COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00035-CR
CLINT CHAD JONES APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 432ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION1 ----------
I. Introduction
Appellant Clint Chad Jones pleaded guilty to aggravated robbery with a
deadly weapon, and a jury assessed his punishment at ninety-nine years‘
confinement. Appellant contends in five points that the jury should not have
considered an extraneous capital murder offense in assessing his punishment
because the State failed to prove the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, that
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. the trial court abused its discretion by overruling his objections to certain
testimony and exhibits, and that the trial court erred by ordering that his sentence
run consecutively to his sentence from a prior conviction. We affirm.
II. Background
Appellant pleaded guilty to robbing a game room in Arlington, Texas.
During the punishment phase of the trial, the State presented evidence of that
aggravated robbery and Appellant‘s involvement in the kidnap and murder of his
girlfriend, Charlee Cobb.
John Borland testified that he was working the overnight shift at Kasey‘s
Korner in Arlington on November 22, 2007 (Thanksgiving Day). In the early
morning hours, Carmen Brown, a woman Borland recognized as a customer,
approached the door, and Borland unlocked the door for her to enter. Borland
testified that Brown held the door open and that Appellant walked through the
door carrying a sawed-off shotgun. Appellant took between four and five
thousand dollars from the safe and a handgun before he and Brown left the
game room. The manager of Kasey‘s Korner, Joe Davis, testified that a woman
named Tracy Gandar later approached him and told him she knew who had
robbed the game room. Law enforcement personnel subsequently interviewed
Gandar.
Gandar testified that she lived in James Keisel‘s house at 125 East Cober
Drive in November 2007. Appellant lived there for about a week near
2 Thanksgiving, and Brown and Cobb moved in at the same time. Gandar
believed that Appellant was dating both women.
Gandar testified that Appellant and Brown left the house for a while on
Thanksgiving morning and that they discussed the robbery they had committed
when they returned. Gandar further testified that Appellant was upset with Cobb
later that day and walked through the house with a gun in one hand and a
hatchet in the other. Gandar also testified that Appellant hog-tied Cobb with duct
tape in the living room, put a sock in her mouth, and put her into the trunk of the
blue Honda he was driving, saying that he had to kill her because she knew too
much about the game room robbery. Gandar said that Cobb kicked her way out
of the trunk and made her way back into the house. Cobb had taken the duct
tape off and was no longer bound, but Appellant put Cobb back into the blue
Honda, this time in the passenger seat. Gandar testified that Appellant said he
was taking Cobb to her brother‘s house, and he drove away with Cobb near
midnight.
Appellant returned between two and three hours later and told Gandar that
he ―had to do it.‖ Gandar asked Appellant if he had killed Cobb, and he said that
he had but not to judge him. The next day, Gandar left the house and went to
the game room Appellant had robbed. She told Davis who had robbed the game
room, and she thereafter cooperated with the authorities.
Gandar admitted that she was in jail for a misdemeanor at the time of trial,
but she said that she did not have any agreements with the State relating to her
3 testimony. On cross-examination, Gandar admitted that she did not tell the
detective who interviewed her that Appellant had walked through the house with
a gun and a hatchet or that he had confessed to her, but she testified that she
was initially in shock and that her memory had become clearer over time.
The jury also heard testimony that Grand Prairie police officers conducted
surveillance at the Cober Drive house two days after the robbery and observed
Appellant drive the blue Honda (which had been reported stolen) toward the
house and park in the driveway. When the officers approached, Appellant
resisted but was arrested and placed in a patrol car. Because the officers had
information about Cobb‘s abduction, Sergeant John Shaw forcibly entered the
residence to look for her.2 Cobb was not in the house, but Sergeant Shaw did
recover a sawed-off shotgun. Sergeant Gary Newton looked in the trunk of the
blue Honda. Cobb was not in the trunk, but there was a strip of duct tape in the
trunk ―that look[ed] like it had been wrapped around something and pulled off.‖
The duct tape also had hair and leaves on it. Also in the trunk were pieces of a
woman‘s earrings.
Donald Summons lives near a field in Dallas that is less than a ten-minute
drive from the Cober Drive house. He testified that he called 9-1-1 on December
8, 2007, after a neighbor‘s dog found a decomposing human skull in the field.
Crime scene investigators searched the field and recovered a large number of
2 Keisel initially refused to allow the officers inside the house.
4 human bones, a knife that had been placed inside a nearby abandoned car, and
several items of women‘s clothing. One of the clothing items had visible duct
tape residue on it. The investigators also recovered several sections of duct
tape; they were wrapped in a circular fashion and were consistent with having
been wrapped around a woman‘s head.
Dr. Jill Urban, a deputy medical examiner for Dallas County, testified that
she conducted an autopsy of Cobb‘s remains.3 Dr. Urban testified that the cause
of death was homicidal violence. On cross-examination, Dr. Urban testified that
she could not give a precise date of death but that a November 22, 2007 date of
death was consistent with her findings.
Detective Paul Ellzey is a homicide detective with the Dallas Police
Department. He testified that the knife recovered from the abandoned car near
Cobb‘s body had human blood on it and that it was from a butcher block set at
Keisel‘s house on Cober Drive. By interviewing Keisel, Detective Ellzey
confirmed that the knife was the same brand as that at Keisel‘s house and that
Keisel‘s knife set was missing one knife. Keisel was initially a suspect in Cobb‘s
murder but identified the missing knife as his. Through his investigation,
Detective Ellzey confirmed that Cobb was last seen alive when she left Keisel‘s
house with Appellant.
3 Appellant stipulated that the remains were Cobb‘s.
5 III. Punishment-Phase Extraneous Offense Evidence
Appellant contends in his first point that the State failed to prove the
extraneous offense of capital murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
A. Applicable Law
The admissibility of evidence at punishment is guided largely by article
37.07, section 3 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Haley v. State, 173
S.W.3d 510, 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
37.07, § 3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2010). Under that section, the prosecution may
offer evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act that is shown beyond a
reasonable doubt to have been committed by the defendant or for which he could
be held criminally responsible. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1);
Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 515. ―Unlike the guilt-innocence phase, the question at
punishment is not whether the defendant has committed a crime, but instead
what sentence should be assessed.‖ Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 515 (citing Sunbury
v. State, 88 S.W.3d 229, 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), and Rogers v. State, 991
S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). ―Whereas the guilt-innocence stage
requires the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of each
element of the offense, the punishment phase requires the jury only find that
these prior acts are attributable to the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ Id.
(citing Fields v. State, 1 S.W.3d 687, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).
While the trial court makes a threshold determination of whether the jury
could rationally find beyond a reasonable doubt that an offense or bad act was
6 committed, the jury actually decides if the State met its burden of proof. Mitchell
v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 953–54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Nanez v. State, 179
S.W.3d 149, 151–52 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.). ―Before the jury can
consider this evidence in assessing punishment, it must be satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt that the acts are attributable to the defendant.‖ Haley, 173
S.W.3d at 515. Thus, when an appellant complains on appeal of the sufficiency
of the evidence of an extraneous offense at the punishment phase, the complaint
is not truly about sufficiency. See Malpica v. State, 108 S.W.3d 374, 378–79
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, no pet.); see also Moody v. State, No. 02-06-00362-CR,
2007 WL 3120705, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 25, 2007, no pet.) (mem.
op., not designated for publication). Rather, the complaint goes to the admission
of the evidence. Malpica, 108 S.W.3d at 378–79. The trial court is deemed the
sole arbiter on the threshold issue of admissibility of relevant evidence during the
punishment phase of a trial, and its decision is reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard. Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 953. We thus construe Appellant‘s
complaint as a challenge to the admission of the extraneous offense evidence,
and we will examine the extraneous offense evidence to decide whether the trial
court abused its discretion by determining that there is evidence upon which a
fact finder could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the extraneous offense was
attributable to Appellant. See Arzaga v. State, 86 S.W.3d 767, 781 (Tex. App.—
El Paso 2002, no pet.); Wilson v. State, 15 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1999, pet. ref‘d); see also Moody, 2007 WL 3120705, at *2. A trial court does not
7 abuse its discretion as long as the decision to admit or to exclude the evidence is
within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d
372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh‘g); see Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d
92, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 (1997).
B. Discussion
Appellant points to the testimony by Dr. Urban that she believed Cobb died
as a result of homicidal violence, arguing that her testimony is ―ambiguous and
not definite,‖ that Dr. Urban could not determine the cause of death due to the
decomposition of the body, and that there was no affirmative link to Appellant.
The court of criminal appeals has held, however, that article 37.07‘s proof
beyond a reasonable doubt requirement does not require the offering party to
necessarily prove that the act was a criminal act or that the defendant committed
a crime. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 515. Rather than proof of the elements of a crime
necessary for a finding of guilt, article 37.07 requires proof beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant was involved in the act itself. Id.
In the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence revealed that
Appellant had lived at Keisel‘s house on Cober Drive with Keisel, Gandar, Brown,
and Cobb for about a week near Thanksgiving; that Appellant had threatened
Cobb with a gun and hatchet; that Appellant had hog-tied Cobb with duct tape
and had put her in the trunk of his stolen car; that Appellant left the Cober Drive
house with Cobb around midnight on Thanksgiving; that Cobb was not thereafter
seen alive; that Appellant confessed to Gandar that he had killed Cobb; that duct
8 tape with hair and leaf particles was recovered from the car‘s trunk; that Cobb‘s
body, duct tape consistent with being wrapped around a woman‘s head, and a
knife from the Cober Drive house were recovered from a field less than a ten-
minute drive from the Cober Drive house; that Cobb died as a result of homicidal
violence; and that although the exact time of Cobb‘s death could not be
determined, death on Thanksgiving was consistent with the medical examiner‘s
findings. Based on this evidence, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by determining that a fact finder could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that Cobb‘s murder was attributable to Appellant. See id. (―[T]he punishment
phase requires the jury [to] find that these prior acts are attributable to the
defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.‖); Franks v. State, No. 01-07-00253-CR,
2008 WL 4427665, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 2, 2008, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication). We overrule Appellant‘s first point.
IV. Admission of Evidence
Appellant contends in his second, third, and fourth points that the trial court
abused its discretion by overruling his objections to certain evidence admitted
during the punishment phase of his trial. The State responds that Appellant
failed to preserve his complaints for appellate review.
To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to the
trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds
for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,
9 objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Layton v. State, 280 S.W.3d
235, 238–39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Further, the trial court must have ruled on
the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining
party must have objected to the trial court‘s refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a)(2); Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). A
reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has not been
preserved for appeal. Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009).
B. Rule 403 Objections to Photographs of the Deceased
Appellant argues in his second point that the trial court erred by overruling
his rule 403 objection to photographs of Cobb‘s remains. During the State‘s
direct examination of crime scene supervisor Andra Lewis-Krick, the State
offered, in bulk, forty-four photographs taken by crime scene investigators as
they searched the field where Cobb‘s remains were found. Appellant lodged,
and the trial court overruled, a rule 403 objection to the photographs when the
State offered them.
Appellant argues that the trial court ―did not conduct a balancing test as is
required by Rule 403 and allowed the photographs to be admitted.‖ Once a party
asserts a rule 403 objection, the trial court must engage in the balancing test
required by that rule. Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 195 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997); see also Alami v. State, 333 S.W.3d 881, 889 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2011, no pet.). ―However, a trial judge is not required to sua sponte place any
10 findings he makes or conclusions he draws when engaging in this test into the
record.‖ Williams, 958 S.W.2d at 195. ―Rather, a judge is presumed to engage
in the required balancing test once Rule 403 is invoked,‖ and the trial court‘s
failure to conduct the balancing test on the record does not imply otherwise. Id.
at 195–96. Here, although the trial court did not state on the record that it had
conducted the rule 403 balancing test, it was not required to do so. See id. We
therefore overrule this portion of Appellant‘s second point.
Appellant also contends in his second point that the trial court abused its
discretion by admitting the forty-four photographs because they ―did no more
than to inflame the jury in sympathy for the State.‖ We have reviewed each of
the complained-of photographs, and only State‘s Exhibit 101 is potentially
inflammatory. It depicts the human skull found in the field near Cobb‘s other
remains. However, the identical photograph was admitted without objection from
Appellant as State‘s Exhibit 126. Moreover, Appellant stated that he had no
objection when the State offered State‘s Exhibits 149 through 163, which are
photographs taken by the medical examiner during the autopsy of Cobb‘s
remains. By failing to object when similar evidence was offered, Appellant failed
to preserve the remainder of his second point for appellate review, and we
overrule it. See Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)
(―[O]verruling an objection to evidence will not result in reversal when other such
evidence was received without objection, either before or after the complained-of
ruling.‖).
11 C. Rule 403 Objection to Clothing Items
Appellant contends in his third point that the trial court erred by overruling
his rule 403 objection to items of Cobb‘s clothing. However, Appellant objected
only to the relevance of these exhibits at trial and did not assert a rule 403
objection when they were offered. Appellant therefore failed to preserve his third
point for appellate review, and we overrule it. See Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at
389 (holding that relevance objection does not preserve complaint that danger of
unfair prejudice outweighed relevance); Chase v. State, Nos. 02-06-00063-CR,
02-06-00064-CR, 2007 WL 866221, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 22, 2007,
pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding same).
D. Relevance Objection to Testimony by Detective Ellzey
Appellant argues in his fourth point that the trial court erred by overruling
his relevance objection to Detective Ellzey‘s testimony concerning the knife
recovered near Cobb‘s remains. In summary, Detective Ellzey testified that the
knife marked as State‘s Exhibit 136 was recovered from an abandoned car near
Cobb‘s remains, that he later identified the knife by speaking with Keisel at his
residence on Cober Drive, that the knife was the same brand as the knife set at
Keisel‘s residence, and that one of the knives was missing from Keisel‘s set.
After this testimony by Detective Ellzey and when the State offered the knife into
evidence, Appellant asked several questions of Detective Ellzey on voir dire.
Appellant then objected to the admissibility of the knife; Appellant did not,
however, object to any of Detective Ellzey‘s testimony about the knife or ask that
12 it be stricken. Because Appellant did not object at trial to Detective Ellzey‘s
testimony about the knife, he cannot complain on appeal that the trial court
abused its discretion by permitting Detective Ellzey to testify about the knife. See
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Layton, 280 S.W.3d at 238–39; Mendez, 138 S.W.3d at
341. We therefore overrule Appellant‘s fourth point.
V. Stacked Sentence
Appellant contends in his fifth point that the trial court erred by ordering
that his sentence in this case run consecutively to the remainder of his sentence
from a prior conviction in Stephens County. 4 Specifically, Appellant contends
that the trial court ―failed to include the proper language in its Order when it
stacked the Appellant‘s sentence.‖
The court of criminal appeals has held that a cumulation order should
ordinarily set forth five things: ―(1) the trial court number of the prior conviction;
(2) the correct name of the court where the prior conviction was taken; (3) the
date of the prior conviction; (4) the term of years of the prior conviction; and (5)
the nature of the prior conviction.‖ Ward v. State, 523 S.W.2d 681, 682 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1975). ―It is well settled, however, that the inclusion of all elements
recommended above is not mandatory.‖ Williams v. State, 675 S.W.2d 754, 764
(Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh‘g). A ―cumulation order will be upheld so long
as the trial court‘s description of prior convictions is ‗substantially and sufficiently
4 Appellant was on parole from the Stephens County conviction at the time of the instant aggravated robbery.
13 specific‘ to give notice both to the defendant and to the Department of
Corrections exactly which sentences the instant sentence is cumulated with.‖ Id.
(quoting Ex parte Lewis, 414 S.W.2d 682, 683 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967)). Indeed,
the court of criminal appeals has upheld ―[c]umulation orders which merely set
out the cause number and the correct name of the trial court of the prior
conviction.‖ Id. And this is exactly what the judgment in the present case
contained: the cause number of the prior conviction and the correct name of the
court where the prior conviction occurred. Thus, the judgment contains sufficient
information for Appellant and the department of criminal justice to know that the
current sentence of ninety-nine years‘ confinement will commence immediately
upon Appellant‘s completion of his remaining sentence for his prior conviction in
Cause Number 28479 from the 90th District Court of Stephens County. See id.
We therefore overrule Appellant‘s fifth point.
VI. Conclusion
Having overruled each of Appellant‘s five points, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
PER CURIAM
PANEL: GARDNER, J.; LIVINGSTON, C.J.; and WALKER, J.
DO NOT PUBLISH Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: October 13, 2011