JUDGE BENNETT
delivered the opinion of the court.
By agreement these two appeals, the first from the Louisville Chancery Court and the second from the Louisville Law and Equity Court, are to be heard together. We will dispose of them by one opinion in the order in which they stand.
The appellees allege in their petition that on the 22d of November, 1883, they made a contract, in [293]*293writing, with the appellant, the city of Louisville, by which appellees agreed to promptly remove from the streets, public and private, public places, and commons and uninclosed lots, in said city, the carcasses of all dead animals, free of cost, expense or liability whatever of said city, or the owners of such animals, and properly inter them on their own premises before creating a nuisance, and to save harmless the city from any liability on account of any nuisance. In consideration whereof, the city granted to appellees the exclusive right, to the use of its public streets, etc., to remove the carcasses of all dead animals from the public and private streets, alleys, public places and commons of said city, for the term of one year, with the privilege to appellees to continue said contract for five years; that by equipping themselves, at large expense, with horses, wagons and machinery, they have complied with the terms of said contract to the letter; that, at the expiration of the first year of their term, they availed themselves of the privilege granted to them in said contract, and renewed it with the city for five years ; that before the expiration of their contract with the city, it, in disregard of appellees’ right under said contract, proposed to let out and sell to the highest bidder the privileges of appellees under said contract. They asked for and obtained an injunction restraining appellant from letting or selling said privilege to the highest bidder.
The appellant filed a motion in the lower court to dissolve the injunction; also a demurrer to the petition; and both having been overruled by the court, and the appellant declining to plead further, the injunction [294]*294was perpetuated; from which judgment the appellant appeals to this court.
It is contended in behalf of appellant, that as the removal of dead animal carcasses from the city, and the disposal of them, is one of the police powers of the city, necessary to be exercised at all times to preserve the public health, comfort and cleanliness of the city, she has no legal power to limit or surrender its control by contract over that subject or kindred ones beyond her recall at pleasure.
The State has never surrendered its power, some times called its police power, but more properly its sovereign power, by which it controls, through its municipalities and other agencies within certain limits, every thing within its territorial limits relating to the welfare of its people. In the exercise of that power it creates and controls educational and charitable institutions, and provides for the establishment of public highways, canals, wharves, ferries, and also the public health, public morals, and public safety, and almost numberless other things.
These powers she has and exercises in absolute right, except as limited by the Federal Constitution, or by ber own fundamental law.
She may also, in the exercise of her powers, grant exclusive separate public privileges in consideration of public services.” She may also grant special or private privileges to certain individuals, provided the rights of others are not affected by it.
She has the right to confer upon cities and towns, as integral parts of the State, the exercise of such of these powers as may be deemed necessary, prudent or expe-. dient for their local welfare and comfort.
[295]*295She may also grant many exclusive privileges to persons and corporations; also relinquish many of her powers. She may also recall them at pleasure, except • when the person to whom the grant is made proposes to render a public service in consideration thereof; or in case of the grant of a special private- privilege, the person to whom the grant is made proposes, in consideration thereof, to engage in some enterprise that he would not or could not have otherwise done, then such grants of privileges, public and private, become contracts for a sufficient consideration, and can not be impaired by any subsequent act of the State.
The power to protect, through her cities and towns, and other public agencies, the public health, the public morals and the public safety, can not be relinquished or surrendered; for the government is bottomed upon the fundamental principle of the promotion of the peace, safety, happiness and .security of its citizens. Therefore, any surrender of its power to protect the public health, the public morals, the public peace, the public safety of the citizen, would violate this fundamental principle, and tend to revolution and anarchy. The power, therefore, can not be surrendered.
The State, however, and its municipalities intrusted with the execution of this power, may provide the means of protecting the public health. It is its duty to do so, and any means may be adopted that will effect the end, such as employing competent and trusty persons to take the matter in charge under the supervision and control of the State or city.
Here, the appellant did not surrender, her right to the control of the public health of the city in the re[296]*296moval of dead animal carcasses. She exercised that right, as her admissions show, in an efficient and prudent manner. She contracted with appellee, for a sufficient consideration, that he, for the period of five years, should have the exclusive privilege of performing that duty for her and on her. behalf. This he did faithfully and efficiently. There existed no cause of complaint on the part of the city. Appellee kept the city promptly cleared of carcasses, and no nuisance was allowed to occur from them. But the city, without just cause or any cause of complaint, capriciously tired of its contract, and proposed to break it.
This she could not do. If appellee had failed to comply with his contract, then the city would have had the right, by ordinance, to recall it, or if it became necessary, in the exercise of the reasonable judgment of the city, to establish new regulations for the removal of carcasses for the purpose of more effectively preventing a nuisance arising from them, she had the right to require the appellee to carry them out under his contract, provided, however, such new regulations were not inconsistent with his essential rights under the contract. Or if it became necessary to recall the contract in toto, in order to prevent a nuisance arising from carcasses in the city, then the city had the right to recall it.
These powers are inherent in the city upon the fundamental principle of necessity and consequent duty of protecting the public health of its citizens, to which it is the duty of its employes to yield. But to allow the city to disregard or recall its contract with its contractors or employes engaged' to [297]*297service by fixed terms, upon its mere caprice, or to gain a pecuniary advantage, would be the exercise of an arbitrary power that does not exist in the land.
In the case of Wible & Willinger v. J. C. Struss & Co.
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JUDGE BENNETT
delivered the opinion of the court.
By agreement these two appeals, the first from the Louisville Chancery Court and the second from the Louisville Law and Equity Court, are to be heard together. We will dispose of them by one opinion in the order in which they stand.
The appellees allege in their petition that on the 22d of November, 1883, they made a contract, in [293]*293writing, with the appellant, the city of Louisville, by which appellees agreed to promptly remove from the streets, public and private, public places, and commons and uninclosed lots, in said city, the carcasses of all dead animals, free of cost, expense or liability whatever of said city, or the owners of such animals, and properly inter them on their own premises before creating a nuisance, and to save harmless the city from any liability on account of any nuisance. In consideration whereof, the city granted to appellees the exclusive right, to the use of its public streets, etc., to remove the carcasses of all dead animals from the public and private streets, alleys, public places and commons of said city, for the term of one year, with the privilege to appellees to continue said contract for five years; that by equipping themselves, at large expense, with horses, wagons and machinery, they have complied with the terms of said contract to the letter; that, at the expiration of the first year of their term, they availed themselves of the privilege granted to them in said contract, and renewed it with the city for five years ; that before the expiration of their contract with the city, it, in disregard of appellees’ right under said contract, proposed to let out and sell to the highest bidder the privileges of appellees under said contract. They asked for and obtained an injunction restraining appellant from letting or selling said privilege to the highest bidder.
The appellant filed a motion in the lower court to dissolve the injunction; also a demurrer to the petition; and both having been overruled by the court, and the appellant declining to plead further, the injunction [294]*294was perpetuated; from which judgment the appellant appeals to this court.
It is contended in behalf of appellant, that as the removal of dead animal carcasses from the city, and the disposal of them, is one of the police powers of the city, necessary to be exercised at all times to preserve the public health, comfort and cleanliness of the city, she has no legal power to limit or surrender its control by contract over that subject or kindred ones beyond her recall at pleasure.
The State has never surrendered its power, some times called its police power, but more properly its sovereign power, by which it controls, through its municipalities and other agencies within certain limits, every thing within its territorial limits relating to the welfare of its people. In the exercise of that power it creates and controls educational and charitable institutions, and provides for the establishment of public highways, canals, wharves, ferries, and also the public health, public morals, and public safety, and almost numberless other things.
These powers she has and exercises in absolute right, except as limited by the Federal Constitution, or by ber own fundamental law.
She may also, in the exercise of her powers, grant exclusive separate public privileges in consideration of public services.” She may also grant special or private privileges to certain individuals, provided the rights of others are not affected by it.
She has the right to confer upon cities and towns, as integral parts of the State, the exercise of such of these powers as may be deemed necessary, prudent or expe-. dient for their local welfare and comfort.
[295]*295She may also grant many exclusive privileges to persons and corporations; also relinquish many of her powers. She may also recall them at pleasure, except • when the person to whom the grant is made proposes to render a public service in consideration thereof; or in case of the grant of a special private- privilege, the person to whom the grant is made proposes, in consideration thereof, to engage in some enterprise that he would not or could not have otherwise done, then such grants of privileges, public and private, become contracts for a sufficient consideration, and can not be impaired by any subsequent act of the State.
The power to protect, through her cities and towns, and other public agencies, the public health, the public morals and the public safety, can not be relinquished or surrendered; for the government is bottomed upon the fundamental principle of the promotion of the peace, safety, happiness and .security of its citizens. Therefore, any surrender of its power to protect the public health, the public morals, the public peace, the public safety of the citizen, would violate this fundamental principle, and tend to revolution and anarchy. The power, therefore, can not be surrendered.
The State, however, and its municipalities intrusted with the execution of this power, may provide the means of protecting the public health. It is its duty to do so, and any means may be adopted that will effect the end, such as employing competent and trusty persons to take the matter in charge under the supervision and control of the State or city.
Here, the appellant did not surrender, her right to the control of the public health of the city in the re[296]*296moval of dead animal carcasses. She exercised that right, as her admissions show, in an efficient and prudent manner. She contracted with appellee, for a sufficient consideration, that he, for the period of five years, should have the exclusive privilege of performing that duty for her and on her. behalf. This he did faithfully and efficiently. There existed no cause of complaint on the part of the city. Appellee kept the city promptly cleared of carcasses, and no nuisance was allowed to occur from them. But the city, without just cause or any cause of complaint, capriciously tired of its contract, and proposed to break it.
This she could not do. If appellee had failed to comply with his contract, then the city would have had the right, by ordinance, to recall it, or if it became necessary, in the exercise of the reasonable judgment of the city, to establish new regulations for the removal of carcasses for the purpose of more effectively preventing a nuisance arising from them, she had the right to require the appellee to carry them out under his contract, provided, however, such new regulations were not inconsistent with his essential rights under the contract. Or if it became necessary to recall the contract in toto, in order to prevent a nuisance arising from carcasses in the city, then the city had the right to recall it.
These powers are inherent in the city upon the fundamental principle of necessity and consequent duty of protecting the public health of its citizens, to which it is the duty of its employes to yield. But to allow the city to disregard or recall its contract with its contractors or employes engaged' to [297]*297service by fixed terms, upon its mere caprice, or to gain a pecuniary advantage, would be the exercise of an arbitrary power that does not exist in the land.
In the case of Wible & Willinger v. J. C. Struss & Co. the record shows that appellees were in the habit of buying the carcasses of dead animals in the city from their owners, and hauling them out of the city along its streets, and using them for their own benefit. The appellants complain of this as a violation of their exclusive contract rights with the city. The appellees contend, that as the owners of these - dead animal carcasses have the right to haul them out of the city along its streets, they have the right to purchase the carcasses for their own benefit from the owners, and haul them out of the city along its streets also.
The privilege of the owners of dead .animal carcasses to haul them out of the city along its streets is a personal privilege, which can not be transferred to others, in view of the city ordinance, as a general business enterprise.
Also, for a person to buy up all the dead animal carcasses in the city from their owners, and then claim the right to haul them out of the city along its streets upon the pretense that they belonged to him, would be a clear evasion of the city ordinance.
Also, the appellant having contracted with the city to remove all the carcasses of dead animals in the city, and keep the city free of any nuisance arising therefrom, to allow appellees to exercise the right to haul them out along the streets and control them, would not only violate the appellee’s exclusive privileges under his [298]*298contract with the city, which the city had the right to make, but might make him responsible in damages to the city on account of any nuisance arising from the dead animal carcasses hauled and controlled by appellees on account of any unskillful or negligent conduct of theirs.
We are of the opinion, for the foregoing reasons, that the lower court, in the case of Wible & Willinger v. The City of Louisville, did right in perpetuating the injunction against the city.
We think, in the case of Wible & Willinger v. J. C. Struss, &c., that the court erred .in modifying the injunction against J. C. Struss & Co. so as to allow them to haul the carcasses along the streets which they had purchased from others.
Wherefore^, the judgment of the Louisville Chancery Court is affirmed, and the judgment of the Louisville Law & Equity Court is reversed, in so far as it modified Wible & Willinger s injunction against J. C. Struss & Co., with directions to perpetuate said injunction according to the prayer of the petition.-