Opinion op the court by-
JUDGE PAYNTER
Reversing.
The appellees are the proprietors of a feed, livery and sale stable. By proper ordinances enacted pursuant to the charter of cities pf the second class a license or occupation tax was imposed upon the proprietors of livery stables, which is graduated by the number and character of vehicles used for hire in the conduct of business. The ordinances were adopted for the purpose of raising a revenue, but no provision was made for collecting it by a summary way or by suit. This action was instituted to recover amounts due from appellees as in case of debt. On demurrer the court dismissed the petition; hence the question here for determination is, can such an action be maintained?
Before entering into discussion of the question, it is well to say that the court is confronted with the claim that its opinions on the question are in conflict, not only as to conclusions, but as to the reasons given in support of them. A careful examination of the opinions leads the court to concede that the claim in some degree is true. It is of the greatest importance that the opinions of this court should be in harmony one with another, not only that persons who have controversies may know their legal rights, so that they can be settled without resort tó courts, but that the administration of justice may be had in so far as it is possible under settled [224]*224rules of laAv. It is especially important that this should be so in the matter of the imposition of public burden® and the method of their enforcement. In view of the conflict in the opinions of the court on the question under consideration, a brief review of them is necessary, so that the court may the more clearly state its conclusions and the rule that is to be observed hereafter.
By an act of the Legislature, the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company was inquired to pay to the city of Louisville 50 cents on each $100 of its capital stock, and, as. the capital stock was $100,000, the tax amounted to $500 annually. By a subsequent act the board, of trustees of the town of Portland were empowered to collect' and receive $200 of the annual tax to be laid upon the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company and the city of Louisville $300 of it. The trastees of Portland brought suit against the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company for their part of the tax, and the question was made that the action could not be maintained. This court, in Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company v. Trustees of Portland, 12 B. Mon., 81, held the action could be maintained, although a more summary remedy was provided by law for the collection of the tax.
In Johnson v. Louisville, 11 Bush, 527, 538, the court had under consideration the question as to whether a suit for a tax could be maintained when the charter of the city of Louisville had provided a full and adequate remedy for the collection of the tax, and, while the court held that the judgment was not void which liad been rendered for the tax, it also held that, as there was a full and adequate remedy provided by law for its collection, it was exclusive. In conclusion the court said: “We are well satisfied that upon principle such suits can not be maintained, and that sound public policy demands that the courts should not sustain them, ex-[225]*225c-ept in those cases where the prescribed model of enforcing payment would be ineffectual.”
It was claimed that the property of the Louisville Water Company should pay taxes. The company denied its liability therefor. The sheriff was proceeding to' enforce payment, and the water company enjoined the collection of the taxes. In passing upon the question in Louisville Water Company v. Hamilton, 81 Ky., 523, 5 R., 557, the court decided that the water company was liable for the taxes, but that, as it was performing a public service, its property could not be seized and sold by the sheriff for the taxes. It was also held that, as the court had been applied to for “some sort” of relief by the water company., it should have taken cognizance of the case, and required it to pay the money into, court, etc.
In Greer v. City of Covington, 83 Ky. 410, 7 R. 419, 2 S. W., 323, the court Sustained the right to maintain an action to recover taxes, because the statute provided for such an action in addition to the right of the tax collector to seize and sell property for them. It also decided that such an act was not in violation of the Constitution.
In Baldwin v. Hewitt, Auditor, 88 Ky., 680, 11 R., 99, 11 S. W., 803, the court held that a suit for taxes could not be maintained without express legislative authority, upon the theory that the collect:on of taxes was not an inherent power of the judiciary; that to allow such an action would destroy the theory of government as to the distribution of powers; and, further, -because the Legislature had given the right to sue railroad companies for taxes, there was implied “a legislative opinion that in its absence no such suit could be maintained.”
In the case of Louisville Water Company v. Commonwealth, 89 Ky., 248, 11 R., 414, 12 S. W., 300, 6 L. R. A., 69, the Com[226]*226monwealth sought to recover taxes, and the court held that the action could not be maintained because there was no express statute authorizing it.
In Clark, Sheriff, v. Louisville Water Company, 90 Ky. 524, 12 R., 309, 14 S. W., 502, it appeared that the sheriff had seized, and was going to sell, the property of the water company for taxes, and it enjoined the sheriff from doing so. The court held it was liable therefor, and adjudged that, as it had come into court asking equitable relief, the court should take charge of its property and compel it to pay the tax.
In City of Covington v. District of Highlands of Campbell County, 113 Ky., 612, 68 S. W., 669, 24 Ky. Law Rep., 433, the appellee instituted an action against the city of Covington to recover the tax due it, and the court sustained! the action, although there was no express authority for it.
A careful examination of the cases to which reference has been made shows that the court in the cases of the Portland Dry Dock Insurance Company v. Trustees of Portland, and City of Covington v. District of Highlands of Campbell County, held that actions to recover taxes, although there was- no express legislation authorizing it, could be maintained. The-case of Johnson v. Louisville recognized that such an action could be maintained if the remedy provided by law for their collection was not full and adequate. In Louisville Water Company v. Hamilton the court certainly recognized that an action could be maintained to recover without any express' statute authorizing it, or it would not have held that, as the water company had sought relief in the court against their collection, the court should have enforced their payment. The fact that the water company sought relief against the collection of taxes did not confer upon the court the jurisdiction to enforce their collection. Such a proceeding might authorize the court to hold that it would exercise a jurisdiction which [227]*227it had to determine liabilities for taxes and enforce them, but it could not confer a jurisdiction not existing under the law. If the court had intended to so hold, it would have assumed a most untenable and illogical position. It held that the sheriff had no authority to seize and sell the property of the water company, and that the injunction was properly obtained.
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Opinion op the court by-
JUDGE PAYNTER
Reversing.
The appellees are the proprietors of a feed, livery and sale stable. By proper ordinances enacted pursuant to the charter of cities pf the second class a license or occupation tax was imposed upon the proprietors of livery stables, which is graduated by the number and character of vehicles used for hire in the conduct of business. The ordinances were adopted for the purpose of raising a revenue, but no provision was made for collecting it by a summary way or by suit. This action was instituted to recover amounts due from appellees as in case of debt. On demurrer the court dismissed the petition; hence the question here for determination is, can such an action be maintained?
Before entering into discussion of the question, it is well to say that the court is confronted with the claim that its opinions on the question are in conflict, not only as to conclusions, but as to the reasons given in support of them. A careful examination of the opinions leads the court to concede that the claim in some degree is true. It is of the greatest importance that the opinions of this court should be in harmony one with another, not only that persons who have controversies may know their legal rights, so that they can be settled without resort tó courts, but that the administration of justice may be had in so far as it is possible under settled [224]*224rules of laAv. It is especially important that this should be so in the matter of the imposition of public burden® and the method of their enforcement. In view of the conflict in the opinions of the court on the question under consideration, a brief review of them is necessary, so that the court may the more clearly state its conclusions and the rule that is to be observed hereafter.
By an act of the Legislature, the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company was inquired to pay to the city of Louisville 50 cents on each $100 of its capital stock, and, as. the capital stock was $100,000, the tax amounted to $500 annually. By a subsequent act the board, of trustees of the town of Portland were empowered to collect' and receive $200 of the annual tax to be laid upon the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company and the city of Louisville $300 of it. The trastees of Portland brought suit against the Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company for their part of the tax, and the question was made that the action could not be maintained. This court, in Portland Dry Dock & Insurance Company v. Trustees of Portland, 12 B. Mon., 81, held the action could be maintained, although a more summary remedy was provided by law for the collection of the tax.
In Johnson v. Louisville, 11 Bush, 527, 538, the court had under consideration the question as to whether a suit for a tax could be maintained when the charter of the city of Louisville had provided a full and adequate remedy for the collection of the tax, and, while the court held that the judgment was not void which liad been rendered for the tax, it also held that, as there was a full and adequate remedy provided by law for its collection, it was exclusive. In conclusion the court said: “We are well satisfied that upon principle such suits can not be maintained, and that sound public policy demands that the courts should not sustain them, ex-[225]*225c-ept in those cases where the prescribed model of enforcing payment would be ineffectual.”
It was claimed that the property of the Louisville Water Company should pay taxes. The company denied its liability therefor. The sheriff was proceeding to' enforce payment, and the water company enjoined the collection of the taxes. In passing upon the question in Louisville Water Company v. Hamilton, 81 Ky., 523, 5 R., 557, the court decided that the water company was liable for the taxes, but that, as it was performing a public service, its property could not be seized and sold by the sheriff for the taxes. It was also held that, as the court had been applied to for “some sort” of relief by the water company., it should have taken cognizance of the case, and required it to pay the money into, court, etc.
In Greer v. City of Covington, 83 Ky. 410, 7 R. 419, 2 S. W., 323, the court Sustained the right to maintain an action to recover taxes, because the statute provided for such an action in addition to the right of the tax collector to seize and sell property for them. It also decided that such an act was not in violation of the Constitution.
In Baldwin v. Hewitt, Auditor, 88 Ky., 680, 11 R., 99, 11 S. W., 803, the court held that a suit for taxes could not be maintained without express legislative authority, upon the theory that the collect:on of taxes was not an inherent power of the judiciary; that to allow such an action would destroy the theory of government as to the distribution of powers; and, further, -because the Legislature had given the right to sue railroad companies for taxes, there was implied “a legislative opinion that in its absence no such suit could be maintained.”
In the case of Louisville Water Company v. Commonwealth, 89 Ky., 248, 11 R., 414, 12 S. W., 300, 6 L. R. A., 69, the Com[226]*226monwealth sought to recover taxes, and the court held that the action could not be maintained because there was no express statute authorizing it.
In Clark, Sheriff, v. Louisville Water Company, 90 Ky. 524, 12 R., 309, 14 S. W., 502, it appeared that the sheriff had seized, and was going to sell, the property of the water company for taxes, and it enjoined the sheriff from doing so. The court held it was liable therefor, and adjudged that, as it had come into court asking equitable relief, the court should take charge of its property and compel it to pay the tax.
In City of Covington v. District of Highlands of Campbell County, 113 Ky., 612, 68 S. W., 669, 24 Ky. Law Rep., 433, the appellee instituted an action against the city of Covington to recover the tax due it, and the court sustained! the action, although there was no express authority for it.
A careful examination of the cases to which reference has been made shows that the court in the cases of the Portland Dry Dock Insurance Company v. Trustees of Portland, and City of Covington v. District of Highlands of Campbell County, held that actions to recover taxes, although there was- no express legislation authorizing it, could be maintained. The-case of Johnson v. Louisville recognized that such an action could be maintained if the remedy provided by law for their collection was not full and adequate. In Louisville Water Company v. Hamilton the court certainly recognized that an action could be maintained to recover without any express' statute authorizing it, or it would not have held that, as the water company had sought relief in the court against their collection, the court should have enforced their payment. The fact that the water company sought relief against the collection of taxes did not confer upon the court the jurisdiction to enforce their collection. Such a proceeding might authorize the court to hold that it would exercise a jurisdiction which [227]*227it had to determine liabilities for taxes and enforce them, but it could not confer a jurisdiction not existing under the law. If the court had intended to so hold, it would have assumed a most untenable and illogical position. It held that the sheriff had no authority to seize and sell the property of the water company, and that the injunction was properly obtained. If it had proceeded to hold that no action could be maintained for the taxes, because there was no statute expressly authorizing it, it would have followed that the court should not have enforced the payment of taxes through the instrumentality of a receiver. Certainly, the court could not consistently hold that an action could not be maintained by the authority to which the tax was due, and then, in an action rightfully brought by the taxpayer to prevent the sale of his property for the tax, hold that the taxing authority might enforce the collection of the tax. If the law does not authorize the taxing authority to maintain a direct action to recover taxes, it certainly does not do so in an action brought by the taxpayer. If the reasoning of the court is correct in Baldwin v. Hewitt, Auditor, and Louisville Water Company v. Commonwealth, that.an action can not be maintained in the absence of express authority, because it would be destructive of our theory of government as to the distribution of power, the same reasoning should prevent the court from enforcing the collection of taxes in an action by the taxing authority or in one by the taxpayer. If the reasoning be sound, it would be a usurpation, of authority and the exercise of a jurisdiction which did not exist,, the same in the one as in the other case. It would be wholly immaterial who began the proceeding or as to the form of action, for the objection does not stick in the bark; it denies the authority of the courts at law or in equity to enforce the payment of taxes in the absence of express authority. Clark, Sheriff, v. [228]*228Louisville Water Company followed Louisville Water Company v. Hamilton. Thus it will be seen that there are two cases expressly holding that the action may be maintained', and one which concedes that it can be done, and two which logically lead to the same conclusion. On the other hand, the cases of Baldwin v. Hewitt, Auditor, Louisville Water Company v. Commonwealth, and the dictum in Greer v. City of Covington, are to the effect that such actions can not be maintained.- There is another line of cases bearing upon the question, to which reference will hereafter be made, but we do not think they are in point or in -conflict with any of the cases discussed.
In Baldwin v. Hewitt, Auditor, and Louisville Water Company v. Commonwealth, the court gave as one of the reasons for holding that the action could not be maintained, that the act authorizing suits against railroads- for taxes implied “a legislative opinion that in its absence no such suit could be maintained.” After further consideration, we are of the opinion that, instead of its creating impliedly a “legislative opinion” that such actions could not be maintained without express legislative authority, it manifests a legislative judgment that it was not wise to seize and sell railroad property for taxes by summary process, owing to the nature of the property and the public service it performed, but that it should be done by a proceeding in court. The Legislature intended that the remedy by suit should be exlelusive, as the summary remedy is intended to be in some other instances. Another reason which the court gave for its conclusion, to-wit, that to allow such actions would be destructive of our theory of government as to the distribution of its powers, is not a satisfactory one. Taxation is a political matter. The legislative department must alone determine the necessity for the imposition of a tax, and fix the rate, prescribe the [229]*229method of assessment, and regulate the manner in which payment shall he enforced. With these things the judicial and executive branches have nothing to do. The Legislature may provide that the collection of taxes may be by collecting officers, by a summary proceeding, or by the judiciary. We have not found that the courts of the country have held that, when, without express legislative authority, a court takes jurisdiction and gives a judgment for tax! due by a citizen, it has been guilty of exceeding the limit of judicial function, or has invaded the province of the executive department of government. From the very necessity of the case it requires .the power of the executive department and the strong arm of the courts to effectually enforce the collection of taxes- imposed by legislative authority for the support of the government. The question which has perplexed the courts in suits for taxes is not whether the assumption of jurisdiction was a usurpation of the function of other departments, but to ascertáin the legislative will with reference thereto. Some courts hold that, unless there is an express legislative authority for the suit, they will not sustain it. Others hold that where a tax is imposed, and no remedy is provided for its collection, there is an implied authority for the courts to exercise: jurisdiction in the matter. So it is not a question of destroying “our theory ■of government in the distribution of its powers,” but of legislative intent, for the executive department of government has no more authority to collect taxes without legislative .authority than has the judiciary; hence, if one is given the authority to collect taxes to the exclusion of the other, it ■can not be said there is a usurpation of authority in the execution of the legislative will. If express and exclusive authority was conferred upon the executive department or the judiciary -to collect a tax, and the unauthorized one [230]*230should proceed to do so, then there would be a disregard of the legislative will and a reprehensible effort to usurp authority which would tend to the destruction of our theory of government — that one department should not invade the constitutional, or legal limits of another department of government. Should the court take jurisdiction of an action for taxes as in debt, when there is no act of the Legislature in terms conferring it? To put the question in a different form, can an intention to confer such jurisdiction on the courts be inferred? We answer in the affirmative. In doing so it must be conceded that the Legislature has the authority to confer such jurisdiction, and the decisions of this court uphold such legislation. The court also recognizes the rule of this court to be that, when the Legislature has prescribed a full and adequate remedy for the collection of taxes, the authority to resort to any other remedy for their collection is denied. When the Legislature has enacted a law imposing a tax, or authorized an authority to impose one, and it has been done, a liability has been created on the taxpayer which he must discharge. If no summary method is provided to enforce its payment, then, unless the court can do so, a tax has been imposed and a liability created by law, and the State, county, or municipality is without means of enforcing its satisfaction. To so hold is attributing to the Legislature fncompetfeney or gross neglect in the enactment of laws. When the Legislature enacts a law imposing a tax, the presumption is that it intended that it should be collected. If it does not provide another method of collection, the presumption should be indulged that it knew that the courts were open to enforce liabilities created by contract or by law, and that the remedy by suit afforded by the common law would be ample.
In Dillon on Municipal Corporations (4th Ed.), section [231]*231818, it is said: “If the charter gives the power to impose taxes, hut is silent respecting the method for their recovery, the corporation may enforce them or provide by ordinance for their enforcement by due course of judicial proceedings. In such a case the authority to collect by suit is clearly implied, being necessary in order to make the power to tax available.” Cooley on Taxation (3rd Ed.), p. 836, says “Sometimes the implication of an intent to give a remedy by suit may be strong as to be conclusive; as whtere the statute provides for a tax, but is silent as to the method of collection.”
Where no adequate remedy is provided for the collection of a tax, the right to do so is implied. There is an ordinance of the city of Lexington which imposes a penalty for failing to take out a license. The payment of the fine does not discharge the claim for the license tax. If it can be said to be a remedy for the collection of the tax, it is inadequate. The case of McLean County Precinct v. Deposit Bank of Owensboro, 81 Ky., 254, 5 R., 97, is not opposed to the conclusion we have reached. The law which the court was called upon to construe conferred jurisdiction upon the county judge to appoint a tax collector, and, held that as the Legislature had control over the matter, and chose to confer the authority upon the county judge to make the appointment, the judiciary should not interfere. The case of Grand Rapids School Furniture Co. v. Trustees School District No. 29, Pike County, 102 Ky., 556, 44 S. W., 98, 19 Ky. Law Rep., 1610, is to the same effect. Our conclusion is that the action can be maintained. To the extent cases are in conflict with this opinion they are overruled.
The judgment is reversed for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Chief Justice Burnam dissents from this opinion.