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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 Opinion Number: 3 Filing Date: July 2, 2025 4 NO. S-1-SC-40437
5 CITY OF ROSWELL, 6 a municipal corporation,
7 Petitioner, 8 v.
9 THE HON. MARIA SANCHEZ-GAGNE, 10 District Court Judge, 11 First Judicial District Court,
12 Respondent, 13 and
14 MARIA DE LOURDES RODRIGUEZ, 15 AMELIA PONCE, individually and on 16 behalf of her minor child, J.A., and 17 KRISTINA MARTINEZ, as the Personal 18 Representative of the Wrongful Death Estate 19 of NICKOLAS DE JESUS ACOSTA, Deceased,
20 Real Parties in Interest. 21 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING 1 Hinkle Shanor LLP 2 Richard E. Olson 3 Chelsea B. Green 4 Roswell, NM
5 for Petitioner
6 Raúl Torrez, Attorney General 7 Aaron A. Rodriguez, Assistant Attorney General 8 Daniel Ross Rubin, Assistant Attorney General 9 Santa Fe, NM
10 for Respondent
11 Durham, Pittard & Spalding LLP 12 Philip M. Kovnat 13 Justin R. Kaufman 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 Cesar Ornelas Law, PLLC 16 JonCarlo J. Serna 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 James Leech 19 San Antonio, TX
20 for Real Parties in Interest 1 OPINION 2 THOMSON, Chief Justice. 3 {1} The New Mexico Civil Rights Act (NMCRA) authorizes a person to sue a 4 public body for deprivation of the rights, privileges, and immunities guaranteed by 5 the Bill of Rights in Article II of the New Mexico Constitution. See NMSA 1978, §§ 6 41-4A-1 to -13 (2021). Section 41-4A-3(B) provides that plaintiffs under the 7 NMCRA “may maintain an action to establish liability and recover actual damages 8 and equitable or injunctive relief in any New Mexico district court.” (Emphasis 9 added.) This case raises an important issue of first impression: whether a plaintiff 10 bringing claims under the NMCRA may sue a municipality in any district court in 11 the state or whether they must bring the action in the county where the municipality 12 is located. The answer to this question hinges on whether Section 41-4A-3(B) is a 13 venue provision. Exercising our original jurisdiction to issue a writ of superintending 14 control under Article VI, Section 3 of the New Mexico Constitution, we hold that 15 (1) Section 41-4A-3(B) establishes jurisdiction in the district courts over claims 16 brought under the NMCRA and is not a venue provision, and (2) NMSA 1978, 17 Section 38-3-2 (1939), governs venue for NMCRA claims filed against a 18 municipality.
1 I. BACKGROUND 2 {2} The City of Roswell (the City), located in Chaves County, New Mexico, 3 sought a writ of superintending control to order district court Judge Maria Sanchez- 4 Gagne (Respondent) to dismiss for improper venue a lawsuit filed against the City 5 in the First Judicial District Court in Santa Fe County. Maria de Lourdes Rodriguez, 6 Amelia Ponce, and Kristina Martinez, Real Parties in Interest (Real Parties), 7 advanced a single claim under the NMCRA for alleged civil rights violations 8 resulting from the fatal shooting of Nickolas de Jesus Acosta in Roswell by two 9 Roswell police officers. Consistent with the NMCRA, the lawsuit named the City as 10 the only defendant. See § 41-4A-3(C) (“Claims brought pursuant to the [NMCRA] 11 shall be brought exclusively against a public body.”). 12 {3} The City moved to dismiss the lawsuit for improper venue. It argued that 13 under the plain language of Section 38-3-2, the lawsuit “can only be brought in the 14 Fifth Judicial District in Chaves County, . . . as that is the county where the [City] is 15 located.” Section 38-3-2, which governs the venue of civil actions against 16 municipalities and boards of county commissioners, provides as follows:
17 All civil actions not otherwise required by law to be brought in the 18 district court of Santa Fe county, wherein any municipality or board of 19 county commissioners is a party defendant, shall be instituted only in 20 the district court of the county in which such municipality is located, or 21 for which such board of county commissioners is acting.
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1 {4} The district court denied the City’s motion to dismiss, relying instead on a 2 “plain reading” of Section 41-4A-3(B), which provides in relevant part that “a 3 person . . . may maintain an action [for relief under the NMCRA] . . . in any New 4 Mexico district court.” (Emphasis added.) The district court concluded that Section 5 41-4A-3(B) establishes venue for a NMCRA claim “in any New Mexico district 6 court” and later denied the City’s motion to certify the issue for interlocutory appeal. 7 The City then filed a petition for writ of superintending control in this Court. We 8 ordered a stay. After considering the petition and the Real Parties’ response in 9 opposition, we lifted the stay, granted the City’s petition for writ of superintending 10 control, and issued a writ directing Respondent to dismiss for improper venue the 11 lawsuit filed by the Real Parties. We now write to explain our reasoning. 12 II. DISCUSSION
13 A. Superintending Control Is Warranted Because the Petition Raises an 14 Issue Meriting Extraordinary Relief
15 {5} This Court has original jurisdiction to issue a writ of superintending control 16 pursuant to Article VI, Section 3 of the New Mexico Constitution. This gives the 17 Court the power to control the ordinary course of litigation, which includes “the 18 authority to regulate pleading, practice, and procedure” in the lower courts. Johnson 19 & Johnson v. Wilson, 2025-NMSC-003, ¶ 9, 563 P.3d 841 (internal quotation marks 20 and citation omitted). Through this broad and extraordinary power, the Court may
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1 offer guidance to lower courts on how to properly apply the law, in this case a statute 2 that controls venue. 3 {6} Characterizing this case as a “garden-variety motion to dismiss” and a 4 “relatively mundane venue issue,” the Real Parties argue that the issue of venue 5 generally does not support extraordinary relief. This case has far broader 6 implications. Indeed, the City argues Section 41-4A-3(B) is not a venue provision at 7 all but is instead a jurisdictional provision for purposes of NMCRA claims. 8 Providing clarity on questions of venue is well within our purview. See Baker v. BP 9 Am. Prod. Co., 2005-NMSC-011, ¶ 4, 137 N.M. 334, 110 P.3d 1071 (noting that the 10 Court granted certiorari from the Court of Appeals’ order denying interlocutory 11 review, “finding the proper interpretation of the venue statute to be a matter of 12 substantial public interest”); Blancett v. Dial Oil Co., 2008-NMSC-011, ¶ 3, 143 13 N.M. 368, 176 P.3d 1100 (granting certiorari from the Court of Appeals’ order 14 denying application for interlocutory appeal of the district court’s denial of a motion 15 to dismiss for improper venue); Gardiner v. Galles Chevrolet Co., 2007-NMSC-052, 16 ¶ 3, 142 N.M. 544, 168 P.3d 116 (same). 17 {7} At present, at least four claims have been filed in First Judicial District Court 18 against foreign counties or municipalities which implicate NMCRA claims. See 19 Order of Dismissal Without Prejudice, Murphy v. Town of Taos, D-101-CV-2024-
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1 00346 (1st Jud. Dist. Sept. 9, 2024) (dismissing claims against the Town of Taos and 2 the Taos Police Department for improper venue); Order Dismissing Civil Action 3 Without Prejudice, Lopez v. N.M. State Police, D-101-CV-2023-02458 (1st Jud. 4 Dist. June 18, 2024) (dismissing claims against Taos County and the Taos County 5 Sheriff’s Office for improper venue); Order Dismissing Case Without Prejudice, 6 McGill v. Cnty. of Taos, D-101-CV-2023-01498 (1st Jud. Dist. Mar. 6, 2024) 7 (dismissing claims against County of Taos for improper venue); Order on 8 Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Swope v. Colfax Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, D-101-CV- 9 2022-01424 (1st Jud. Dist. Jan. 23, 2023) (dismissing NMCRA claims against 10 Colfax County Sheriff’s Department and Angel Fire Police Department for improper 11 venue). The Real Parties’ lawsuit against the City stands apart as the only case where 12 a district court held that venue against a foreign municipality was proper under the 13 NMCRA. As a result, the First Judicial District Court is divided on this issue, 14 creating inconsistency in the interpretation of Section 41-4A-3(B) and potential 15 confusion in a rapidly developing area of law. Delaying guidance on this subject 16 would allow the continued filing of NMCRA claims against foreign municipalities— 17 and the likelihood of repeatedly litigating the venue question in every case—until 18 the issue is finally resolved by an appellate court. Resolving the question now will 19 avoid duplicative litigation and preserve public funds and judicial resources.
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1 {8} We are also persuaded that the number of cases raising this issue is likely to 2 increase. The historic ubiquity of federal civil-rights claims against law enforcement 3 officers, coupled with the NMCRA’s requirement that only a public body may be 4 sued under the NMCRA, virtually guarantees that municipalities (and counties) will 5 be regularly named as NMCRA defendants due to the alleged actions of their officer- 6 employees. See § 41-4A-3(C) (providing that an NMCRA claim “shall be brought 7 exclusively against a public body”); cf. § 41-4A-13(A) (requiring notice of an 8 NMCRA claim for the act or omission of a certified law enforcement officer to the 9 officer’s agency or department); NMSA 1978, § 3-13-2 (1988) (setting forth the 10 duties of municipal police officers); NMSA 1978, §§ 4-41-1 to -22 (1855, as 11 amended through 2017) (setting forth the duties and powers of county sheriffs). 12 {9} Moreover, we note that the NMCRA is recently-enacted landmark legislation. 13 Bolen v. N.M. Racing Comm’n, 2025-NMSC-___, ¶ 11, ___ P.3d ___ (S-1-SC- 14 40427, June 2, 2025). It was enacted “as a state analogue to federal civil rights 15 litigation under [42 U.S.C.] § 1983” and creates “a private cause of action for a 16 person deprived of state constitutional rights by the acts or omissions of New Mexico 17 governmental entities and officials.” Bolen, 2025-NMSC-___, ¶¶ 11, 13. It explicitly 18 creates a limited waiver of sovereign immunity for NMCRA claims and exposes 19 state and local governments—and any branch of local government that receives state
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1 funding—to liability for such deprivations, with some exceptions. Section 41-4A-9; 2 Section 41-4A-2; Section 41-4A-10. Thus, the issue before us has significant 3 statutory and constitutional implications. See, e.g., Lujan Grisham v. Romero, 2021- 4 NMSC-009, ¶ 16, 483 P.3d 545 (exercising jurisdiction when the issue “centers 5 around questions of constitutional law and statutory construction—matters that we 6 review de novo”). 7 {10} For these reasons, we conclude the exercise of extraordinary jurisdiction is 8 warranted. The question of venue against a foreign municipality under the NMCRA 9 presents a question of substantial public interest with the potential to affect many, if 10 not all, NMCRA plaintiffs and defendants. Accordingly, we opt to decide the 11 question “at the earliest moment.” Griego v. Oliver, 2014-NMSC-003, ¶ 11, 316 12 P.3d 865 (citation omitted); cf. State v. Wilson, 2021-NMSC-022, ¶ 15, 489 P.3d 925 13 (“There is an obvious public interest in ensuring fair and consistent adjudication of 14 an issue touching the concerns of thousands of owners of business property 15 throughout New Mexico.”).
16 B. Section 41-4A-3(B) Merely Establishes Jurisdiction Over NMCRA 17 Claims and Does Not Govern Venue
18 {11} The Real Parties assert the phrase “may maintain an action . . . in any New 19 Mexico district court” is a venue provision that allows them to file their NMCRA 20 claim against the City in the district court in Santa Fe County instead of Chaves
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1 County. Section 41-4A-3(B). Whether Section 41-4A-3(B) governs venue for 2 NMCRA claims as opposed to Section 38-3-2 is a question of statutory construction, 3 which we review de novo. Romero, 2021-NMSC-009, ¶ 16; Nguyen v. Bui, 2023- 4 NMSC-020, ¶ 14, 536 P.3d 482. We give the language of Section 41-4A-3(B) its 5 ordinary and plain meaning and determine that meaning by context and common 6 usage. Zangara v. LSF9 Master Participation Tr., 2024-NMSC-021, ¶ 10, 557 P.3d 7 111; NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-2 (1997). 8 {12} Section 41-4A-3(B) states in its entirety:
9 A person who claims to have suffered a deprivation of any rights, 10 privileges or immunities pursuant to the bill of rights of the constitution 11 of New Mexico due to acts or omissions of a public body or person 12 acting on behalf of, under color of or within the course and scope of the 13 authority of a public body may maintain an action to establish liability 14 and recover actual damages and equitable or injunctive relief in any 15 New Mexico district court.
16 (Emphasis added.) This provision was enacted as part of the NMCRA in 2021 and 17 creates a private right of action to enforce the rights guaranteed under the Bill of 18 Rights of the New Mexico Constitution. Among other things, the NMCRA waives 19 sovereign immunity as a defense to such claims. See § 41-4A-9. However, unlike 20 other prominent statutes which similarly waive sovereign immunity, the NMCRA 21 does not include an explicit venue provision. Compare §§ 41-4A-1 to -13 (2021) 22 (the New Mexico Civil Rights Act) with NMSA 1978, § 41-4-18(B) (1976)
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1 (detailing venue requirements for claims under the Tort Claims Act, NMSA 1978, 2 §§ 41-4-1 to -30 (1976, as amended through 2020)). 3 {13} The question, therefore, is whether the Legislature intended Section 41-4A- 4 3(B) to act as a venue provision for NMCRA claims and thereby supersede New 5 Mexico’s existing venue statutes, including Section 38-3-2. We conclude that 6 Section 41-4A-3(B) is not a venue provision. Put simply, Section 41-4A-3(B) lacks 7 the essential features of a venue provision and we will not construe it as one. Instead, 8 Section 41-4A-3(B) is consistent with statutes that create a statutory cause of action 9 and vest jurisdiction in the district courts. 10 {14} New Mexico law is replete with venue provisions. Without exception, these 11 provisions share two common features: (1) they specify one or more counties where 12 venue is proper, and (2) they either establish venue explicitly or they identify where 13 an action may be brought, instituted, commenced, or filed. See, e.g., § 41-4-18(B) 14 (“Venue for any claim against the state or its public employees, pursuant to the Tort 15 Claims Act, shall be in the district court for the county in which a plaintiff resides, 16 or in which the cause of action arose, or in Santa Fe county.” (emphasis added)); 17 Section 38-3-2 (prescribing the “county” in which a civil action shall be “brought”
10
1 or “instituted” against a municipality or board of county commissioners). 1 Notably, 2 each of these verbs is strongly associated with the initiation of a lawsuit. See Bring
1
The number of venue provisions using this formulation is vast. The following list is illustrative and almost certainly incomplete: NMSA 1978, § 19-4-21 (1882)
(prescribing the “county” where a party may “bring” a suit to resolve an adverse claim for lands disposed of as part of a townsite); NMSA 1978, § 24-17-10(A)
(2010) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” by the attorney general for a violation of the Continuing Care Act); NMSA 1978, § 30-8-8(B) (1963)
(prescribing the “county” where a civil action may be “brought” to abate a public nuisance); NMSA 1978, § 30-23-7 (1963) (prescribing the “county” where an action shall be “brought” to recover anything of value from a public officer or employee convicted of unlawful interest in a public contract); NMSA 1978, § 30-33-14 (1967)
(“Venue is in the county in this state where the telecommunication service giving rise to the prosecution was solicited or initiated.” (emphasis added)); NMSA 1978, § 36-2-28.2(A) (2011) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought”
by the attorney general to prosecute actions related to the unauthorized practice of law); NMSA 1978, § 38-3-1 (1988) (prescribing the “county” or “counties” where civil actions shall be “commenced,” “instituted,” or “brought” for various types of civil actions); NMSA 1978, § 40-4-4 (1973) (prescribing the “county” where a proceeding may be “instituted” for dissolution of marriage, division of property, or disposition of children or alimony); NMSA 1978, § 42-2-5(A) (1959) (prescribing the “county” where “a petition may be filed” and where the proceeding may be “brought” when the state is the moving party to a condemnation action); NMSA 1978, § 42-6-1 (1951) (prescribing the “county” where a quiet-title action may be “brought”); NMSA 1978, § 42-7-1 (1933) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” to compel specific performance of a contract of sale of real estate);
NMSA 1978, § 48-6-15 (1921) (prescribing the “county” where a suit may be “instituted” under the Agricultural Landlord Liens Act); NMSA 1978, § 50-4-26(B)
(2013) (prescribing the “county” where the director may “institute” an action against an employer for failure to comply with the Minimum Wage Act); NMSA 1978, § 57-1-5(B) (1979) (prescribing the “county” where the attorney general may “file” a petition for an order to enforce a demand under the Antitrust Act); NMSA 1978, § 57-12-8(A) (1977) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” by the attorney general for a violation of the Unfair Practices Act); NMSA 1978, § 57-
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1 an Action, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (“To sue; institute legal 2 proceedings.”); Institute, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (“To begin or start; 3 commence . . . institute legal proceedings.”); Commence, Merriam-Webster’s 4 Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2020) (“[T]o have or make a beginning: start.”); 5 File, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (“To commence a lawsuit.”).
13-4 (1987) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” by the attorney general for a violation of the Pyramid Promotional Schemes Act); NMSA 1978, § 57-16-12 (1973) (prescribing the “county” where a suit may be “brought”
for injunctive relief for a violation of the Motor Vehicle Dealers Franchising Act);
NMSA 1978, § 59A-16-28(A)-(B) (1984) (prescribing the “county” where the superintendent of insurance shall cause an action to be “instituted” for an unfair or deceptive method of competition, act, or practice); NMSA 1978, § 59A-38-14 (1984) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” against the attorney-in-fact or underwriters of a Lloyds Plan insurance operation); NMSA 1978, § 59A-46-25(E) (1993) (prescribing the “county” where the superintendent of insurance may “institute” a proceeding for relief for a violation of the Health Maintenance Organization Law); NMSA 1978, § 62-12-2 (1941) (prescribing the “county” where an action shall be “brought” against the Public Regulation Commission to enforce its duties and obligations under the Public Utility Act);
NMSA 1978, § 62-12-7 (1941) (prescribing the “county” where an action shall be “brought” to recover penalties under the Public Utility Act); NMSA 1978, § 62-19-
8(F) (2020) (prescribing the “county” where the attorney general or district attorney may “institute” a civil action for a violation of Section 62-19-8); NMSA 1978, § 65-
2A-4(B)(2) (2023) (prescribing the “county” where the department of transportation may “institute” civil actions to enforce the Motor Carrier Act); NMSA 1978, § 74-
4-10.1(E) (1989) (prescribing the “county” where an action by the director may be “brought” to enforce an order under the Hazardous Waste Act); NMSA 1978, § 74-
9-28(B) (1990) (prescribing the “county” where an action may be “brought” to enforce a subpoena related to an adjudicatory hearing under the Solid Waste Act).
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1 {15} The language of Section 41-4A-3(B) has none of these features. Unlike our 2 state’s myriad venue provisions, the phrase “may maintain an action . . . in any New 3 Mexico district court” in Section 41-4A-3(B) does not specify one or more counties 4 where venue is proper for an NMCRA claim. Nor does the statute reference venue 5 explicitly or identify where an NMCRA claim may be initiated, whether brought, 6 instituted, commenced, or filed. Rather, Section 41-4A-3(B) provides that an 7 NMCRA claim may be maintained in any district court, a verb that describes 8 continuing with or participating in an action, rather than initiating one. See Maintain, 9 Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (“1. To continue (something). 2. To continue 10 in possession of (property, etc.). 3. To assert (a position or opinion); to uphold (a 11 position or opinion) in argument.”). 12 {16} The difference between initiating and maintaining an action is not merely 13 semantic. At least three venue provisions use institute to prescribe where the action 14 may be initiated and maintain to clarify whether the action may be pursued at all. 15 See NMSA 1978, § 21-2A-10 (2019) (prescribing the “county” where an action may 16 be “institute[d]” to contest the validity of proceedings held under the College District 17 Tax Act, provided that “no such suit or action shall be maintained unless it is 18 instituted within ten days after the issuance by the proper official of a certificate or 19 notification of the results of the election” (emphasis added)); NMSA 1978, § 21-
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1 14A-3(J) (2019) (same for an action under the Off-Campus Instruction Act); NMSA 2 1978, § 21-14-2(J) (2019) (same for an action “under the branch community college 3 laws”). This distinction is common in non-venue provisions as well. See, e.g., 4 NMSA 1978, § 54-2A-1003 (2007) (“A derivative action may be maintained only 5 by a person that is a partner at the time the action is commenced.” (emphasis added)); 6 NMSA 1978, § 24-15-14(B) (1979) (“No suit or action shall be maintained against 7 any ski area operator for injuries incurred as a result of the use of a ski lift or ski area 8 unless the same is commenced within three years of the time of the occurrence of the 9 injuries complained of.” (emphasis added)). Thus, by providing that an NMCRA 10 claim may be maintained in any New Mexico district court—without establishing 11 venue explicitly or specifying one or more counties where an NMCRA claim may 12 be initiated—Section 41-4A-3(B) is not a venue provision and does not conflict with 13 Section 38-3-2. 14 {17} The Real Parties assert Section 41-4A-3(B) must be construed as a venue 15 provision to avoid rendering the phrase “in any New Mexico district court” 16 surplusage. We disagree. The phrase “in any New Mexico district court” has 17 jurisdictional significance in state court proceedings, vesting jurisdiction for 18 NMCRA claims in district courts. See N.M. Const. art. VI, § 13 (“The district court 19 shall have original jurisdiction in all matters and causes not excepted in this
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1 constitution, and such jurisdiction of special cases and proceedings as provided by 2 law.”); see also In re Forest, 1941-NMSC-019, ¶ 10, 45 N.M. 204, 113 P.2d 582 3 (defining “special statutory proceedings” as “statutory proceedings to enforce rights 4 and remedies created by statute and which were unknown to the common law”). 5 Numerous statutes creating a right of action similarly establish jurisdiction in district 6 courts. See, e.g., § 41-4-18(A) (“Exclusive original jurisdiction for any claim under 7 the Tort Claims Act shall be in the district courts of New Mexico.” (emphasis 8 added)); NMSA 1978, § 24-34-5(A) (2023) (“A person claiming to be aggrieved by 9 a violation of the Reproductive and Gender-Affirming Health Care Freedom Act 10 may maintain an action in district court for appropriate relief.” (emphasis added)). 11 This understanding of the phrase “in any New Mexico district court” undermines the 12 Real Parties’ insistence that the phrase must be construed as an open-ended venue 13 provision to avoid reading it out of the statute. 14 {18} Without language establishing where an NMCRA claim can be brought, 15 instituted, commenced, or filed, Section 41-4A-3(B) lacks the essential features of a 16 venue provision. Rather, like many other statutes, it establishes a right to maintain a 17 statutory cause of action and vests “any New Mexico district court” with jurisdiction 18 over such an action. Construing Section 41-4A-3(B) as establishing jurisdiction
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1 rather than venue provides a harmonious reading with Section 38-3-2 and gives 2 effect to both statutes. 3 {19} Absent a specific venue provision in the NMCRA, Section 38-3-2 governs 4 venue in all civil actions brought against a municipality or board of county 5 commissioners, including actions under the NMCRA. Nothing in the NMCRA 6 suggests the Legislature intended Section 41-4A-3(B) to be a venue provision, let 7 alone a venue provision that supersedes Section 38-3-2. Accordingly, we reject the 8 Real Parties’ argument that it should be construed as such, and hold that Section 38- 9 3-2 governs venue for NMCRA actions. Applying Section 38-3-2 in this case, venue 10 is improper in Santa Fe. 11 III. CONCLUSION 12 {20} For the foregoing reasons, we hold that (1) Section 41-4A-3(B) establishes 13 jurisdiction in New Mexico district courts over claims brought under the NMCRA 14 and is not a venue provision, and (2) Section 38-3-2 governs venue for NMCRA 15 claims filed against a municipality. For these reasons, we granted the City’s verified 16 petition for writ of superintending control and directed Respondent to dismiss for 17 improper venue the lawsuit filed by the Real Parties.
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1 {21} IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 3 DAVID K. THOMSON, Chief Justice
4 WE CONCUR:
5 6 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Justice
7 8 C. SHANNON BACON, Justice
9 10 JULIE J. VARGAS, Justice
11 12 BRIANA H. ZAMORA, Justice