Mr. Chief Justice Shepard
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is plain, from the allegations of the bill and answer, that the necessary question to be determined in the suit is whether George B. Morton has title to the sand and gravel bar lying wholly within the State of Maryland, either by deed conveying the title to the middle line of Piscataway creek, or, in case the boundary of the land conveyed thereby shall be confined to the shore of said creek, as an accretion to his land upon the shore. This is not only the principal, but substantially the only, question involved.
It is to the principal question involved in any case that we look to determine whether the action be local or transitory in its nature. If the principal fact carry with it the idea of some certain place, for example, — ‘relates to land, — it is local, and the action must be maintained in the place where it is situated. If an action had been brought at law for a trespass upon the land in question, in removing sand and gravel therefrom, the supreme court of the District would clearly have had no jurisdiction. Ellenwood v. Marietta Chair Co. 158 U. S. 105, 39 L. ed. 913, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 771. In that' case an action was brought in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio, alleging continued acts of trespass upon the land of plaintiff in the State of West Virginia, as well as the cutting and removing therefrom of large quantities of timber. No> question of the jurisdiction was made by the defendant, but the court of its own motion ordered the case stricken from the docket for want of jurisdiction. In affirming that judgment, the Supreme Court of the United States, speaking through Mr. Justice Gray, said:
“By the law of England and of those States of the Union whose jurisprudence is based upon the common law, an action for trespass upon land, like an action to recover the title or the possession of the land itself, is a local action, and can only be brought within the state in which the land lies. * * * The [294]*294original petition contained two counts, tbe one for trespass upon land, and tbe other for taking away and converting to tbe defendant’s use personal property; and tbe cause of action stated in tbe second count might have been considered as transitory, although tbe first was not. * * * Bufi tbe petition as amended by the plaintiff on motion of tbe defendant, and by •order and leave of tbe court, contained a single count alleging a continuing trespass upon tbe land by tbe defendant through its agents, and its cutting and conversion of timber growing thereon. This allegation was of a single cause of action, in which the trespass upon tbe land was tbe principal thing, and tbe conversion of tbe timber was incidental only, and could not, therefore, be maintained by proof of tbe conversion of personal property, without also proving the trespass upon real estate. Cotton v. United States, 11 How. 229, 13 L. ed. 675; Eames v. Prentice, 8 Cush. 337; Howe v. Willson, 1 Denio, 181; Dodge v. Colby, 108 N. Y. 445, 15 N. E. 703; Merriman v. McCormick Harvesting Mach. Co. 86 Wis. 142, 56 N. W. 743. Tbe entire cause of action was local. The land :alleged to have been trespassed upon being in West Virginia, tbe action could not be maintained in Ohio.”
Tbe contention that tbe doctrine of this case is impaired by ‘the later case of Stone v. United States, 167 U. S. 178, 182, 42 L. ed. 127, 129, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 778, is untenable. As we have seen, it was said in tbe former case that if tbe cause of action bad been confined to the recovery of timber removed from tbe land tbe action might have been considered as transitory. In tbe Stone Gase tbe action was to recover tbe reasonable value of lumber and railroad ties manufactured from trees alleged to have been unlawfully cut by tbe defendant Stone from certain lands in Idaho belonging to tbe United States. Tbe jurisdiction of tbe district court of tbe United States for the State of Washington, in which tbe suit was brought, was affirmed. Heferring to tbe case of Ellenwood v. Marietta Chair Co. supra, Mr. Justice Harlan said: “But that case proceeded upon the theory that thé allegations of tbe petition, at tbe time it was [295]*295tried, presented a single canse of action, in which the trespass upon the land was the principal thing, and the conversion of the property was incidental only, and therefore that the entire cause of action was local. In the present case the petition, it is true, avers that the United States was the owner of the lands from which the trees were cut, but the gravamen of the action was the conversion of the lumber and the railroad ties manufactured out of such trees; and a judgment was asked, not for the trespass, but for the value of the personal property so converted by the defendant. The description in the petition of the lands, and the averment of ownership in the United States, were intended to show the right of the government to claim the . value of the personal property manufactured from the trees illegally taken from its lands. Although the government’s denial of the ownership of the land made it necessary for it to prove its ownership, the action in its essential features related to .personal property, was of a transitory nature, and could be brought in any jurisdiction in which the defendant could be found and served with process. And a suit could have been brought to recover the property wherever it could be found. In Schulenberg v. Harriman, 21 Wall. 44, 64, 22 L. ed. 551, 555, it was said: ‘The title to the land remaining in the State, the lumber cut upon the land belonged to the State. Whilst the timber was standing it constituted part of the realty; being severed from the soil its character was changed; it became personalty, but its title was not affected; it continued, as previously, the property of the owner of the land, and could be pursued where-ever it was carried. All the remedies were open to the owner which the law affords in other cases of the wrongful removal or conversion of personal property.’ ”
The distinction between the two cases is thus clearly defined. It follows, therefore, that an action for trespass upon the land, involving necessarily and chiefly the question of its title, is local, and could only be brought in the jurisdiction wherein the land is situated. On the other hand, an action to recover the value of the sand and gravel severed from the land and removed [296]*296therefrom, though incidentally made to involve the question of title, could be maintained in the District of Columbia against parties found therein and personally served with process.
It is contended, however, that because the equity jurisdiction is rightfully invoked to restrain acts of continuing trespass upon the land, working injuries irreparable at law, as well as to prevent a multiplicity of suits, the difficulty with the action of trespass at law is obviated by reason of the principle that equity acts in personam,, and not in rem. In other words, that the court of equity in this District, having jurisdiction of the persons of the defendants, may restrain them from committing acts of trespass upon lands in Maryland, notwithstanding the principal fact involved, and upon which the right to exercise the restraint depends, is that of title to the land. We cannot agree with this contention. From a very early period, courts of equity •having jurisdiction of the person of a party have exercised the [power to compel him to perform a contract, execute a trust, or •undo the effects of a fraud, notwithstanding it may relate to or incidentally affect the title to land in another jurisdiction. The doctrine is thoroughly well established within this limitation, that the principal question involved must be one of contract, trust, or fraud, raising up a duty which a person within the power of the court may be compelled to perform, although the act when performed may operate to affect, and even to pass, the title to land outside the territorial jurisdiction of the court. As was said by Mr. Justice Field in Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714, 723, 24 L. ed. 565, 569: “Thus the State, through its tribunals, may compel persons domiciled within its limits to execute, in pursuance of their contracts respecting property elsewhere situated, instruments in such form and with such solemnities as to transfer the title, so far as such formalities can be complied with; and the exercise of this jurisdiction in no manner interferes with the supreme control over the property by the State within which it is situated. Penn v. Baltimore, 1 Ves. Sr. 444; Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148, 3 L. ed. 181; Watkins v. Holman, 16 Pet. 25, 10 L. ed. 873; Corbett v. Nutt, 10 Wall. 464, 19 L. ed. 976.”
[297]*297The leading case upon this question, to which reference is universally made, is that of Penn v. Baltimore, 1 Ves. Sr. 444, 2 White & T. Lead. Cas. in Eq. 4th Am. ed. 1806. The bill was filed in England, where both parties resided at the time, to compel specific performance of a contract entered into by them providing for the establishment of the boundaries of their respective grants of Pennsylvania and Maryland. In defining the grounds upon which he maintained jurisdiction in the case, Lord Hardwicke said: “This court therefore has no original jurisdiction on the direct question of the original right of the boundaries; and this bill does not stand in need of that. It is founded on articles executed in England under seal for mutual consideration, which gives jurisdiction to the Bing’s court both of law and equity, whatever be the subject-matter. * * * The conscience of the party was bound by this agreement; and being within the jurisdiction of this court, * * * which acts in personam, the court may properly decree it as an agreement, if a foundation for it.”
The learned American editors in their notes to the above case (2 White & T. Lead. Cas. in Eq. 1830), after reviewing the American decisions, say: “It will be observed that in the foregoing cases the jurisdiction attached on the ground of the defendant’s fraud or failure to perform some equitable obligation, irrespective of any question of title, and the decree was capable of being enforced against the person of the defendant. And although equity has no jurisdiction over naked questions of title to real estate, yet it will not refuse to determine a controversy which, in other respects, is within its jurisdiction, because it incidentally adjudicates upon the title to lands without its control. But these cases must not be confused with another and totally different class, wherein the validity of rights claimed under a disputed title to lands in other States becomes the primary question, and the decree depends upon the construction given. Here the relief will be refused unless under very peculiar circumstances, for to hold otherwise would be to try an ejectment through the medium of a court of chancery, governed by rules possibly differing from those in force where the [298]*298land is situate, and whose decree would be utterly ineffective as to the subject-matter of the controversy.”
And they further say, in conclusion: “The result of the case, as a whole, would seem to be that, as the right of real property is essentially local, and can only be enforced at law by a recourse to the local tribunals, equity will follow the law, and refuse to assume a power which might further the purposes of justice in particular instances, but would ultimately disturb the comity which ought to exist between the courts of different nations, by bringing the decisions of former tribunals into conflict with those of the locus rei sites. * * * But rights growing out of trust or contract, or founded upon a fraudulent violation of the principles of equity as between man and man, are purely personal, and will consequently be upheld and enforced, both by law and equity, whenever jurisdiction has been acquired over the parties, without regard to the nature or situation of the property in which the controversy has its origin, and even when the relief sought consists in a decree for the conveyance of land which lies beyond the control of the court, and can only be reached through the exercise of its powers over the person.”
The question was first passed on by the Supreme Court of the United States in Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148, 3 L. ed. 181, the opinion in which was delivered by Chief Justice Marshall. In that case a bill was filed by a citizen of Virginia in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Kentucky, against Massie, a citizen of Kentucky, to compel the latter to convey to the former 1,000 acres of land in the State of Ohio, the defendant having obtained the legal title by fraud. Complainant claimed the equitable title, and alleged certain fraudulent surveys by the defendant, through which he had appropriated complainant’s land. Appeal was taken from a final decree establishing complainant’s title and directing the defendant to execute a conveyance to him for the land. In affirming that decree, the Chief Justice said on the question of jurisdiction : .
[299]*299“Was this cause, therefore, to be considered as involving a naked question of title? Was it, for example, a contest between Watts and Powell, the jurisdiction of the circuit court of Kentucky would not be sustained. But where the question changes its character, where the defendant in the original action is liable to the plaintiff, either in consequence of contract, or as trustee, or as the holder of a legal title acquired by any species of mala fides practised on the plaintiff, the principles of equity give a court jurisdiction wherever the person may be found; and the circumstance that a question of title may be involved in the inquiry, and may even constitute the essential point on which the case depends, does not seem sufficient to arrest that jurisdiction.”
After reviewing the English authorities, commencing with the case of Penn v. Baltimore, supra, he further said:
“Upon the authority of these cases, and of others which are to be found in the books, as well as upon general principles, this court is of opinion that, in a case of fraud, of trust, or of contract, the jurisdiction of a court of chancery is sustainable wherever the person be found, although lands not within the jurisdiction of that court may be affected by the decree.” See also Carpenter v. Strange, 141 U. S. 87, 106, 35 L. ed. 640, 647, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 960.
The doctrine enounced has been followed by the same court ■ever since without question, for we cannot regard the case of Phelps v. McDonald, 99 U. S. 298, 25 L. ed. 473 (relied on by the appellants), either as furnishing an exception to it, or as extending its limitations. In that case the bill was filed in the supreme court of the District of Columbia by Phelps, who had •regularly been appointed assignee in bankruptcy under proceedings in the district court of the United States for the southern ■district of Ohio, declaring McDonald a bankrupt. In the schedule of assets filed by the bankrupt was a brief statement of a claim against General Osborne, of the United States Army, and others, “for burning in January and February, 1865, from 1,000 to 2,000 bales of my cotton in Arkansas and Louisiana.” [300]*300There was no further description of the claim except, that in a duplicate schedule filed in the office of the register, the amount is stated as 7,000 to 8,000 bales, and the claim there, with others, is designated as worthless. McDonald was duly discharged in bankruptcy on March 17, 1869. The assignee; having obtained an order to sell certain accounts, notes, and judgments of the bankrupt, sold them at public sale, including the claim aforesaid. One White became the purchaser of the uncollected accounts, and it is alleged that the purchase was made-for' McDonald with money furnished by him, and the claim transferred to him by White. It was then alleged that, prior to the filing of his petition in bankruptcy, McDonald had a just and valid claim against the United States for cotton destroyed by the Army, that, being a British subject (a fact concealed in describing the claim), although for many years a resident of this country, he prosecuted the claim before the joint British and American Commission organized under the treaty of May 8, 1871; that the claim was finally adjudged to be valid, and on September 23, 1873, the Commission awarded the sum of $197,-190 to be paid in gold by the government of the United States to the government of Her Britannic Majesty, in respect of the above claim; that the United States had paid the money to the agent of the British government in the city of Washington, who was about to pay the same to McDonald. An injunction was prayed restraining McDonald and White, or either of them, from receiving said award, and for a decree that said fund be held in trust for the creditors of McDonald, and be subject to the complainant’s rights as assignee in bankruptcy. Process was formally served on both defendants, and a temporary injunction was awarded. Subsequently, by consent of parties, a decree was made that one half of the amount of the award be received by the defendants to pay the expense of prosecuting the claim before the joint commission, and the other half placed in the hands of George W. Biggs, as receiver, to await the final action of the court; and that McDonald execute all orders, receipts, and acquittances necessary to enable the receiver to ob[301]*301tain the fund. The defendants withdrew their answer, and filed a demurrer to the effect that the court below had no jurisdiction of the case, and upon other grounds relating to the rights of the complainant. The demurrer was sustained, the bill dismissed, and on appeal the decree was reversed. The opinion ■of the majority of the court was delivered by Mr. Justice ■Swayne, who said: “In this case, whether the money be here or abroad, the assignee is entitled to have the question finally settled whether he or McDonald has the better right. This court has twice decided that a British subject can sue the United States in the court of claims, because an American citizen is permitted to sue the British government by a petition of right. The act of Congress creating the court requires reciprocity. United States v. O’Keefe, 11 Wall. 118, 20 L. ed. 131; Carlisle v. United States, 16 Wall. 147, 21 L. ed. 426. If the claim of the assignee were presented to the British government by a petition of right, and the claim of McDonald was also presented, the parties, in the absence of any judicial determination, would doubtless be required to settle their controversy by in-terpleading, or in some other appropriate form of litigation. If the appellant shall be finally successful in this case, and the record should be presented with his petition, no such question could arise, and judgment in his favor must necessarily follow. Conceding the fund to be there, why should not the question of paramount right be settled in this ease, rather than that the Ameiican claimant should be subjected to the delay, expense, and other inconveniences of a suit before a foreign tribunal? The adjudication would be as binding in one case as in the other. Where the necessary parties are before a court of equity, it is immaterial whether the res of the controversy, whether it bo real or personal property, is beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the tribunal. It has the power to compel the defendant to do all things necessary, according to the lex loci rei sitee, which he could do voluntarily, to give full effect to the decree against him. Without regard to the situation of the subject-matter, such courts consider the equities between the parties, and decree in personam according to those equities, and [302]*302enforce obedience to their decrees by process in personam. 2 Story Eq. sec. 899; Miller v. Sherry, 2 Wall. 249, 17 L. ed. 830; Penn v. Baltimore, 1 Ves. Sr. 444; Mitchell v. Bunch, 2 Paige, 606, 22 Am. Dec. 669.”
Notwithstanding some of the language of the opinion, it is to be observed, as in Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148, 3 L. ed. 181, the case involved a fraud committed by the defendant in reob-taining the title; and, having jurisdiction of his person, the court could compel him to execute such an assignment as would be necessary to revest the title of the defrauded assignee in bankruptcy; and, the money having been voluntarily deposited in the custody of the court, it could be ordered paid to the established owner.
A recent case in the House of Lords of England carries the doctrine of jurisdiction by virtue of power over the person to a great length, but it was maintained because the bill sought the enforcement of a duty under a trust relating to the personal estate of a deceased testator. Ewing v. Ewing, L. R. 9 App. Cas. 34, 40.
In that case a testator domiciled in Scotland and possessed of a large personal estate in that country and a smaller one in England, by a will made in Scotch form, appointed six persons to be executors and trustees, three of whom resided in England and three in Scotland. The trustees obtained confirmation of the will in Scotland, and this was confirmed by the English court of probate. An infant legatee, resident in England, brought suit in England, through his next friend, for the administration of the estate, as one of the beneficiaries of the trust. Service was had upon all of the trustees, who entered appearance and obtained an order of reference to ascertain if the prosecution of the action would be for the infant’s benefit. Upon this reference, the order for further prosecution was made, from which no appeal was taken. Before the action came to trial, the trustees removed all of the English personalty to Scotland. It was held that the English court had jurisdiction to administer the trusts of the will as to the whole estate, [303]*303and that, as no proceedings were pending in Scotland bj which the interest of the infant would have been clearly protected, the jurisdiction was not discretionary, but that the decree was a matter of course.
Lord Chancellor Selborne said: “A jurisdiction against trustees which is not excluded ratione legis rei sitae as to land cannot be excluded as to moveables because the author of the trust may have had a foreign domicil; and for this purpose it malms no difference whether the trust is constituted inter vivos, or by a will, or mortis causa deed. Accordingly it has always been the practice of the English Court of Chancery * * * to administer, as against executors and trustees personally subject to its jurisdiction, the whole personal estate of testators or intestates who have died domiciled abroad, by decrees like that now in question. The appellants’ counsel were not able to produce any precedent for an administration decree limited (where there was a general probate and a general trust) to assets locally situate within the jurisdiction. * * * The English jurisdiction was sustained on the same principle in Johnstone v. Beattie, 10 Clark & F. 42, 84. If English trustees, having in their hands English trust funds, were found within the jurisdiction of the Scottish courts, those courts, upon the same principle, might compel them to do their duty. Ferguson v. Douglas, 3 Paton, 503, 510.”
In another recent English case, the facts of which are anal-gous to those of the case at bar, the court distinguished the decision in Ewing v. Ewing (rendered in the chancery division, and not then decided on appeal), and expressly maintained the limitation of the equity jurisdiction acting in personam, that we have here attempted to point out. Graham v. Massey, L. R. 23 Ch. Div. 743.
That suit was brought to recover three fourths of one moiety of the purchase money of a house in Dresden, Saxony, sold by Charles Stewart Hawthorne, the testator. The defendants were his executors and devisees in trust. The house originally belonged to Colonel Hawthorne, a domiciled Irishman, and his [304]*304wife, Sarab, jointly. By bis will dated in 1851, be gave bis real and personal estate, wbicb would include bis moiety of tbe bouse, to trustees in trust to pay tbe rents, profits, etc., to his wife, Sarab, for life, and, after her death, upon trust for his daughter Mabella. This will was not executed according to Saxon law. Colonel Hawthorne left his widow and a daughter, Georgiana, surviving; bis daughter Mabella having died in bis lifetime. Tbe widow died on tbe 31st of May, 1875, leaving a will executed according to Saxon law, by wbicb she devised all her real and personal property at her residence in Dresden, including this bouse, to Charles Stewart Hawthorne. In 1875 be sold tbe bouse, received part of tbe purchase money, and tbe remainder was secured to him by a mortgage of tbe bouse, according to Saxon law. He died in 1877. Tbe plaintiffs in this action were tbe administrator and tbe widow and children of John Graham, tbe surviving husband of Georgiana. It was allged in effect, that on tbe death of Colonel Hawthorne one moiety of tbe bouse, subject to bis widow’s life interest, devolved by Saxon law, as to three-fourths part, on Georgiana, and tbe remaining one fourth on Sarab Hawthorne, who was entitled to tbe other moiety, and that on tbe death of Georgiana, in 1863, John Graham became by Saxon law entitled to her three fourths of one moiety, and that be died intestate. Plaintiffs, as bis administrator and next of bin, respectively, claimed three fourths of one moiety of tbe purchase money, with interest, against tbe estate of Charles Stewart Hawthorne. It was also alleged that, on tbe death of Sarab Hawthorne, Charles Stewart Hawthorne procured himself to be registered in Dresden as tbe owner of the bouse, and so became tbe legal owner; and that by Saxon law be could confer an indefeasible title on a purchaser; but that a seller, under such circumstances, became by tbe law responsible to tbe person really entitled, if be bad acted bona fide, for the purchase money of which be became a trustee for tbe person really entitled. Tbe defense denied utterly tbe claims of tbe plaintiffs, and alleged that Charles Stewart Hawthorne was sole and legal owner of tbe entirety of the [305]*305bouse for bis own use aud benefit, and submitted that the rights of the parties to this action ought to be determined in the courts of Saxony. Kay, Justice, said:
“An important question of jurisdiction arises in this case. * * * It is obvious that neither Charles Stewart Hawthorne nor the defendants is or are, with reference to this claim, by English law, in any fiduciary relation to the plaintiffs. They are not bound by contract with them. Nor is the claim in any way based upon a suggestion of fraud. It is a bona fide claim, on both sides, of title to land, or the proceeds of land, in Saxony. The claim depends primarily upon the law of Saxony as to the devolution of land in that country. If maintainable, it can only be so upon the ground that, by the law of Saxony, upon the death of Sarah Hawthorne three fourths of one moiety of this property descended to Georgiana Hawthorne, under whom the plaintiffs claim. The next question is whether the plaintiffs, by the law of Saxony, are entitled to such interest, if any, as did so descend to Georgiana Hawthorne. A third question is whether, by Saxon law, Charles Stewart Hawthorne having sold the property, he, or his estate after his death, is accountable for a share of the purchase money to the plaintiffs.
After discussing the uncertainty of determining a question purely of foreign law, the court said: “I am not aware of any case where a contested claim depending upon the title to im-movables in a foreign country, strictly so called, being no part of the British dominions or possessions, has been allowed to be litigated in this country simply because the plaintiff and defendant happened to be here. Lord Mansfield, in Mostyn v. Fabrigas, 1 Cowp. 161, 176, distinguished such a case from those in which actions might be brought here. He said: 'So, if an action were brought relative to an estate in a foreign country, where the question was a matter of title only, and not of damages, there might be a solid distinction of locality.’ The cases cited in the argument were such as the enforcement in England of an equitable mortgage made in England concerning Scotch land, where the court gave, relief, treating the rem[306]*306edy as in tbe nature of specific performance, when the court acts in personam. Ex parte Pollard, Mont. & C. Bankr. 239. There is no doubt of the jurisdiction in such a case, and the courts will even foreclose an English mortgage of foreign land (Toller v. Carteret, 2 Vern. 494) ; the foreclosure decree being, as Vice Chancellor Bacon pointed out in Paget v. Ede, L. R. 18 Eq. 118, merely an extinction of the right to redeem, as was said also by Lord Cranworth in Colyer v. Finch, 5 H. L. Cas. 905, 915. In Norris v. Chambres, 29 Beav. 246, Lord Romilly distinguished the case of a foreign mortgage of foreign land, where no relief would be given by English courts. There is a class of cases in which jurisdiction as to land in the colonies has been maintained on the ground of fraud, like Cranstown v. Johnston, 3 Ves. Jr. 170. It is not pretended that there was any fraud in the present case. Perhaps the decision that goes furthest in the plaintiff’s favor is the recent case of Re Ewing, L. R. 22 Ch. Div. 456. There a legatee under a Scotch will or trust deed was allowed to maintain an action for administration against the executors, who had proved in England, three of whom were in this country, and the others had been served in Scotland, without objection. The usual administration order was made, though there were no assets in England; but the late master of the rolls and Lord Justice Cotton both pointed out that the plaintiff’s claim was undisputed; and the master of the rolls repudiated the notion that Scotland is a foreign country for the purpose of such a question of jurisdiction. According to Enohin v. Wylie, 10 H. L. Cas. 1, if the claim had been contested, and had involved a disputed question of the construction of a Scotch will, it may be doubted if a decree could properly have been made. But the case is infinitely stronger where the contested claim is based upon the right to land, where the land is situate, not in Scotland, but in Dresden, where the question whether the plaintiff has any claim or not must be determined by the law of Saxony as to immovables, and where the only ground for instituting proceedings in this country is the fact that the defendants are resident here. All these circumstances concur in this case, and in my opinion the courts of [307]*307civil judicature iu England, which sit, as Lord Westbury said in Cockney v. Anderson, 1 De G. J. & S. 365, to administer the municipal law of this country, have no authority to determine in such a case as this whether or not the plaintiff’s claim is well founded, and I must, therefore, dismiss this action'.”
We have stated the facts of the case and quoted from the opinion at length, because it appears to us substantially to determine the question that is presented here. There is no allegation of contract, trust relation, or fraud, on which the jurisdiction may be based. The essential question involved is whether the complainant Morton is the owner of the sand and gravel bar, either by virtue of a deed carrying his boundary to the middle line of Piscataway creek, in Maryland, or, if not, by reason of its being a navigable stream, as an accretion to his adjacent shore land. The effect of the decree is to establish his title by a' perpetual injunction against the acts of trespass complained of: and this question of title is determinable by the laws of Maryland alone.
We will not extend an opinion already too long, by reviewing-the several State cases cited on behalf of the appellants. It is sufficient to say of many of these that they related to lands lying-in different counties in the same state, and depended in part, at least, upon local statutes defining the jurisdiction of the-courts. Others, which go very far in the direction contended, for, — Schmaltz v. York Mfg. Co. 204 Pa. 1, 59 L.R.A. 907, 93. Am. St. Rep. 782, 53 Atl. 522; Clad v. Paist, 181 Pa. 148, 37 Atl. 194; Jennings Bros. v. Beale, 158 Pa. 283, 27 Atl. 948; Alexander v. Tolleston Club, 110 Ill. 65, 77; Carroll v. Lee, 3 Gill. & J. 504, 510, 22 Am. Dec. 350, being the principal ones, — involve the construction and enforcement of contracts or a trust. Keyser v. Rice, 47 Md. 203, 28 Am. Rep. 448, maintains the right of the courts of equity of the State to enjoin one of its citizens from prosecuting a suit in another State, violative of the laws of Maryland, and affecting the rights of another citizen of the same State. The same doctrine is upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States, but stands upon a ground [308]*308very different from tbat of tbe present' case. Cole v. Cunningham, 133 U. S. 107, 33 L. ed. 538, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 269. In another case cited, the same principle is applied, though to a different state of facts. Great Falls Mfg. Co. v. Worster, 23 N. H. 462. Complainant maintained a dam extending across the Salmon river, from the shore in New Hampshire to the shore in the State of Maine. The defendant, a citizen of New Hampshire and served with process therein, owned lands on each side of the river that were overflowed by reason of complainant’s dam. He removed a portion of the dam, and threat-rued to lower it further. The bill prayed that he might be enjoined from destroying any part of the dam, or from meddling with it in any way. An objection to the jurisdiction was overruled, and the decree granting the injunction was affirmed. In the discussion of the question it was said: “The court are not asked to assume any jurisdiction or exercise any control over the land in Maine, or to interfere with the laws of that State. Nothing more is asked than that the respondent, a citizen of New Hampshire and residing within her limits, shall be subject to her laws; and that, being within reach of the process of this court, he shall be forbidden to go elsewhere and commit injury to the property of other citizens, situated here and entitled to the protection of our laws.”
Entertaining the opinion that the court below was without jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the suit, we must reverse the decree appealed from, and remand the cause with direction to dismiss the bill. It is so ordered.
Reversed and dismissed.
Mr. J. J. Hamilton on the 19th day of November 1906, for the appellees, filed a motion to reform the decree of this court.
The Court, acting upon this motion, on November 28, 1906, handed down the following opinion written by Mr. Chief Justice Shepard :
[309]*309The opinion of tbe court in reversing this case is silent in respect to tbe question of costs, and tbe entry of tbe decree therefor against tbe appellees was in accordance with tbe general provision of section 3 of rule 18. Tbe appellees bave filed a motion to reform tbat decree so as to show a reversal without costs to* either party. Tbe contention tbat there should bave been no decree for costs, as against either party, because the dismissal of tbe appeal was for want of jurisdiction in tbe court below, as governed by section 1 of rule 18, * is untenable. Tbat section applies in those cases where tbe appellate court has no jurisdiction whatever. "When tbe appeal is from a decree rendered by a trial court without jurisdiction in tbe premises, tbe rule is different. In such a case tbe appellate court has jurisdiction of the appeal for the purpose of reversing tbe erroneous judgment. Mansfield, C. & L. M. B. Co. v. Swan, 111 TJ. S. 379, 387, 28 L. ed. 462, 465, 4 Sup. Ct. Hep. 510; Hancock v. Holbrook, 112 U. S. 229, 232, 28 L. ed. 714, 715, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 115; Graves v. Corbin, 132 IT. S. 571, 590, 33 L. ed. 462, 468, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 196; North American Transp. & T. Co. v. Morrison, 178 IT. S. 262, 269, 44 L. ed. 1061, 1064, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 869.
The entry of the decree was therefore clearly within the power of this court under section 3 of rule 18. Tbat section of the rule provides tbat, in case of reversal, costs shall be awarded to tbe appellants, “unless otherwise ordered by this court.” Tbe complainants were undoubtedly at fault in bringing tbe suit in a court without jurisdiction. Tbe defendants, appellants here, tacitly conceded tbe jurisdiction of the court below, and were apparently as anxious, on account of convenience, to bave tbe case tried thereon on its merits as were tbe complainants. They made no suggestion of want of juris[310]*310diction at any stage of tbe proceeding, and tbe point naturally passed unnoticed by that court. From tbe decree against them on tbe merits they appealed to tbis court, and again failed to suggest tbe want of jurisdiction. On tbis appeal, when the argument was begun on tbe merits, tbe court of its own motion suggested tbe probable want of jurisdiction in tbe court below, and refused to bear tbe argument until that question could be determined. Tbe result of tbe suggestion was tbe conclusion that tbe court below bad no jurisdiction of tbe case, and that necessarily its decree must be reversed, with direction to dismiss tbe bill. Now, bad tbe appellees raised tbe question of jurisdiction below, and brought it up as a ground of appeal, there would be no question of their right to recover costs in tbis court. We must presume, however, that, bad tbe suggestion of want of jurisdiction been made in tbe court below, it would have prevailed. Tbe result of tbe failure to raise tbe question of jurisdiction has been tbe taking of testimony at considerable expense and a great increase in tbe volume of tbe transcript of tbe record. As tbe appellants were at fault in tbe respects indicated, and brought tbe case here upon tbe merits alone, we now think it just that each party shall pay tbe costs incurred by him. Having tbe power, under section 3 aforesaid, to make such an order, tbe decree will be reformed so as to require each party to pay the costs incurred hy him in this court. It is so ordered.