IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED “NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.” PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT. OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED: APRIL 29, 2021 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2019-SC-0489-MR
CLIFFORD ANTHONY VICK APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM MUHLENBERG CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE BRIAN WIGGINS, JUDGE NO. 19-CR-00059
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
A Muhlenberg County jury found Clifford Vick guilty of trafficking in a
controlled substance (methamphetamine) in the first degree, possession of drug
paraphernalia, and being a persistent felony offender in the first degree (PFO I).
The circuit court sentenced Vick to twenty years in prison. Vick raises three
claims of error on appeal. He claims the trial court erred by denying him a trial
continuance, by denying his invocation of the spousal privilege, and by
allowing the jurors to take cell phones into the jury room during deliberations.
Upon review, we affirm the Muhlenberg Circuit Court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Mid-February 2019, two detectives with the Pennyrile Narcotics Task
Force received a tip that Clifford Vick was selling drugs out of a motel in
Central City, Kentucky. The next day, initiating surveillance of the motel,
Detective Gibson was in the motel office and Detective Shoemaker was in the parking lot in an unmarked car when Vick left his motel room. Detective
Gibson, alerted of Vick’s movement toward the office by Detective Shoemaker,
watched Vick walk to the brush line between the motel and an adjoining
business and stop there. Detective Gibson turned away from him in an effort
to remain undetected. After Vick returned to his room, the detectives decided
to meet at a convenience store up the street from the motel. On the way,
Detective Gibson inspected the brush line where Vick had stopped and
retrieved a knotted yellow Dollar General bag that did not appear to have been
outdoors long. Detective Gibson opened the bag once he was back in the car.
The bag contained methamphetamine placed in a pink cell phone charger case;
digital scales enclosed in a zipped case; green marijuana in a Gerber baby food
jar; and napkins.
In an effort to continue surveillance, the detectives got duplicate bags
from the nearby Dollar General to replace the bag they had ripped open. On
their way back to the motel, but before they were able to place a bag in the
brush line, the detectives observed Vick walking up the street. Vick was
already past the brush line, so they decided to detain him. Vick was messaging
on his mobile phone until then. Nothing was found on Vick when he was
detained other than his cell phone.
Vick informed the detectives that his wife, Amber, was in the motel room.
The detectives went to the motel and Amber consented to a search of the room.
She gave the detectives a glass methamphetamine pipe and “roaches,” the tips
remaining from smoked marijuana cigarettes; the roaches were in a Gerber
2 baby food jar just like the jar in the Dollar General bag containing the
marijuana. The detectives also found napkins in the bathroom which matched
those found in the Dollar General bag. Amber identified the items in the Dollar
General bag and she spoke with the detectives about Vick.
After Vick was arrested, the detectives obtained a search warrant for the
contents of Vick’s cell phone, which contained text messages referring to drug
trafficking. Some of the messages included Vick’s name or nickname, and
Amber identified herself in some transaction-related messages. Amber was not
charged with any crimes relating to this case.
Vick was charged with trafficking in a controlled substance in the first
degree, possession of drug paraphernalia, possession of marijuana and PFO I.1
The marijuana possession charge was dismissed without prejudice. A jury
found Vick guilty of the remaining charges, and after finding Vick guilty of PFO
I, recommended twenty years in prison on the trafficking offense.2 The trial
court followed that recommendation and sentenced Vick accordingly.
Vick argues on appeal that the trial court erred by (1) failing to grant him
a continuance; (2) denying his request to invoke the spousal privilege; and (3)
allowing jurors to take cell phones into the jury room during deliberations.
Additional facts are presented below as necessary.
1 He was also charged with failure to comply with sex offender registration, but
that offense was severed from the trial on the drug charges and later dismissed without prejudice. 2 The parties agreed to a six-month sentence for the paraphernalia offense.
3 ANALYSIS
I. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Denying Vick’s Motion for a Continuance
Vick was arraigned on March 18, 2019. At that time, he told the trial
court that he had not made any effort to hire an attorney and could not afford
one. He stated that he had relied upon his mother to bail him out of jail
following his arrest.3 The trial court appointed the public defender to represent
Vick. Vick was released from jail again on April 1, 2019 after his mother paid
the $2,500 bond set at arraignment. At the April 15, 2019 pretrial conference
and by order entered April 19, 2019, the court scheduled Vick’s trial for July 2,
2019. An agreed order, tendered on April 22, 2019 and entered April 23, 2019,
moved the trial up to June 20, 2019. The change in trial date was necessary
because a witness for the Commonwealth was not available on the July date.
On the morning of trial, Vick moved the trial court for a continuance to
permit him time to secure private counsel. Vick testified at the hearing on his
motion that the prior afternoon he had contacted private attorneys to represent
him. He identified five attorneys he sought to hire and provided further detail
on his lack of success in hiring other counsel. Vick explained that he was
unable to speak with one attorney and that he did not have the extra $1,000
beyond the $2,500 bond money on hand to pay another attorney’s retainer fee.
Vick stated his mother was attempting to secure the funds for him and
3 Vick’s bond was initially set at $500. At arraignment, his bond was raised to
$2,500 and he was remanded to custody.
4 although he did not know how long it would take her to obtain the loan she
was seeking, he did not think it would be more than a few days. Vick testified
one attorney was willing to represent him but had other commitments and
could not appear on his behalf the morning of trial. He also testified that he
contacted his appointed counsel ten days prior to trial and informed that
attorney that his services were no longer needed because Vick was looking for
another attorney. When presenting Vick’s motion, appointed counsel stated
that Vick sought private counsel because Vick believed appointed counsel had
not had adequate time to pursue the case as it should have been handled. He
represented that Vick thought that with the money he was raising he could
have private counsel relatively soon. Vick’s appointed counsel did not himself
suggest that he was insufficiently prepared and subsequently announced that
he was ready for trial. Vick acknowledged that in relation to his other prior
cases before the same court, he had also sought a continuance on the eve of
trial of his last case. The Commonwealth opposed the continuance.
The trial court denied the motion for continuance, explaining first that
although Vick’s right to counsel of his own choosing was a factor to be
considered, the right was not unlimited. The court considered that Vick had
not retained counsel and moved for a continuance within the weeks leading up
to trial, nor was counsel retained as of the trial date and able to represent him.
Additionally, three days before trial Vick and his public defender appeared for a
suppression hearing. At that time, neither of them indicated to the trial court
that Vick wanted to hire private counsel. The trial court observed that
5 according to Vick’s testimony, Vick had not aggressively exercised the right to
hire counsel, waiting until the day before trial to make an effort to do so. When
Vick interjected that the reason he had not hired counsel beforehand was
because he did not have the money, the trial court acknowledged that
circumstance had not changed. The circuit court also considered the
inconvenience to the court, the Commonwealth, and the jurors (who were in
the courthouse waiting) in delaying the trial.
Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCR) 9.04 allows a trial to be
postponed upon a showing of sufficient cause. Snodgrass v. Commonwealth,
814 S.W.2d 579 (Ky. 1991),4 provides the factors that the trial judge considers
when deciding the motion. In that case, this Court explained:
The decision to delay trial rests solely within the court’s discretion. Whether a continuance is appropriate in a particular case depends upon the unique facts and circumstances of that case. Factors the trial court is to consider in exercising its discretion are: length of delay; previous continuances; inconvenience to litigants, witnesses, counsel and the court; whether the delay is purposeful or is caused by the accused; availability of other competent counsel; complexity of the case; and whether denying the continuance will lead to identifiable prejudice.
Id. at 581 (internal citations omitted).
Vick argues that an analysis of these factors weighs in his favor, and yet
in this case the trial court did not expressly consider all of the factors. He
contends that the competing rights and interests relevant to some factors were
not considered on the record with enough detail to support the trial court’s
4 Overruled on other grounds by Lawson v. Commonwealth, 53 S.W.3d 534 (Ky. 2001). 6 denial of the continuance. He also contrasts his case to other cases, beginning
with Snodgrass, in which this Court upheld the trial court’s denial of a
continuance.
In Snodgrass, the defendant was found guilty of three charges of sodomy
and four other acts of sexual misconduct involving four young boys after a two-
day trial. Id. at 579. The time between Snodgrass’s arraignment and trial was
one year. Id. at 580. Snodgrass, like Vick, had appointed counsel because he
could not afford to pay private counsel and waited until the morning of trial to
ask for a continuance. Id. Snodgrass wanted to replace his appointed attorney
with private counsel because he felt that public defenders are overworked and
that his appointed lawyer was not prepared for trial. Id. The trial court denied
the motion. Id.
Snodgrass, released from jail on his own recognizance, talked with a
private attorney shortly after arraignment about employing him but could not
afford to do so. Snodgrass met with his attorney at least five times before trial.
Three days prior to trial at a competency hearing, Snodgrass did not mention a
need for a continuance and in response to the trial court’s question, indicated
he could sufficiently communicate with his attorney so that his defense would
be prepared. Snodgrass telephoned the private attorney again the day before
trial; while Snodgrass maintained that he could afford the attorney, the
attorney reported to the Commonwealth’s Attorney that Snodgrass did not have
the money to retain him. Id. at 580.
7 The morning of trial, defense counsel identified parts of trial preparation
not yet done including that he had not viewed a six-hour video of the alleged
victims’ interviews, although he also stated that the Commonwealth had
described the interviews to him. Also, Snodgrass had not contacted a potential
witness and was not sure she had been subpoenaed. Id. at 580-81. Defense
counsel affirmed Snodgrass’s defense was denial of the crimes. Id. at 581.
A majority of the Court determined under all the circumstances that the
trial court had not abused its discretion in denying the continuance; those
facts included four previous continuances by agreement of counsel and
Snodgrass’s weak representation that he could afford the private attorney,
when in fact that attorney had indicated otherwise to the Commonwealth.
Upon review of the trial, the Court concluded defense counsel effectively and
competently represented Snodgrass. Id.
Vick believes his case is distinguishable from Snodgrass because
Snodgrass had been granted previous continuances and his trial date was one
year after Snodgrass’s arraignment, whereas Vick had not previously moved for
a continuance and his trial date was three months after arraignment. Also,
Vick notes the private counsel Snodgrass sought to employ indicated to the
Commonwealth that Snodgrass was unable to pay his retainer fee, but that
was not the case with the attorney who could not make an appearance and
represent Vick on the first day of trial because of other obligations. While these
circumstances, as described by Vick appear to weigh in his favor, only the first
differentiation has any merit. The number of previous continuances is
8 important, but it must be considered in the context of the case. Vick’s case
was not complex and nothing in the record suggested that defense counsel
required more than three months to prepare Vick’s defense. Although Vick
complained to the trial court during the hearing that he had not subpoenaed
his witnesses for trial, Vick failed to show who the witnesses would have been
or how they would have testified on his behalf. The complexity of the case and
identifiable prejudice resulting from a denial of the continuance did not weigh
in favor of a continuance.
In regard to the length of delay, Vick claims that the continuance hearing
did not produce evidence key to analyzing that factor, such as the length of
time needed for Vick to obtain new counsel and for new counsel to be ready for
trial. In support of this argument, Vick cites United States v. Sellers, 645 F.3d
830, 837 (7th Cir. 2011), a case in which the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
held the trial court did not properly consider the factors weighing for and
against the requested continuance and noted the district court failed to ask
either prior or new counsel how long substitute counsel would need to prepare
adequately for trial. Here, Vick identifies the trial court’s failure to ask relevant
delay-related questions as the reason information required for a proper
balancing of the factors is lacking. However, the circumstances in Sellers are
vastly different from Vick’s case.
In Sellers, the defendant, while represented by a lawyer he never chose,
retained new counsel and both attorneys appeared before the trial court on the
first day of trial. Id. at 832-34. Addressing the district court’s failure to make
9 relevant inquiries in order to perform the balancing analysis, the Seventh
Circuit distinguished Sellers from United States v. Carrera, 259 F.3d 818 (7th
Cir. 2001), a case in which a proposed new attorney never actually appeared to
move for a continuance and the district court could not engage in the exact
type of balancing that is essential before deciding whether a continuance is
warranted. 645 F.3d at 839. We are not persuaded that the trial court failed
in any responsibility to gather information from Vick pertinent to his
continuance request so that the balancing of the factors relevant to a
continuance could occur. Rather, the burden was upon Vick to ensure private
counsel was before the trial court so questions about the length of any delay
could be answered.
Vick further contends that United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S.
140, 147-48 (2006), renders the “availability of other competent counsel” factor
of limited value. He views Gonzalez-Lopez as supporting the grant of a
continuance to allow private counsel to enter an appearance, apparently
because Gonzalez-Lopez clarified that a defendant did not need to show
prejudice if the defendant is wrongly prevented from being represented by the
counsel of his choice. We do not agree with Vick’s extension of Gonzalez-Lopez.
In Gonzalez-Lopez, the defendant hired an attorney, but the trial court
refused to grant that attorney’s applications for admission pro hac vice. Id. at
142-43. Gonzalez-Lopez then hired another attorney and at trial was found
guilty of conspiracy to distribute more than 100 kilograms of marijuana. Id.
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated Gonzalez-Lopez’s conviction,
10 finding that the district court’s denials of the attorney’s pro hac vice motions
were erroneous and violated Gonzalez-Lopez’s Sixth Amendment right to pay
for counsel of his choosing. Id. at 143-44. The Government did not dispute
the Eighth Circuit’s conclusion that the district court erroneously deprived the
defendant of his counsel of choice. Id. at 144. The question before the United
States Supreme Court was whether a trial court’s erroneous deprivation of a
criminal defendant’s choice of counsel entitles him to a reversal of his
conviction. Id. at 142. The Government contended that the defendant was
required to show he was prejudiced by not having counsel of his choice before
the conviction could be reversed. Id. at 144. The Supreme Court, however,
held that the erroneous deprivation of the right to counsel of choice qualifies as
structural error. Id. at 150.
The Supreme Court further explained that its Gonzalez-Lopez decision
did not cast any doubt or place any qualification upon its previous holdings
that limit the right to counsel of choice. Id. at 151. Recognizing that a trial
court has wide latitude in balancing the right to counsel of choice against the
needs of fairness, and against the demands of its calendar, it stated: “This is
not a case about a court’s power . . . to make scheduling and other decisions
that effectively exclude a defendant’s first choice of counsel.” Id. at 152. In
short, Gonzalez-Lopez does not contain analysis impacting the “availability of
competent counsel” factor.
Vick, apparently based on the same premise, believes that Shegog v.
Commonwealth, 142 S.W.3d 101 (Ky. 2004), published prior to Gonzalez-Lopez,
11 can no longer be viewed as authority which would support the trial court’s
denial of Vick’s trial continuance, but he nonetheless distinguishes his case
from Shegog. Shegog upheld the trial court’s order placing time constraints on
Shegog’s hiring of private counsel and considered that constraint proper in
light of the fact that Shegog’s “claim that his family was going to retain private
counsel was, as best, speculative.” Id. at 106.
In Shegog, the defendant disliked his two court-appointed attorneys and
filed bar complaints against both of them. Id. at 104. Five days before trial,
Shegog filed a pro se motion for a continuance to hire private counsel. Id.
Along with the complaints about his appointed counsel, Shegog “indicated on
the record that when his wife is released from jail, she will hire him a private
attorney. He further stated that her mother has had the money to do so all
along but has been too busy to do so.” Id. at 104–05. The trial court entered
an order stating: “In view of all the above, unless private counsel enters an
appearance for the Defendant prior to the scheduled trial date (at which time
an actual attorney with their available schedule would be present), this matter
will proceed to trial as scheduled.” Id. at 105. This Court held that Shegog
was not deprived of the right to secure private counsel of his own choosing; the
trial court merely ruled that such counsel, if obtained, was required to enter an
appearance prior to the scheduled trial date. Id. Vick argues that unlike in
Shegog, his ability to secure private counsel was not speculative as he had
learned one attorney would be willing to represent him.
12 We are not persuaded by Vick’s argument. The trial court was able to
discern that Vick’s ability to obtain new counsel was only speculative. The
private attorney Vick described as willing to represent him did not provide any
notice to the trial court of her willingness to do so, either with or without pay.
Despite Vick’s argument that the facts do not support the trial court’s
conclusion that Vick did not have the money to hire an attorney, the trial court
could reasonably draw that conclusion as Vick indicated various times that he
was relying on his mother to secure a loan in order to have the funds needed to
pay a private attorney. The lack of information related to the length of delay
and the availability of other competent counsel weigh against Vick.
Citing Eldred v. Commonwealth, 906 S.W.2d 694, 700 (Ky. 1994),5 Vick
further argues this Court has previously observed that in relation to the
inconvenience caused by the continuance, “any change in trial date is going to
cause some inconvenience. Thus, in order to become a factor for consideration
there must be some significant or substantial inconvenience.” In Eldred, this
Court explained that inconvenience must be judged in the context of the case.
This Court began its analysis of the Snodgrass factors noting that the
defendant was seeking his first continuance–a 60-day continuance–in the
context of a capital case, with the death penalty possible, which made the case
qualitatively different. Id. Although Vick views the inconvenience to the court,
5 Overruled on other grounds by Commonwealth v. Barroso, 122 S.W.3d 554 (Ky. 2003).
13 opposing party and the jurors who had been sitting in the courtroom waiting to
hear his case as being minimal, that inconvenience, when coupled with the fact
that Vick did not provide a definite, viable reason for a delay, or identify how he
would be prejudiced if the continuance was not granted provided sufficient
grounds for the trial court’s ruling. We cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion in finding that Vick did not show sufficient cause for a
continuance of the trial.
Finally, Vick argues that the trial court erred by failing to consider on the
morning of trial whether Vick had a continuing right to the benefit of the
Department of Public Advocacy’s representation. He insists that if the court
had addressed that issue, Vick would have been entitled to a continuance in
order to allow retained counsel to represent him. He argues that because the
trial court had evidence of privately retained counsel entering an appearance, it
did not fulfill its duty under Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 31.120(1) to
determine at “each step in the proceedings, whether [a defendant] is a needy
person” under KRS 31.100(5)(a) and “unable to provide for the payment of an
attorney and all other necessary expenses of representation.” We find this
argument without merit.
KRS 31.120(2) provides that “[i]n determining whether a person is a
needy person . . . the court concerned shall consider such factors as: (a)
Income; . . . (l) Payment of money bail, . . . whether deposited by the person or
another . . .; and (m) Any other circumstances presented to the court relevant
to financial status.” Furthermore, RCr 3.05(2) provides:
14 If the defendant demonstrates that he or she is a needy person as defined in KRS 31.120 and the court so concludes, then the appointment shall continue for all future stages of the criminal proceeding, including appeal. Such appointment may be terminated by the court in which the proceeding is pending at any time upon a showing that defendant is able to employ counsel.
As discussed above, Vick’s hiring of private counsel was only speculative
and if it were to happen, Vick was dependent upon his mother securing a loan
to obtain money to pay the attorney. These circumstances do not lend
themselves to a finding by the trial court that Vick was no longer needy and
able to employ counsel. The trial court did not err by not addressing whether
Vick continued to qualify for representation by appointed counsel, nor by
denying Vick’s motion for a continuance.
II. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Allowing Vick’s Wife to Testify
When the Commonwealth called Amber Vick as a witness the morning of
trial, Vick invoked his spousal privilege to keep his wife from testifying against
him.6 Defense counsel emphasized that Amber had never been charged as a
codefendant for any crimes charged against Vick, a factor potentially relevant
to application of the privilege. The Commonwealth argued the evidence was
admissible under the spousal privilege exception stated in Kentucky Rule of
Evidence (KRE) 504(c)(1), which provides “[t]here is no privilege under this rule
. . . in any criminal proceeding in which the court determines that the spouses
conspired or acted jointly in the commission of the crime charged.” The
6 Defense counsel began by explaining Amber wanted to invoke her privilege to not testify against her husband. Amber then testified that she did not want to testify against her husband.
15 Commonwealth noted that the rule does not require that the testifying spouse
be charged with a crime. The circuit court, having previously made the finding
at Vick’s suppression hearing that Amber acted jointly with Vick in the
trafficking of controlled substances at the motel, ruled in the Commonwealth’s
favor and allowed the evidence.
On appeal, along with arguing that Amber was never charged as Vick’s
codefendant, Vick argues that neither the evidence at the suppression hearing
nor at trial supported the finding that Amber and Vick conspired or acted
jointly in the commission of the crimes charged against Vick, and therefore the
KRE 504(c)(1) exception did not apply. The parties disagree as to whether
Vick’s claim is preserved. The Commonwealth points out that Vick’s argument
during trial in support of his motion was limited to Amber not being charged as
a codefendant, but on appeal, Vick challenges the circuit court’s KRE 504(c)(1)
pretrial finding regarding the couple conspiring or acting jointly as to the
trafficking at the motel–a finding Vick did not object to during the evidentiary
hearing.
KRE 104(a) provides that the trial court, applying the rules of evidence,
shall determine preliminary questions concerning the existence of a privilege.
KRE 104(b) states that a hearing on this preliminary question shall be
conducted when the interests of justice require. While Vick could have moved
in limine to exclude his wife’s testimony, KRE 103(d), he waited until trial to
make his motion once the Commonwealth called her as a witness, a timely
objection under KRE 103(a)(1). He essentially asked the trial court to
16 reconsider its prior ruling based upon the fact that Amber had not been
charged or convicted of a crime as Vick’s codefendant. We note that the trial
court is not precluded under KRE 103 from reconsidering at trial any ruling
made on a motion in limine. KRE 103(d). Finding the issue preserved, we
consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Amber’s
testimony. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 577 (Ky.
2000). That decision rests on whether the preponderance of the evidence
supported the trial court’s finding that Amber conspired or acted jointly with
Vick in the commission of the trafficking charge. See Stidham v. Clark, 74
S.W.3d 719, 727 (Ky. 2002).7
Detective Shoemaker and Detective Gibson testified at the suppression
hearing. Vick’s basis for suppressing evidence was Amber’s lack of consent to
search the motel room. During that hearing the Commonwealth elicited
testimony particularly from Detective Gibson about the text messages found on
Vick’s cell phone after a search warrant for the phone was obtained. Detective
Gibson testified that in addition to texts incriminating Vick in the sale and
purchase of illegal drugs, one or more texts were found identifying Amber as
the sender of “drug talk” messages revealing her participation in the trafficking.
In its argument to the court at the suppression hearing, the Commonwealth
7 Pate v. Commonwealth, 243 S.W.3d 327 (Ky. 2007), applied a different
standard based upon the then-plain language of KRE 504(c)(1). KRE 504(c)(1) stated that there is no marital privilege “[i]n any criminal proceeding in which sufficient evidence is introduced to support a finding that the spouses conspired or acted jointly in the commission of the crime charged.” Id. at 334 (emphasis added). Current KRE 504(c)(1) became effective July 1, 2006.
17 maintained that while Amber was not charged with trafficking, the evidence
showed she could have been charged based upon the evidence recovered.
At the conclusion of that hearing, the trial court found that Amber gave
voluntary consent to the motel room search, the officers acted lawfully and
suppression of the evidence was unwarranted. The Commonwealth then asked
for a specific finding that Amber was involved in and complicit in the activities
for which Vick was charged. Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 8.14.
The circuit court, finding the evidence uncontroverted, ruled accordingly. The
circuit court entered a written order denying the suppression motion, finding
“the motel room was occupied by the defendant and his wife, Amber Vick;
Amber Vick voluntarily consented to the search of her motel room, . . . [and]
Amber Vick acted jointly with the defendant in the trafficking of controlled
substances in said motel.”
Vick describes Detective Gibson’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing as
cursory and complains that the texts which Detective Gibson described as
revealing her participation in the trafficking were not placed into evidence.
However, as the Commonwealth points out, defense counsel had access to the
contents of Amber’s exchanges on Vick’s phone and did not object to the trial
court’s finding or challenge the Commonwealth to introduce specific messages
which would confirm Detective Gibson’s testimony.8 Being uncontroverted,
8 The Commonwealth describes the extracted texts supporting Detective Gibson’s testimony in its brief. A disc containing the extracted data was introduced as an exhibit during Detective Gibson’s trial testimony.
18 Detective Gibson’s testimony about the content of the texts and their support
for criminal charges against Amber supported the trial court’s ruling. The
weight of the evidence did not change when Vick introduced the fact that
Amber had not been charged as a codefendant. Again, KRE 504(c)(1) provides
no spousal privilege is available “[i]n any criminal proceeding in which the
court determines that the spouses conspired or acted jointly in the commission
of the crime charged.” Based upon this plain language, the fact that Amber
had not been charged as a codefendant is of no consequence. Moreover, given
the preponderance of the evidence on this spousal privilege issue, the trial
court’s ruling was not arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by
sound legal principles. Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky.
1999).
III. Jurors’ Cell Phone Possession During Deliberations Does Not Warrant Palpable Error Relief
Before the jury left the courtroom to begin deliberations, the trial court
instructed the jurors:
You will be able to discuss the case among yourselves, but only discuss the case among yourselves. I know many of us have smart phones and devices that allow us to access the internet. Please do not do any independent research or try to gain any knowledge other than what you have heard here in the courtroom in reaching your decision. You will have available to you the exhibits that were introduced into evidence.
With the record not indicating that the trial court collected the jurors’ cell
phones, Vick seeks palpable error review of the trial court’s decision allowing
the jurors to take their phones into the jury room. He claims that amounted to
19 a violation of the RCr 9.70 admonition that the jurors are not “to speak to, or
communicate with” anyone outside the jury.
Vick cites Mason v. Commonwealth, 463 S.W.2d 930 (Ky. 1971), for the
premise that the reason for an RCr 9.70 admonition is to maintain the integrity
of the jury process and to ensure that only the evidence presented in court
against the defendant is considered by the jury. In Mason, the admonition
required by RCr 9.70 was given to the jury but the officers in charge of the jury
were not administered the oath required by RCr 9.68 at the noon recess on the
first day of trial. Id. at 931. The Court addressed the trial judge’s failure to
administer the RCr 9.68 oath to the officers in charge of the jury, a preserved
error, concluding a new trial was not warranted:
It is not suggested by the appellant that any improper communication between any person and any juror did occur. . . . When it manifestly appears, as it does here, that the integrity of the jury has been preserved and that there has been no unauthorized communication by any person with any juror, we fail to see how any substantial right of the appellant has been violated ....
Id. at 932.
Vick acknowledges that the record does not reflect that any of the jurors
engaged in an improper communication in the approximately 17-minute guilt
phase deliberation or the 11-minute penalty phase deliberation, but he claims
it was clearly erroneous for the trial court to allow the jurors to take cell
phones into the deliberation room, an action inviting abuse by the jurors. He
relies on this Court’s statement in Winstead v. Commonwealth, 327 S.W.3d
386, 401 (Ky. 2010), that “when the jury retires to consider its verdict, the trial
20 judge must direct a court official to collect and store all cell phones or other
electronic communication devices until deliberations are complete.”
In Winstead, when it was brought to the trial court’s attention that some
jurors actually had been using their cell phones during deliberations, actions
not admonished against, the trial court questioned the jury as a group and the
jurors reported using phones only for personal matters. This Court agreed
with Winstead’s argument that the jurors’ use of cell phones could easily result
in opportunities for improper outside influence and provided guidance to the
trial court about admonishing the jury throughout trial about proper use of
their electronic devices. Because the trial court had otherwise appropriately
admonished the jurors not to discuss the case with others who were not jurors
and finding no evidence that the jurors had failed to follow that admonishment,
the Winstead Court concluded the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion for a mistrial. Id.
Under RCr 10.26, if an error is palpable, affects the substantial rights of
a party, and resulted in manifest injustice, this Court may grant appropriate
relief. Martin v. Commonwealth, 409 S.W.3d 340, 344 (Ky. 2013). “Manifest
injustice is found if the error seriously affected the “fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of the proceeding.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 382 S.W.3d 22, 29 (Ky.
2011) (citation and internal quotes omitted). Although Vick seeks relief from
an alleged unpreserved error, relief is not available for the same reasons
expressed in Mason and Winstead. Without some basis for believing improper
21 communications occurred between a juror and a non-juror, we cannot find the
error affected Vick’s substantial rights or resulted in manifest injustice.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Muhlenberg Circuit Court’s judgment is
affirmed.
All sitting. All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Karen Shuff Maurer Assistant Public Advocate
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Daniel J. Cameron Attorney General of Kentucky
James Daryl Havey Assistant Attorney General