved. He first spoke to Dade and found out that he was the boyfriend, and that his girlfriend [Chandler] walked away from the scene. [Appellant] told the officer that Dade’s girlfriend took his phone and walked away with it. According to Officer Makowski, he was investigating this incident as a domestic disturbance to which he believed [Appellant] to be a witness. He was also investigating to determine whether the taking of the phone was a theft. During the course of this investigation, [Appellant] provided false identification even though he was advised he was the subject of the investigation and that if he continued to provide inaccurate information[,] he would be criminally charged. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to sustain [Appellant’s] conviction.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/3/2019, at 6-7.
We first address whether there is sufficient record evidence that Officer
Makowski informed Appellant that he was the subject of an official
investigation of a violation of law prior to asking for his identification, as
mandated by section 4914(a) and our case law. When asked about what
happened after Appellant gave false identification the first time, Officer
Makowski testified on direct examination as follows.
Q. After you received a no response from NCIC or no records found in the radio room, what did you do with that?
A. I advised [Appellant] that he was under official investigation, and if he continued to provide false information[,] he would be charged criminally.
Q. At that point what part of the investigation would you say [Appellant] was a part of?
A. The investigation, he was a party involved in the domestic incident. He had a cell phone reportedly taken from his hand. He was a witness to the verbal altercation.
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Q. Just to be clear, at that point you didn’t suspect him of actually violating any law himself?
A. No.
Q. But you considered him a witness to a potential disturbance or violation of the law?
A. Correct.
N.T., 1/16/2019, at 18-19.
Further, when questioned about his investigation, Officer Makowski
testified on direct examination as follows.
Q. With regard to the original [domestic] incident that you had responded to, can you explain what happened with that? Before you’re leaving, what happened with that original incident?
A. After speaking with the Chief of Police[,] it [was] determined that the altercation [between Dade and Chandler] was just verbal and there was no crime of action that had been committed.
Q. How long would you say that portion of your investigation took to determine that no charges would be filed against the other two people[, Dade and Chandler]?
A. Approximately 15, 20 minutes maybe.
Q. During that approximate 15 to 20 minutes[,] did any portion of that also include the issue with identifying [Appellant]? Was there overlap there?
A. Throughout the course of the entire investigation, if you’re asking, I spent roughly about an hour on scene with the entire investigation. The first 15 or 20 minutes of the investigation focusing on the domestic incident and the remaining time was spent trying to identify [Appellant].
Id. at 22-23.
On cross-examination, Officer Makowski testified as follows.
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Q. You said [on direct examination] that it took about 15, 20 minutes to decide that there was actually no domestic crime committed, right?
Q. And yet you were still trying to figure out who [Appellant] was?
A. [Appellant] was still part of my investigation.
Q. And yet you decided there was no domestic disturbance that had occurred?
A. Correct, but that did not end my investigation.
Q. So after your investigation about the domestic disturbance was over, the only thing left was to find out if [Appellant] was giving you truthful information?
Id. at 36-37.
After defense had rested, the trial court also questioned Officer
Makowski, who testified as follows.
Q. In the third paragraph down [of the affidavit of probable cause], it reads as follows: “[Appellant] verbally gave me his name as Calvin Clark, with a birthdate of 4/20/1960 and a Social Security number of XXX-XX-6820. A records check came back negative. [Officer Makowski] verbally advised [Appellant] that he was the subject of an official investigation, and if he provided [Officer Makowski] with any inaccurate information, he would be charged criminally.”
So my question to you is, what was the official investigation that he was the subject of at that time in your mind?
A. At that time in my mind he was the subject of the investigation for the domestic.
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Id. at 100, quoting Affidavit of Probable Cause, 7/31/2018, at 1
(unpaginated).
Officer Makowski’s testimony establishes that the officer informed
Appellant that he was the subject of an official investigation of a violation of
law after the officer asked for his identification, in violation of Kitchen,
supra. Officer Makowski did not testify, nor is there any record evidence,
that the officer informed Appellant that he was the subject of an official
investigation of a violation of the law for a domestic incident, or any other
violation of the law, prior to his asking Appellant for identification the first
time. Rather, the record shows that, at the time Officer Makowski informed
Appellant he was the subject of an official investigation, the officer had already
asked Appellant for identification, Appellant had answered, and the officer had
performed a records check; it was only at this point that Officer Makowski told
Appellant he was the subject of an official investigation and if he continued
to provide false identification, Appellant could be criminally charged. Id. at
18-19, 23, 36-37, 100. The Commonwealth concedes this point as well.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 10 (“The first time Officer Makowski asked for
identification, [Appellant] provided false information and claimed he had no
identification on him. After attempting, unsuccessfully, to verify this
information, Officer Makowski informed [Appellant] that he was the subject of
an official investigation.”) (emphasis added).
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Accordingly, we conclude that the record shows that, when viewing all
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the verdict
winner, the evidence was “so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law
no probability of fact [could have been] drawn from the combined
circumstances” by the trial court, as fact-finder, to establish that Officer
Makowski informed Appellant, prior to Appellant’s providing false
identification, that he was being investigated for a violation of law. See
Wanner, supra; see also Kitchen, supra; In re D.S., supra; Barnes,
supra; Commonwealth v. Eisenhart, 2019 WL 4233854 at *4 (Pa. Super.
2019)5 (unpublished non-precedential memorandum) (reversing conviction
for false identification to law enforcement officer due to insufficient evidence
to establish second element, i.e., officer must inform individual that he or she
is the subject of an official investigation of a violation of the law, where
evidence showed (1) officer observed Eisenhart drive over white fog line, ran
vehicle’s registration, determined it was suspended, conducted a traffic stop,
and asked for license and registration, (2) Eisenhart provided a false name,
(3) officer noticed Eisenhart looked nervous and informed him it was a crime
to provide false identification, and (4) officer ran a records check and
determined Eisenhart provided a false name).
5See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b) (unpublished non-precedential memorandum decisions of the Superior Court filed after May 1 2019, may be cited for their persuasive value).
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Even if Officer Makowski had informed Appellant that he was being
investigated for a violation of law before asking him for identification, the
Commonwealth contends nonetheless that Appellant was the subject of an
official investigation before he provided the false identification the first time.
The Commonwealth argues that Officer Makowski was investigating the
domestic incident, as well as a possible theft of Appellant’s cell phone, at the
time he informed Appellant that he was the subject of an official investigation
of a violation of law. Commonwealth’s Brief at 10-19. Appellant argues there
was no underlying official investigation of a violation of the law at the time the
officer asked Appellant to provide his name. Appellant’s Brief at 13-24.
As discussed supra, the Commonwealth’s argument is belied by Officer
Makowski’s own testimony. N.T., 1/16/2019, at 18-19, 22-23, 36-37, 100.
Thus, even if the officer had informed Appellant he was the subject of an
official investigation of a violation of law prior to asking for his identification,
the record evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
as verdict winner, establishes that Official Makowski had concluded any
investigation of either the domestic incident or purported theft at the time he
asked Appellant for identification.
However, even assuming arguendo that Officer Makowski was still
investigating the domestic incident or supposed theft when he asked Appellant
for identification, as the Commonwealth contends, Officer Makowski’s
testimony confirms that he did not suspect Appellant was in violation of the
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law until he discovered Appellant provided a false name, birthdate, and social
security number. N.T., 1/16/2019, at 19. Rather, when Officer Makowski first
asked for identification, he viewed Appellant as a witness to the domestic
incident and the victim of a possible theft of Appellant’s phone. Id. Once
Officer Makowski’s records check results came back negative, Officer
Makowski spent the remainder of his time at the scene trying to identify
Appellant. Id. at 22-23, 36-37.
In rejecting a similar argument in Barnes, this Court noted that “the
Commonwealth ostensibly argues that [s]ection 4194 is implicated as long as
the police are investigating a matter and then provide the proper notice to the
person being questioned. However, to apply [s]ection 4194 in such a fashion
would greatly expand the scope of the offense in question, as well as ignore
the explicit language of the statute.” 14 A.3d at 131. We stated that “if
[Barnes] was not yet under official investigation for a violation of law when
asked for his name and [date of birth], the provision of false information was
not a violation of law.” Id. at 132. This Court expounded that
under Fourth Amendment law, unless the stop was accompanied by reasonable suspicion that [Barnes] was in violation of the law or that criminal activity was afoot, the interaction between [Barnes] and [the o]fficer [] was a “mere encounter” and imposed no duty upon [Barnes] to even interact with [the o]fficer [].6 While we do not condone the providing of false identification information to police officers, applying [s]ection 4914 in the fashion proffered by the Commonwealth would, in effect, impose a criminal liability on anyone for failing to provide truthful information as to his/her identity anytime a police officer asked, regardless of the basis for the request or the level of suspicion accompanying the request. Not only would such an obligation
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seemingly contradict the explicit language of the statute, it would seemingly contravene accepted Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.
__________ 6 A mere encounter need not be supported by any level of
suspicion, and does not require a person to stop or respond.…
Barnes, 14 A.3d at 132 (citation omitted).
Here, Officer Makowski’s testimony confirms that his initial questioning
of Appellant was a mere encounter because it was not accompanied by
reasonable suspicion that Appellant was in violation of the law.6 Accordingly,
as in Barnes, we do not condone Appellant’s providing false identification to
Officer Makowski, but under the circumstances of this case, Appellant was
under no duty to answer truthfully.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the Commonwealth produced
insufficient evidence to sustain Appellant’s false identification to a law
enforcement officer conviction. As such, we reverse his judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence reversed.
6 Officer Makowski testified that when he asked for Appellant’s identification, he “didn’t suspect Appellant of actually violating the law himself.” N.T., 1/16/2019, at 19. Under Barnes, we reject the Commonwealth’s contention that Appellant, as a witness and victim, was a “subject” of an official investigation within the meaning of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4914(a). See Commonwealth’s Brief at 20-26; Barnes, 14 A.3d at 131-32. - 16 - J-A22029-19
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 11/19/19
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