JUDGE PETERS
delivered the opinion op the court:
This controversy, being a real one, was presented to the Louisville chancery court, having jurisdiction of the subject, upon facts agreed, which will be hereafter set out at some length, in order that the questions involved may be distinctly presented and separately disposed of. The facts, as agreed, are substantially to the following effect:
Dennis, who was plaintiff below, graded, curbed, paved, and macadamized the unpaved portion of Lytle street, from Sixteenth to Seventeenth streets, in accordance with the terms and stipulations of a contract therefor, entered into between him and the city, by its mayor, and which was subsequently approved by a resolution of the general council of the city. Said contract was made in pursuance of a special ordinance, filed as an exhibit “ B,” which had been duly passed by each board of council of the city, by a vote of two thirds of the members elect, taken by yeas and nays, and recorded on the journals.
The contract for said improvement constitutes a part of the agreement, and is referred to as exhibit “A,” as does also exhibit “C.”
Exhibit “ D ” is the copy of an ordinance of the city, adopted June 18, 1859, the 10th section of which requires contractors to beep their work in repair six months after its reception by the general council; and that said section has formed a part of all contracts with the city for street paving, otherwise than with boulders or the Nicholson pavements, whether ordered to be done at the expense of the city or property owners; and although said ordinance was repealed June 27, 1864, the 10th section was retained.
That since 1853, when boulder pavements were first made in the city, all contracts therefor contained the following provision:
[517]*517<iAU streets to be kept in repair by the contractor, at his own expense, for one year after completion, and after they are received by the general council.”
That streets have been bouldered in the city, some at the costs of the city, and others at the costs of the owners of property fronting them; and the contracts were the same in all cases concerning said repairs.
That all the property on both sides of Lytle street, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets, fronting the improvements, which are the subject of this controversy, was owned, by the defendant Isham Henderson, and one Dupont, when the contracts for the same were made, and still belongs to them.
That the affidavits of the persons named in the agreement, who are street contractors in said city, are to be read as evidence in the case, if the same are relevant and competent, they having been excepted to by Henderson on those grounds. And that either party might read as evidence certified copies of any ordinance of the city desired to be so read.
It was further agreed that Henderson owned forty feet of ground, fronting on both sides of said improvements, and that apportionment warrants have been issued against him, in favor of plaintiff, for two hundred and twenty-four dollars and fifty-six cents, the correct amount for the cost of said improvements, and which he must pay, if liable at all.
The judgment and decision of the court were asked on the following questions presented by the parties as arising on said agreed facts:
1. By his contract with the city for said improvement, Dennis is bound not to sue the city until it shall be finally adjudged that Henderson is not liable for the cost of improvements in front of his property. Did that stipu[518]*518lation exempt Henderson from the payment of the sum assessed against him?
2. The contractor was required to procure, at his own expense, the names of the owners of grounds fronting said improvements, and the grounds adjacent to each. Did that exempt him?
3. The contractor is required to keep his work in repair for six months after its reception by the general council. Did that stipulation exempt him?
4. If for any of these causes the city is made liable for the cost of said improvements, has it not a right to remove the materials?
On final hearing, the court below adjudged, as to the first question submitted, that the condition in the contract, that the contractors should not sue the city until it was finally adjudged that the owner of property fronting the improvement was not liable, was a void stipulation, not injurious nor prejudicial to said lot-owners, and therefore not available to exempt them from liability; and in that conclusion we concur.
It is to the interest of the country, as well as to the parties concerned, that a determination of controversies should be had as speedily as is consistent with the rights of those concerned, and without needlessly and vexatiously multiplying suits. In order to effectuate that purpose, it is the duty of the court, before whom a controversy is depending, to order all persons interested to be brought before it, although an agreement or stipulation might have been made by them such as is found in the contract now under consideration; and hence, the 40th section of the Civil Code was adopted.
That the city and the owners of property fronting streets improved may be sued in the same action, and that it is the proper mode of proceeding, was settled by [519]*519this court in White vs. City of Louisville, &C., MS. Opinion, June, 1863.
We also concur in opinion with the court below in the determination of the second question submitted for adjudication. The stipulation that the contractor shall ascertain and furnish the names of the owners of grounds fronting and adjacent to the improvements, is not prohibited by the charter $ it is an incident to the work to be done; and the contingency that it may or may not increase the cost of the improvement, is too remote and uncertain to affect such contracts; besides, the city has an unquestioned right to make the improvements of the streets, under its charter, at the cost of the owners fronting the same. To carry out that power, it is necessary to ascertain who these owners are; and even if the ascertainment of that fact did enhance the cost of said improvement, or cause contractors to charge therefor when required to do it, that additional charge might be properly considered a part of the costs of the improvements. As to the third question submitted, the court below erred.
It is true, that by section 6, of article 7, of the city charter, it is provided, that the city shall keep in repair any street which it has caused to be improved at the cost of lot-owners; and the chancellor held that the stipulation in the contract, that the contractor should keep the street in repair for six months after his work was accepted by the council, was a violation of this section and article of the charter, and therefore discharged the appellee, Henderson, from liability for the cost of the improvement fronting his property. That stipulation, as we understand it, means that the contractor is only bound to make good such portions of his work as might [520]*520prove to be defectively done, and which repairs would not be necessary, and never required, when he has completed his work according to his contract.
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JUDGE PETERS
delivered the opinion op the court:
This controversy, being a real one, was presented to the Louisville chancery court, having jurisdiction of the subject, upon facts agreed, which will be hereafter set out at some length, in order that the questions involved may be distinctly presented and separately disposed of. The facts, as agreed, are substantially to the following effect:
Dennis, who was plaintiff below, graded, curbed, paved, and macadamized the unpaved portion of Lytle street, from Sixteenth to Seventeenth streets, in accordance with the terms and stipulations of a contract therefor, entered into between him and the city, by its mayor, and which was subsequently approved by a resolution of the general council of the city. Said contract was made in pursuance of a special ordinance, filed as an exhibit “ B,” which had been duly passed by each board of council of the city, by a vote of two thirds of the members elect, taken by yeas and nays, and recorded on the journals.
The contract for said improvement constitutes a part of the agreement, and is referred to as exhibit “A,” as does also exhibit “C.”
Exhibit “ D ” is the copy of an ordinance of the city, adopted June 18, 1859, the 10th section of which requires contractors to beep their work in repair six months after its reception by the general council; and that said section has formed a part of all contracts with the city for street paving, otherwise than with boulders or the Nicholson pavements, whether ordered to be done at the expense of the city or property owners; and although said ordinance was repealed June 27, 1864, the 10th section was retained.
That since 1853, when boulder pavements were first made in the city, all contracts therefor contained the following provision:
[517]*517<iAU streets to be kept in repair by the contractor, at his own expense, for one year after completion, and after they are received by the general council.”
That streets have been bouldered in the city, some at the costs of the city, and others at the costs of the owners of property fronting them; and the contracts were the same in all cases concerning said repairs.
That all the property on both sides of Lytle street, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets, fronting the improvements, which are the subject of this controversy, was owned, by the defendant Isham Henderson, and one Dupont, when the contracts for the same were made, and still belongs to them.
That the affidavits of the persons named in the agreement, who are street contractors in said city, are to be read as evidence in the case, if the same are relevant and competent, they having been excepted to by Henderson on those grounds. And that either party might read as evidence certified copies of any ordinance of the city desired to be so read.
It was further agreed that Henderson owned forty feet of ground, fronting on both sides of said improvements, and that apportionment warrants have been issued against him, in favor of plaintiff, for two hundred and twenty-four dollars and fifty-six cents, the correct amount for the cost of said improvements, and which he must pay, if liable at all.
The judgment and decision of the court were asked on the following questions presented by the parties as arising on said agreed facts:
1. By his contract with the city for said improvement, Dennis is bound not to sue the city until it shall be finally adjudged that Henderson is not liable for the cost of improvements in front of his property. Did that stipu[518]*518lation exempt Henderson from the payment of the sum assessed against him?
2. The contractor was required to procure, at his own expense, the names of the owners of grounds fronting said improvements, and the grounds adjacent to each. Did that exempt him?
3. The contractor is required to keep his work in repair for six months after its reception by the general council. Did that stipulation exempt him?
4. If for any of these causes the city is made liable for the cost of said improvements, has it not a right to remove the materials?
On final hearing, the court below adjudged, as to the first question submitted, that the condition in the contract, that the contractors should not sue the city until it was finally adjudged that the owner of property fronting the improvement was not liable, was a void stipulation, not injurious nor prejudicial to said lot-owners, and therefore not available to exempt them from liability; and in that conclusion we concur.
It is to the interest of the country, as well as to the parties concerned, that a determination of controversies should be had as speedily as is consistent with the rights of those concerned, and without needlessly and vexatiously multiplying suits. In order to effectuate that purpose, it is the duty of the court, before whom a controversy is depending, to order all persons interested to be brought before it, although an agreement or stipulation might have been made by them such as is found in the contract now under consideration; and hence, the 40th section of the Civil Code was adopted.
That the city and the owners of property fronting streets improved may be sued in the same action, and that it is the proper mode of proceeding, was settled by [519]*519this court in White vs. City of Louisville, &C., MS. Opinion, June, 1863.
We also concur in opinion with the court below in the determination of the second question submitted for adjudication. The stipulation that the contractor shall ascertain and furnish the names of the owners of grounds fronting and adjacent to the improvements, is not prohibited by the charter $ it is an incident to the work to be done; and the contingency that it may or may not increase the cost of the improvement, is too remote and uncertain to affect such contracts; besides, the city has an unquestioned right to make the improvements of the streets, under its charter, at the cost of the owners fronting the same. To carry out that power, it is necessary to ascertain who these owners are; and even if the ascertainment of that fact did enhance the cost of said improvement, or cause contractors to charge therefor when required to do it, that additional charge might be properly considered a part of the costs of the improvements. As to the third question submitted, the court below erred.
It is true, that by section 6, of article 7, of the city charter, it is provided, that the city shall keep in repair any street which it has caused to be improved at the cost of lot-owners; and the chancellor held that the stipulation in the contract, that the contractor should keep the street in repair for six months after his work was accepted by the council, was a violation of this section and article of the charter, and therefore discharged the appellee, Henderson, from liability for the cost of the improvement fronting his property. That stipulation, as we understand it, means that the contractor is only bound to make good such portions of his work as might [520]*520prove to be defectively done, and which repairs would not be necessary, and never required, when he has completed his work according to his contract.
That during the space of six months defective work will, by the use of the street, be developed ; and where such developments are made, the contractor shall repair. This construction seems to be the proper one, from the terms used, and from the subject-matter to which they relate, and the connection in wdfich the stipulation is found. The subject is the improvement of streets; the thing stipulated is, that “ the work ” — his work — on the street, he wall keep in repair — not all injuries to the street which may result from other causes than defects in his work; and this construction is fortified and sustained by the fact, that it has been the custom of the city to make similar stipulations in such contracts for over ten years, and they have been acquiesced in by owners of lots during the whole of that time; as we are not aware that the question has been made before, and have been referred to no case in which a property-owner has been exempted from liability for improvements on that ground, although the owners of property have been diligent to seek out and urge many and various reasons why they should not be held liable for such improvements, and have often succeeded.
We conclude, therefore, that the last-named stipulation furnished no sufficient reason for exempting appellee, Henderson, from the payment of the amount assessed against him for the improvement in front of his property. This conclusion renders the determination of other questions debated unnecessary; and as they are not necessarily before us, any determination of them would be merely obiter dicta.
[521]*521For the reasons herein .stated, however, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded, with directions to render judgment for the amount assessed against appellee, Henderson, as set forth in the agreement of facts, and for further proceedings consistent herewith.