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' /F'fi:E IN CLERKS OFFICE " ' liUI'R£M!! COURT, GT.t.lE OF WASHINGTON SEP 2 2 2316
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
CITY OF RICHLAND, ) ) Respondent, ) No. 92594-1 ) V, ) EnBanc ) BRIANA WAKEFIELD, ) ) Filed ____S_EJ_)_2_7._-2_0_16____ Petitioner. ) _________________________) ) CITY OF KENNEWICK, ) ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) BIUANA WAKEFIELD, ) ) Petitioner. ) ___________________________)
OWENS, J. - Benton County District Court ordered petitioner Briana
Wakefield to pay $15 each month toward her outstanding legal financial obligations
(LFOs). Wakefield is homeless, disabled, and indigent. Her only income is $710 in
social security disability payments each month, and as a result, she struggles to meet her Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
own basic needs. Wakefield and amici ask this court to reverse the district court's order
and hold that the current practice of strict LFO enforcement against homeless, disabled,
and indigent people in Benton County violates state and federal statutes. Because the
district court's order was contrary to both the law and the evidence in the record, we
reverse. Under state law, LFOs should be imposed only if an individual has a present
or future ability to pay, and LFOs may be remitted when paying them would impose a
manifest hardship on the person. In this case, Wakefield has no present or future
ability to pay LFOs. She already struggles to obtain basic needs such as secure
housing, food, and medical care. Both parties agree that ordering Wakefield to pay
would impose a manifest hardship on her and that her LFOs should be remitted.
However, both parties also request that we issue an opinion on the merits to provide
guidance to parties in the future. Pursuant to our analysis below, we order that her
LFOs be remitted.
FACTS
Wakefield had a difficult childhood. Her parents were both addicts, and her
father was abusive. She entered the foster care system at the age of 14. At the age of
18, she began receiving social security income because she is unable to work due to
her permanent disabilities, which include bipolar disorder, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Her monthly social security
2 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
disability payment has been her only income, although she also receives about $170 in
food stamps assistance from the State. At this time, she is 27 years old.
She has four children who are in foster care, and she is currently involved in a
dependency action. She testified that she is actively working to comply with the
dependency court's order, which includes seeing a mental health counselor once every
other week, seeing a drug counselor every week, attending Narcotics Anonymous
meetings two to three times a week, visiting her children three times a week for three-
hour visits, and taking parenting classes. She is also attempting to find stable housing.
Wakefield has three low level misdemeanor convictions: theft (2009),
disorderly conduct (2010), and harassment (2012). Wakefield is specifically
challenging the discretionary costs imposed as a result of the latter two convictions.
She is not challenging fines or nondiscretionary LFOs. 1 Wakefield acknowledges that
she did not appeal the costs imposed as part of her judgment and sentence, and thus
she is not challenging the original decision imposing those costs.
The parties agree that Wakefield has not been making monthly payments on
these outstanding costs (although she has intermittently made a couple of small
payments over the years), and the district court scheduled a fine review hearing,
which is essentially a contempt proceeding. Wakefield moved to remit the costs
1 The district court's repeated references to Wakefield's LFOs as "fines" during the fine review hearing were incorrect; only discretionary costs are at issue. Clerk's Papers at 239-42.
3 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
pursuant to RCW 10.01.160(4) because she did not have the ability to pay, and
because being forced to pay would create a manifest hardship for her and her family.
The cities were not contacted about the fine review hearing and did not appear. The
only attendees were Wakefield, her attorney, and her expert witness.
At the fine review hearing, Wakefield testified with regard to her current
situation. She explained that she is homeless and that she does not have enough
money to pay her LFOs, despite minimizing her expenses as much as possible. She
recounted her expenses for the past few months and explained how she spends her
monthly $710 on her basic needs (or at least attempting to meet her basic needs).
Wakefield also presented testimony from expert witness Dr. Diana Pierce, a
professor at the University of Washington School of Social Work. Dr. Pierce testified
regarding her research calculating "self-sufficiency standards," which are
measurements of"the minimum amount of money you need to adequately meet your
basic needs." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 78. These standards include the resources
needed to meet only "the core necessities of life, such as clothing, food, shelter and
medical care at a decent level." ld. at 188. Dr. Pierce explained, "To be below this
minimum means the inability to secure even the basic necessities with one's own
resources, and be forced to sacrifice one need for another, e.g., not eat in order to pay
for heat, or be forced to rely on luck, on the uncertainty of the kindness of others." ld.
It does not include "recreation, entertainment, savings, debt repayment, or any other
4 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
needs beyond the inescapable daily needs of basic human existence." Id. at 189.
Dr. Pierce testified that the self-sufficiency standard in 2011 for a one person
household in Kennewick or Richland is $1,492 per month. Dr. Pierce testified that
Wakefield's monthly income falls well below that self-sufficiency standard and that
"she can't even meet her basic needs at a bare bones level." Id. at 85. Based on her
experience and the facts of this case, Dr. Pierce stated that ordering Wakefield to pay
court costs would be ordering Wakefield to "put her basic survival needs aside." Id.
at 192.
Since the cities were not present at the hearing, the district court judge actively
questioned all witnesses. She summarized her understanding ofthe law in her ruling,
stating that "the caselaw doesn't say just because she's indigent or just because she
has trouble meeting basic needs that she's excused from the penalty." Id at 107. The
judge then ordered Wakefield to participate in work crew and to pay $15 each month.
At no point did the court make an explicit finding that Wakefield was able to make the
payments. Nor did the court mention or apply the manifest hardship standard for
remitting costs for indigent defendants.
Wakefield appealed to Benton County Superior Court. The superior court
remanded to the district court for entry of"findings setting forth the reasons and facts
which led the [court] to enter these orders." Id. at 237. The district court entered 16
fmdings offact and 5 conclusions of law.
5 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
Wakefield challenges many of those findings of fact because they are not
supported by substantial evidence. The key findings offact at issue in this case are:
3. Ms. Wakefield currently receives SSI [(social security income)] and other state funded benefits.
4. There was no evidence presented that Ms. Wakefield has a permanent disability that prevents her from working.
14. Her continuing criminal activity, failure to do court ordered treatment and continued drug use are life style choices she made that negatively impacted the amount of money that Ms. Wakefield had available to pay her fines and demonstrate willfulness on her part.
16. The defendant stated that her income would prohibit her from paying fines but did not testify to any bona fide efforts she has made to be current in her fine payments.
!d. at 240-41.
The superior court reviewed the district court decision for (1) errors oflaw and
(2) whether the factual findings were supported by substantial evidence in the record.
The superior court upheld most of the district court's ruling, with the exception of the
work crew requirement. The superior court reversed the imposition of work crew
because there had been no finding that Wakefield willfully failed to make payments.
Thus, the work crew requirement is not in front of us.
Wakefield sought discretionary review from the Court of Appeals. The Court
of Appeals certified the case to us, and the commissioner accepted certification.
6 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
Amicus briefs in support of Wakefield were filed by the attorney general, the
American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Washington, and the National Alliance
on Mental Illness-Washington.
After the briefs were filed, respondents city of Richland and city of Kennewick
filed a motion to strike oral argument, and to remand the case to the trial court for
entry of an order remitting Wakefield's LFOs. The cities pointed to their special
ethical obligations as prosecuting attorneys and, in particular, the "duty to concede
error when an asserted legal position is no longer tenable." Mot. To Strike Oral Arg.
& for Remand To Trial Court To Remit LFOs at 2-3. They were convinced that
"there is no good faith legal argument to be made in opposition to Ms. Wakefield's
requests for a remand to vacate the restart order entered on August 20, 2013, and for
entry of an order remitting her remaining LFOs." Id. at 3. We granted the request to
strike oral argument. The cities requested that we nonetheless issue an opinion on the
merits. They explained that such an opinion would "avoid similarly situated
individuals from experiencing the stress and uncertainty caused by [the] trial court's
order and the subsequent litigation." Id. We agree and issue this opinion on the
merits of the case.
ISSUES
1. Did the district court's order violate the statutory standard for remission
ofLFOs?
7 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
2. Did the district court fail to properly analyze Wakefield's specific
financial situation when evaluating the remittance motion?
3. Did the district court's order violate the antiattachment provisions of the
Social Security Act, 24 U.S.C. §§ 301 to 1397 mm?
4. Was the district court's order based on findings offact that were not
supported by substantial evidence?
ANALYSIS
Our review of district court rulings is governed by the Rules for Appeal of
Decisions of Courts of Limited Jurisdiction (RALJ). See State v. Ford, 110 Wn.2d
827, 829-30, 755 P.2d 806 (1988). We review the district court's ruling for errors of
law. RALJ 9.1(a). Findings of fact made by the district court are accepted if they are
supported by substantial evidence in the record. RALJ 9.1(b).
Wakefield asks that we reverse the district court's order to pay$15 per month
toward her LFOs and hold that the strict LFO enforcement in Benton County violates
state and federal statutes. Specifically, she argues that the district court made multiple
errors of law when finding she had the ability to pay $15 each month, the district court
failed to properly analyze her disabilities and financial situation, the district court's
order violated the antiattachment provisions of the Social Security Act, and the district
8 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
court's findings of fact were not supported by substantial evidence. 2 We address each
argument in turn.
1. The district court did not apply the correct statutory standard
Since Wakefield was unable to pay her outstanding costs, she moved for her
costs to be remitted under RCW 10.01.160(4). We have little case law on this
statutory provision, which allows defendants who have been ordered to pay costs to
"at any time petition the sentencing court for remission of the payment of costs or of
any unpaid portion thereof," provided that they are not willfully in default. RCW
10.01.160(4). "If it appears to the satisfaction of the court that payment ofthe amount
due will impose manifest hardship on the defendant or the defendant's immediate
family, the court may remit all or part of the amount due in costs, or modifY the
method of payment under RCW 10.01.170." !d. (emphasis added).
In this case, the district court failed to consider or apply the "manifest
hardship" standard expressly adopted by the legislature in RCW 10.01.160(4).
Without regard to whether paying costs would cause Wakefield and her family
manifest hardship, the district court judge found that Wakefield had some ability to
pay her fines, and ordered her to begin paying $15 per month. By failing to recognize
or apply the correct standard, the district court committed reversible error. In a typical
2 Wakefield also argues that the fine review hearing violated her procedural due process rights. CONST. art. I, § 3. Because we vacate and reverse the district court's order on other grounds, we decline to reach her due process claim.
9 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
case, we might remand for the district court to apply the proper standard. However, in
this case, both parties agree that we should remand to the district court for entry of an
order remitting the outstanding LFOs at issue. Therefore, we so order.
2. The district court failed to properly analyze the effect of Wakefield's disabilities and homelessness
Although the parties agree that the case should be remanded for entry of an
order remitting Wakefield's costs, both parties ask that we nonetheless issue an
opinion on the merits to provide more certainty to affected parties in the future.
Accordingly, we also address Wakefield's claims regarding the impact of her
disabilities and homelessness on her ability to pay.
First, we find that it was legal error to disregard whether Wakefield could
currently meet her own basic needs when evaluating her ability to pay. Such
information is crucial to determine whether paying LFOs would create a "manifest
hardship" for Wakefield. While the term "manifest hardship" is undefined in the
statute, it is difficult to see how being unable to provide for one's own basic needs-
food, shelter, basic medical expenses-would not meet that standard. A person's
present inability to meet their own basic needs is not only relevant, but crucial to
determining whether paying LFOs would create a manifest hardship.
Second, we reiterate our instruction from State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 344
P.3d 680 (2015): courts can and should use GR 34 as a guide for determining whether
someone has an ability to pay costs. GR 34 is a court rule designed to simplifY the
10 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
process for determining whether a person is indigent for purposes of court and clerk's
fees and charges in civil cases. Under GR 34, "courts must find a person indigent if
the person establishes that he or she receives assistance from a needs-based, means-
tested assistance program, such as Social Security or food stamps." ld. at 838.
Similarly, "courts must find a person indigent if his or her household income falls
below 125 percent of the federal poverty guideline." !d. at 838-39. As we have
previously held, and as we again hold today: "[I]f someone does meet the GR 34
standard for indigency, courts should seriously question that person's ability to pay
LFOs." !d. at 839. This is true for both the imposition and enforcement ofLFOs.
The district court should not have disregarded Wakefield's eligibility for needs-based,
means-tested assistance when evaluating her ability to pay LFOs. Instead, courts
should regard such eligibility as strong evidence ofindigency.
Finally, we must reiterate the particularly punitive consequences ofLFOs for
indigent individuals that this court discussed in Blazina: "[O]n average, a person who
pays $25 per month toward their LFOs will owe the State more 10 years after
conviction than they did when the LFOs were initially assessed." !d. at 836. Given
this reality, trial courts should be cautious of imposing such low payment amounts in
the long term for impoverished people. For individuals like Wakefield, who show no
prospects of any change in their ability to pay, it is unjustly punitive to impose
payments that will only cause their LFO amount to increase. Therefore, such low
11 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
payments should be generally ordered only for short-term situations. If a person has
no present or future ability to pay amounts that will actually pay off their LFOs,
remission in accordance with RCW 10.01.160(4) is a more appropriate and just
option.
3. The district court's order violated the antiattachment provisions of the Social Security Act
Wakefield also challenges the court's order under federal law. Under the
Social Security Act, "none of the moneys paid" as part of social security disability
benefits "shall be subject to execution, levy, attachment, garnishment, or other legal
process, or to the operation of any bankruptcy or insolvency law." 42 U.S.C. § 407(a)
(emphasis added). Wakefield argues that the district court's order violated this
provision because it legally requires her to make a payment from her social security
disability benefits. She reasons that since she has no other income, there is no other
source from which her LFOs could be paid.
Wakefield is correct. The United States Supreme Court has already rejected.
prior state attempts to recoup money from social security disability recipients, even
after the money has been deposited in a bank. In Philpott v. Essex County Welfare
Board, 409 U.S. 413,417,93 S. Ct. 590,34 L. Ed. 2d 608 (1973), the Supreme Court
rejected a State's attempt to obtain funds from an individual's trust account because
the funds had come from social security disability payments. In that case, the
individual had signed an agreement with the state government to repay state disability
12 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
payments if he later acquired funds. ld. at 414. The Supreme Court found that funds
from social security disability payments retain their quality as protected benefits even
after being deposited, and that they were protected from "the use of any legal
process," including claims from state governments. ld. at 417. The Supreme Court
similarly rejected a state attempt to attach the social security benefits of prisoners to
pay for the cost of imprisonment. Bennettv. Arkansas, 485 U.S. 395,397, 108 S. Ct.
1204, 99 L. Ed. 2d 455 (1988).
Based on these Supreme Court cases, courts in Montana and Michigan have
held that states cannot order individuals to pay LFOs such as restitution from social
security disability benefits. See In re Lampart, 306 Mich. App. 226, 856 N.W.2d 192
(2014); State v. Eaton, 323 Mont. 287,293, 99 P.3d 661 (2004). The Montana
Supreme Court went further and held that a defendant's social security disability
income could not be included in a person's total income for purposes of calculating
the monthly amount he could pay, as it would "improperly burden[] his social security
benefits." Eaton, 323 Mont. at 293.
These courts have rejected the view that the antiattachment provisions prohibit
only direct attachment and garnishment, and have instead held that a court ordering
LFO payments from a person who receives only social security disability payments is
an "other legal process" by which to reach those protected funds. This comports with
the Supreme Court's key ruling on the definition of"other legal process," which
13 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
explained that it is a process that involves "some judicial or quasi-judicial mechanism,
though not necessarily an elaborate one, by which control over property passes from
one person to another in order to discharge or secure discharge of an allegedly
existing or anticipated liability." Wash. State Dep 't ofSoc. & Health Servs. v.
Guardianship Estate ofKeffeler, 537 U.S. 371,385, 123 S. Ct. 1017, 154 L. Ed. 2d
972 (2003). In this case, the court ordered Wakefield to turn over $15 from her social
security disability payments each month. That meets the Supreme Court's definition
of"other legal process." Accordingly, we hold that federal law prohibits courts from
ordering defendants to pay LFOs if the person's only source of income is social
security disability.
4. The district court's order was based on findings offact that were not supported by substantial evidence
Finally, Wakefield challenges a number of the trial court's findings of fact.
District court findings of fact must be supported by substantial evidence in the record.
RALJ 9.1(b). We focus on three particularly problematic findings.
a. The District Court Judge Erroneously Found That There Was "No Evidence" That Wakefield Had a Disability That Prevents Her from Working
The district court judge made two contradictory fmdings of fact regarding
Wakefield's disability. She found that "Ms. Wakefield currently receives SSI," but
she also found that "[t]here was no evidence presented that Ms. Wakefield has a
permanent disability that prevents her from working." CP at 240. These two findings
14 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
are contradictory. The fact that Wakefield qualifies for social security disability is
evidence that Wakefield has a permanent disability that prevents her from working.
Therefore, we strike this finding of fact. Courts must give evidentiary weight to
findings by the Social Security Administration regarding an individual's disability and
whether it prevents them from working.
b. The District Court Judge Erroneously Found That Wakefield's "Life Choices" Caused Her Poverty
The district court judge found that Wakefield did not have money to pay her
fines because of her "life style choices." !d. The judge identified these choices as
"continuing criminal activity, failure to do court ordered treatment and continued drug
use." !d. There is no evidence to support this finding of fact and, therefore, we strike
it.
Most importantly, as Wakefield's attorneys point out, there is nothing in the
record that connects her indigency with her drug addiction or misdemeanor
convictions for theft, harassment, and disorderly conduct. Nothing in the record
indicates how Wakefield would no longer be indigent if she did not have addiction
issues or prior convictions. Instead, the record shows that Wakefield is completely
disabled and unable to work due to her multiple mental disabilities, and that this
inability to earn income results in her poverty. Wakefield did not make the "life style
choice" to be mentally disabled. Moreover, the record does not show that her criminal
and addiction issues were "continuing." The record contains no evidence that she
15 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
continued to engage in any criminal activity after she served her time, and while
Wakefield admitted to being a recovering addict, she had been sober for 75 days at the
time of the hearing. Findings offact must be based on evidence, and in this case,
there was no evidence in the record to support the judge's finding.
c. The District Court Judge Erroneously Found That Wakefield Had Not Made Bona Fide Efforts To Pay Her LFOs
The district court judge found that "[t]he defendant stated that her income
would prohibit her from paying fines but did not testifY to any bona fide efforts she
has made to be current in her fine payments." !d. at 241. This finding is not
supported by substantial evidence in the record.
Wakefield testified that she has been receiving social security disability since
she was 18. In her declaration, she explained, "I have very little family as I grew up
in foster care. I do not have a support system." I d. at 167. She was asked at the fme
review hearing, "[I]s there anyone that would lend you $50 a month to pay?" I d. at
60-61. Wakefield responded, "No. What little support system I do have, they live
paycheck to paycheck." I d. at 61. There is no evidence in the record of any other
potential source of funds Wakefield could make "bona fide efforts" to use. Therefore,
this finding of fact is not supported by the evidence in the record.
16 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
CONCLUSION
We vacate the district court's order because it was contrary to both state and
federal law regarding LFO enforcement against indigent and disabled people. We
remand for entry of an order remitting the LFOs at issue.
17 Richland/Kennewick v. Wakefield No. 92594-1
WE CONCUR:
18
City of Richland v. Wakefield; City ofKennewick v. Wakefield
No. 92594-1
MADSEN, C.J. (concurring)-! agree with the majority that in this action under
RCW 10.01.160(4) for remission of discretionary costs that were imposed as part of
Briana Wakefield's judgment and sentence, the trial court committed reversible error by
failing to consider whether enforced payment of such legal financial obligations (LFOs)
would impose "manifest hardship" on defendant. See majority at 9-10. I further agree
that in this remission action, the trial court erred in disregarding defendant's eligibility for
"needs-based, means-tested assistance" when evaluating her ability to pay. See majority
at 10-11 (discussing GR 34 and State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 344 P.3d 680 (2015)).
These state law considerations resolve this case, and the majority's discussion of these
state law matters provides sufficient guidance for resolution of future similar remission
actions under RCW 10.01.160(4). Accordingly, in my view, this court need not address
federal law concerning the protected status of Social Security disability benefits to
resolve this case. Thus, the majority's discussion in Part 3 concerning such matters is
um1ecessary; it is also questionable and may have unintended consequences. No. 92594-1 Madsen, C.J., concurring
In Part 3, the majority cites with approval a Montana Supreme Court decision that
purportedly interprets federal protections for Social Security disability benefits to mean
that such benefits may not be included when a court considers a person's total income for
purposes of calculating the monthly amount he could pay in LFOs. See majority at 13
(citing State v. Eaton, 323 Mont. 287,293, 99 P.3d 661 (2004)). But another state court
has held that Social Security benefits "may be considered" by a trial court in determining
a defendant's total financial picture and his ability to pay restitution. Kays v. State, 963
N.E.2d 507, 510-11 (Ind. 2012). Further, consistent with the notion that consideration of
Social Security monies is not prohibited when assessing a person's total financial picture
and ability to pay LFOs, another state court has held that "social security benefits that are
reasonably traceable retain their exemption even if they are commingled with other
nonexempt funds in the same bank account," In re Estate ofMerritt, 272 Ill. App. 3d
1017, 1021, 651 N.E.2d 680 (1995); and at least one federal district court has
aclmowledged that there is case law support for the proposition that nonexempt funds,
even if commingled with Social Security benefit monies, are not protected from levy or
attachment. See Smith v. Accenture US. Grp. Long-Term Disability Ins. Plan, No. 05 C
5942, 2006 WL 2644957 at *4 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 13, 2006) (court order) (citing Merritt and
Dionne v. Bouley, 757 F.2d 1344 (1st Cir. 1985)).
As can be seen, the reach of federal protections for Social Security disability
benefits and how such protections may affect the trial court's calculation affecting
availability ofnonprotected funds is debatable, and, as noted, we need not resolve such
2 No. 92594-1 Madsen, C.J., concurring
issues to decide this case. Because the majority's discussion in Part 3 approves an
expansive reading of federal protection for Social Security benefits that is questionable
and may yield unintended consequences in a future case, and is not necessary to resolve
the present case, I do not support Part 3 of the majority opinion.
With these observations, I concur.
3 No. 92594-1 Madsen, C.J., concurring