Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 67 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION IV No. CV-21-537
Opinion Delivered February 15, 2023 CITY OF SHERWOOD APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, V. FIFTH DIVISION [NO. 60CV-18-453] CLINT BEARDEN APPELLEE HONORABLE WENDELL GRIFFEN, JUDGE
REVERSED
N. MARK KLAPPENBACH, Judge
The City of Sherwood has filed this interlocutory appeal from an order of the Pulaski
County Circuit Court denying the City’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of
statutory immunity. We reverse.
Becky and Dwight McPherson filed a complaint for inverse condemnation against the
City on January 23, 2018.1 The complaint alleged that the McPhersons owned residential
real property at 6956 Waterview Place in Sherwood, and the City had placed rainwater
drainage pipes under the street near their property. The plaintiffs alleged that the pipes were
1 Both Becky and Dwight McPherson died during the pendency of the case. The circuit court entered an order substituting Clint Bearden as plaintiff and ordered that the case style should be amended to reflect the substitution. not sufficient in size to handle the rainwater in the area, and the City’s failure to place
properly sized pipes near their property had resulted in repeated flooding of their home
despite the City’s assurances that the problem had been corrected. The plaintiffs claimed
that the City’s action had resulted in a “taking” due to the “continuous and systematic
trespass of water” onto their property.
The City timely answered the complaint, denying any wrongdoing and asserting
various affirmative defenses, including statutory immunity. Following discovery, the City
filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that there was no evidence that it was involved
in the installation of the pipes, that any inverse-condemnation claim was barred by the statute
of limitations, and that the City was immune from liability pursuant to the tort-immunity
statute because, although labeled as an inverse-condemnation claim, the claim actually
sounded in tort. The City attached exhibits, including excerpts from the plaintiffs’ responses
to interrogatories and depositions. In those exhibits, the plaintiffs stated that the initial
flooding occurred in July 2005. The plaintiffs admitted that they did not know if the City
had actually installed the pipes, but they claimed that the City had either approved the
installation or accepted it after the fact, thereby adopting the flooding problem. The City
also attached an affidavit from its mayor stating that the City “does not now, nor has ever
maintained any type of insurance coverage which could be utilized to compensate the
Plaintiffs in this matter for any damage they allege to have occurred based upon their cause
of action.”
2 In response to the City’s motion, the plaintiffs argued that summary judgment was
not appropriate because they had timely and sufficiently alleged a claim for inverse
condemnation with evidence that the City had created the flooding problem through
approval of the drainage system and had failed to fix the problem despite its duty to maintain
the drainage system. They attached excerpts of depositions from Richard Penn, the City’s
current city engineer; Ellen Norvell, the City’s former city engineer; Brian Galloway, the
City’s director of public works; and Virginia Young, the City’s mayor. In a supplemental
filing, the plaintiffs submitted a letter from a valuation service valuing their dwelling with
unrepaired damages at $0.
In their depositions, Penn and Norvell testified that when a developer is creating a
subdivision and doing drainage work, the developer and a registered professional engineer
submit plans for the city engineer to approve. The city engineer checks that a developer’s
calculations and drawings have been created correctly and ensures compliance with the City’s
rules and regulations. Penn testified that the property at issue, in its undeveloped state, was
located in the path of water flow. Penn testified that he would have approved construction
of a house on that lot only after an engineer had provided him with a design sufficiently
dealing with the stormwater. Norvell testified that her office investigated the plaintiffs’
flooding problem and found that the original subdivision plans did not show a certain pipe,
and the office could not find subsequent documentation regarding when or why the pipe
was installed. While construction plans were supposed to go through the engineer’s office,
3 Norvell noted that construction would sometimes occur on private property without the
City’s knowledge.
Galloway testified in his deposition that he had been called out to the plaintiffs’
property on at least two occasions. Once was after a very large rain event when the
homeowner asked him to look at the situation, and Galloway checked the drainage boxes
for any obstructions. Galloway testified that the City maintains the existing drainage
structures that belong to the City and has done some maintenance on the plaintiffs’ street,
Waterview Place. Galloway said that he did not know of a solution to the plaintiffs’ flooding
problem. Young agreed in her deposition that it was the City’s duty to maintain the
rainwater and storm-drainage systems.
Following a hearing, the circuit court denied the City’s motion for summary
judgment. The court found that the complaint was not barred by statutory immunity
because the plaintiffs had met proof with proof on the issue of inverse condemnation. The
court also denied the motion on the basis of the statute of limitations upon finding that
there was an issue of material fact on the issue of tolling.
The City has now filed this interlocutory appeal wherein the City argues that it is
immune from suit and that the complaint is barred by the statute of limitations. We have
jurisdiction to hear the statutory-immunity issue pursuant to Rule 2(a)(10) of the Arkansas
Rules of Appellate Procedure–Civil, which provides that “[a]n order denying a motion to
dismiss or for summary judgment based on the defense of sovereign immunity or the
immunity of a government official” is an appealable order. However, we lack jurisdiction at
4 this time to hear on appeal any issue other than whether the circuit court erred in denying
summary judgment on the issue of immunity. City of Malvern v. Jenkins, 2013 Ark. 24, 425
S.W.3d 711. Accordingly, we do not address the City’s statute-of-limitations argument.
Our law is well settled that summary judgment is to be granted by a circuit court only
when it is clear that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, and the party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. City of Malvern, supra. Once the moving party has
established a prima facie entitlement to summary judgment, the opposing party must meet
proof with proof and demonstrate the existence of a material issue of fact. Id. On appellate
review, we determine if summary judgment was appropriate by deciding whether the
evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support of the motion leave a material
fact unanswered. Id. We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against
whom the motion was filed, resolving all doubts and inferences against the moving party. Id.
Our review focuses not only on the pleadings, but also on the affidavits and other documents
filed by the parties.
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Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 67 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION IV No. CV-21-537
Opinion Delivered February 15, 2023 CITY OF SHERWOOD APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, V. FIFTH DIVISION [NO. 60CV-18-453] CLINT BEARDEN APPELLEE HONORABLE WENDELL GRIFFEN, JUDGE
REVERSED
N. MARK KLAPPENBACH, Judge
The City of Sherwood has filed this interlocutory appeal from an order of the Pulaski
County Circuit Court denying the City’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of
statutory immunity. We reverse.
Becky and Dwight McPherson filed a complaint for inverse condemnation against the
City on January 23, 2018.1 The complaint alleged that the McPhersons owned residential
real property at 6956 Waterview Place in Sherwood, and the City had placed rainwater
drainage pipes under the street near their property. The plaintiffs alleged that the pipes were
1 Both Becky and Dwight McPherson died during the pendency of the case. The circuit court entered an order substituting Clint Bearden as plaintiff and ordered that the case style should be amended to reflect the substitution. not sufficient in size to handle the rainwater in the area, and the City’s failure to place
properly sized pipes near their property had resulted in repeated flooding of their home
despite the City’s assurances that the problem had been corrected. The plaintiffs claimed
that the City’s action had resulted in a “taking” due to the “continuous and systematic
trespass of water” onto their property.
The City timely answered the complaint, denying any wrongdoing and asserting
various affirmative defenses, including statutory immunity. Following discovery, the City
filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that there was no evidence that it was involved
in the installation of the pipes, that any inverse-condemnation claim was barred by the statute
of limitations, and that the City was immune from liability pursuant to the tort-immunity
statute because, although labeled as an inverse-condemnation claim, the claim actually
sounded in tort. The City attached exhibits, including excerpts from the plaintiffs’ responses
to interrogatories and depositions. In those exhibits, the plaintiffs stated that the initial
flooding occurred in July 2005. The plaintiffs admitted that they did not know if the City
had actually installed the pipes, but they claimed that the City had either approved the
installation or accepted it after the fact, thereby adopting the flooding problem. The City
also attached an affidavit from its mayor stating that the City “does not now, nor has ever
maintained any type of insurance coverage which could be utilized to compensate the
Plaintiffs in this matter for any damage they allege to have occurred based upon their cause
of action.”
2 In response to the City’s motion, the plaintiffs argued that summary judgment was
not appropriate because they had timely and sufficiently alleged a claim for inverse
condemnation with evidence that the City had created the flooding problem through
approval of the drainage system and had failed to fix the problem despite its duty to maintain
the drainage system. They attached excerpts of depositions from Richard Penn, the City’s
current city engineer; Ellen Norvell, the City’s former city engineer; Brian Galloway, the
City’s director of public works; and Virginia Young, the City’s mayor. In a supplemental
filing, the plaintiffs submitted a letter from a valuation service valuing their dwelling with
unrepaired damages at $0.
In their depositions, Penn and Norvell testified that when a developer is creating a
subdivision and doing drainage work, the developer and a registered professional engineer
submit plans for the city engineer to approve. The city engineer checks that a developer’s
calculations and drawings have been created correctly and ensures compliance with the City’s
rules and regulations. Penn testified that the property at issue, in its undeveloped state, was
located in the path of water flow. Penn testified that he would have approved construction
of a house on that lot only after an engineer had provided him with a design sufficiently
dealing with the stormwater. Norvell testified that her office investigated the plaintiffs’
flooding problem and found that the original subdivision plans did not show a certain pipe,
and the office could not find subsequent documentation regarding when or why the pipe
was installed. While construction plans were supposed to go through the engineer’s office,
3 Norvell noted that construction would sometimes occur on private property without the
City’s knowledge.
Galloway testified in his deposition that he had been called out to the plaintiffs’
property on at least two occasions. Once was after a very large rain event when the
homeowner asked him to look at the situation, and Galloway checked the drainage boxes
for any obstructions. Galloway testified that the City maintains the existing drainage
structures that belong to the City and has done some maintenance on the plaintiffs’ street,
Waterview Place. Galloway said that he did not know of a solution to the plaintiffs’ flooding
problem. Young agreed in her deposition that it was the City’s duty to maintain the
rainwater and storm-drainage systems.
Following a hearing, the circuit court denied the City’s motion for summary
judgment. The court found that the complaint was not barred by statutory immunity
because the plaintiffs had met proof with proof on the issue of inverse condemnation. The
court also denied the motion on the basis of the statute of limitations upon finding that
there was an issue of material fact on the issue of tolling.
The City has now filed this interlocutory appeal wherein the City argues that it is
immune from suit and that the complaint is barred by the statute of limitations. We have
jurisdiction to hear the statutory-immunity issue pursuant to Rule 2(a)(10) of the Arkansas
Rules of Appellate Procedure–Civil, which provides that “[a]n order denying a motion to
dismiss or for summary judgment based on the defense of sovereign immunity or the
immunity of a government official” is an appealable order. However, we lack jurisdiction at
4 this time to hear on appeal any issue other than whether the circuit court erred in denying
summary judgment on the issue of immunity. City of Malvern v. Jenkins, 2013 Ark. 24, 425
S.W.3d 711. Accordingly, we do not address the City’s statute-of-limitations argument.
Our law is well settled that summary judgment is to be granted by a circuit court only
when it is clear that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, and the party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. City of Malvern, supra. Once the moving party has
established a prima facie entitlement to summary judgment, the opposing party must meet
proof with proof and demonstrate the existence of a material issue of fact. Id. On appellate
review, we determine if summary judgment was appropriate by deciding whether the
evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support of the motion leave a material
fact unanswered. Id. We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against
whom the motion was filed, resolving all doubts and inferences against the moving party. Id.
Our review focuses not only on the pleadings, but also on the affidavits and other documents
filed by the parties. Id.
The City contends that, rather than stating a claim for inverse condemnation, the
plaintiffs have alleged a tort claim from which the City is immune. Arkansas Code
Annotated section 21-9-301(a) (Supp. 2021) provides that
[i]t is declared to be the public policy of the State of Arkansas that all counties, municipal corporations, school districts, public charter schools, special improvement districts, and all other political subdivisions of the state and any of their boards, commissions, agencies, authorities, or other governing bodies shall be immune from liability and from suit for damages except to the extent that they may be covered by liability insurance.
5 The issue of whether a party is immune from suit is purely a question of law and is reviewed
de novo. City of Malvern, supra.
Inverse condemnation is a cause of action against a governmental defendant to
recover the value of property that has been taken in fact by a governmental entity although
not through eminent-domain procedures. Robinson v. City of Ashdown, 301 Ark. 226, 783
S.W.2d 53 (1990). “Fault” has nothing to do with eminent domain, and it is not bare
trespass or negligence that results in inverse condemnation but something that amounts to
a de facto or common-law “taking.” Id. When a municipality acts in a manner that
substantially diminishes the value of a landowner’s land, and its actions are shown to be
intentional, it cannot escape its constitutional obligation to compensate for a taking of
property on the basis of its immunity from tort action. Id.
The City argues that there was no evidence that it did anything to invade or trespass
on the plaintiffs’ property because there was no evidence that the City installed the pipes
that led to the flooding. The City acknowledges that it likely approved the drainage plans
for the subdivision, but it argues—based on Norvell’s deposition testimony—that those plans
did not match the drainage ways that ultimately were installed and allegedly caused the
flooding. We agree that the plaintiffs failed to offer any proof for the allegation in the
complaint that the City “placed” the pipes. Although the deposition testimony did establish
that the City would have approved the private developer’s subdivision drainage system, we
hold that the mere approval of the developer’s plans is not sufficient evidence of government
action that could constitute a taking. In Robinson, supra, the plaintiffs presented evidence
6 that their home had, over a nine-year period, been flooded intermittently with effluent from
the sewer system constructed and negligently operated by the appellee, City of Ashdown.
Here, rather than alleging negligent operation by the City, the plaintiffs alleged a design
defect in that the pipes installed by the developer were too small to handle the stormwater.
As other jurisdictions have found, the City’s approval of a private development pursuant to
the City’s regulations should not give rise to liability against the City for the negligence of a
developer. See Phillips v. King Cnty., 968 P.2d 871, 879 (Wash. 1998). Further, even though
the City had undertaken maintenance of the drainage system, there is no allegation that a
lack of proper maintenance caused the plaintiffs’ damages. See id. Plaintiffs alleged only that
the insufficient size of the pipes led to the taking.
We also agree with the City that the plaintiffs failed to put forth proof of any
intentional conduct necessary to establish a taking. In Robinson, supra, the supreme court held
that when one knows that an invasion of another’s interest in the use and enjoyment of land
is substantially certain to result from one’s conduct, the invasion is intentional. Here, there
is no evidence that the City knew the plans it approved were substantially certain to lead to
flooding on the property. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 830 (Tex. 2005)
(holding that there was no evidence the City knew flooding was substantially certain to occur
when the City relied on engineers’ certifications that the plans met the City’s codes and
regulations and would not increase downstream flooding). Although the City does not
dispute that it was informed of the flooding after the fact, the plaintiffs have not alleged any
action constituting a taking beyond the initial approval and installation of the pipes. See id.
7 Accordingly, there is insufficient proof of any affirmative government activity that caused
the plaintiffs’ damages and could constitute an intentional taking.
We hold that the plaintiffs have failed to put forth sufficient proof to support an
inverse-condemnation claim, and the claim, at most, amounts to negligence. Because the
claim sounds in negligence, the tort-immunity statute is applicable. See City of McCrory v.
Wilson, 2022 Ark. App. 200, 644 S.W.3d 823. There is no genuine issue of material fact in
dispute as to whether the City is entitled to immunity on a tort claim. Arkansas Code
Annotated section 21-9-301(a) (Repl. 2022) grants immunity “except to the extent that [the
City] may be covered by liability insurance.” The mayor’s affidavit submitted by the City is
sufficient to establish that the City does not have insurance to provide coverage for the
plaintiffs’ claim. City of McCrory, supra. Because the circuit court erred in denying the City’s
motion for summary judgment as to statutory immunity, we reverse.
Reversed.
HARRISON, C.J., and GLADWIN, J., agree.
Taylor & Taylor Law Firm, P.A., by: Tory H. Lewis, Andrew M. Taylor, and Tasha C.
Taylor, for appellant.
The Brad Hendricks Law Firm, by: Lloyd W. Kitchens, for appellees.