[522]*522DE MUNIZ, J.
Claimant appeals a judgment forfeiting his interest in defendants $23,232.23 in United States currency and a Motorola pager1 following an in rem forfeiture proceeding. We affirm.
On May 10,1991, claimant was stopped in Washington County for speeding. He consented to a pat down and told the officers that he had $23,000 in cash. He was handcuffed and searched, and the police discovered a folded paper that they opened. The paper contained tar heroin. The owner of the car later consented to a search, and the police found a plastic bag with a syringe and spoon.
Plaintiff City of Lake Oswego (City) brought this forfeiture proceeding in May 1991 pursuant to Oregon Laws 1989, chapter 791, as amended by Oregon Laws 1991, chapter 934 (Act).2 Trial was in August 1992, and a judgment of forfeiture was entered in September.
The incident also led to the criminal prosecution of claimant in a separate proceeding. In June 1992, he was convicted of, inter alia, possession of a controlled substance (heroin). Claimant appealed that conviction, challenging the denial of his motion to suppress. We held that his motion should have been allowed. We held that the heroin was illegally seized, and, therefore, that his statements about his use and possession of heroin were tainted by the illegality. State v. Mituniewicz, 125 Or App 41, 864 P2d 1359 (1993). We reversed the conviction for possession and remanded for a new trial.
We first address claimant’s arguments that our ruling in the criminal case requires reversal of the forfeiture here. He argues that a prior determination regarding admissibility in a related criminal proceeding is binding in a forfeiture action, U.S. v. $28,980 in U.S. Currency, 786 F Supp 899, 901 (D Or 1990), and that evidence derived from an illegal search is inadmissible in a forfeiture proceeding. One [523]*523Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania, 380 US 693, 85 S Ct 1246, 14 L Ed 2d 170 (1965). He contends that, without the evidence that was suppressed in the criminal proceeding, City failed to meet its burden in this forfeiture case of proving that there was probable cause to believe that the property was subject to forfeiture.
However, even assuming that claimant is correct, he has waived any objection to admissibility of the evidence here. Claimant stipulated that the finding of facts from the motion to suppress, including that tar heroin was discovered, would be entered in the forfeiture hearing.3
We next address claimant’s assignment that the trial court erred in finding that City proved the allegations of its complaint. City alleged that
“[o]n or about May 11,1991, defendants, $23,232.23 in cash and Motorola pager, were used and/or intended to be used to commit and facilitate the:
“1) possession of heroin, a controlled substance; and/or
“2) delivery of heroin [.]
“On or about May 11, 1991, defendants, $23,232.23 in cash and Motorola pager, were profit and/or proceeds of delivery of heroin, a controlled substance [.]”
Claimant argues that the only evidence was that the currency was to pay for a kilo of cocaine and that City presented “absolutely no evidence” to support its allegations that the currency was used in the possession or delivery of heroin or was profit from the delivery of heroin.
[524]*524At the forfeiture hearing, the arresting officers testified that claimant originally stated that the source of the $23,000 was from an insurance settlement and the 1981 sale of a house, that he had buried the money because he did not trust banks and that he was going to use the money for a down payment on a house. The officers testified that claimant later told them that a kilo of cocaine would cost $23,000 on the market, and, when the officers confronted claimant with the fact that $23,000 was the amount of money he had and that the money appeared not to have been buried, claimant then told them that he was delivering kilos of cocaine, and the money was in payment.
Claimant denied that he had given that information to the police. His testimony was that the money came from the sale of a farm and from a judgment in a personal injury case and that, when he was stopped, he was on his way to give the money to the seller as a down payment on a house.
The trial court did not find claimant’s testimony credible. It found:
“Claimant did obtain a kilo of heroin from some dealer in Wilsonville and transported it to a party in Vancouver, Washington, travelling through Clackamas and Multnomah Counties, and obtained $23,000 plus in exchange for the cocaine and was coming back to Wilsonville to pay that money to the dealer.
* * * *
“[T]he $23,000 that claimant had when he was stopped was from the sale of drugs, whether cocaine or heroin, which claimant was intending to purchase.”
City argues that any variance between the allegation that the money was used to facilitate the sale of heroin and the proof that it was used in the sale of cocaine is not material. City argues that, even though the court’s findings interrelated heroin and cocaine, the court clearly found that the currency constituted profits and proceeds from the sale of controlled substances. It argues that that is the conduct that is prohibited under Section 2(11)4 and that it met its burden.
[525]*525Judicial forfeiture proceedings “shall be governed by the Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure to the extent that they do not conflict with specific provisions of chapter 791, Oregon Laws 1989.” Section 7(4).5 City did not move to amend the pleadings to conform to the evidence. ORCP 23 B. However, under ORCP 12 B,
“[t]he court shall, in every stage of an action, disregard any error or defect in the pleadings or proceedings which does not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party.”
Before enactment of ORCP, a variance was not deemed material unless it was prejudicial to the adverse party. Goad v. Maxwell, 273 Or 553, 556, 542 P2d 488 (1975). The party that asserted prejudice must have been ihisled or denied a fair presentation of its case. Tauscher v. Doernbecher Mfg. Co., 153 Or 152, 158, 56 P2d 318 (1936); Stokes v. Brown, 20 Or 530, 532, 26 P 561 (1891).
The pleadings allege that City’s claim of forfeiture arose from the events that occurred on May 11 and that the claim was brought pursuant to Oregon Laws 1989, chapter 791. Under Section 3(6), items subject to forfeiture include
“[a]ll moneys * * * furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in the course of prohibited conduct, all proceeds of or from prohibited conduct, and all moneys * * * used or intended to be used to facilitate any prohibited conduct[.]”
“Prohibited conduct” includes conduct under ORS 475.992. Section 2(11). ORS 475.992, in turn, makes it a crime to possess, manufacture or deliver either cocaine or heroin.
Claimant has not demonstrated how the variance between pleading and proof was prejudicial to him. He does not argue that the allegation that the drug involved was heroin, instead of cocaine, misled him or denied him the opportunity to fairly present his case. We conclude that any defect [526]*526in the pleadings did not affect a substantial right of claimant and that the trial court did not err in finding that plaintiff had proved the allegations of its complaint.
Claimant next argues that the trial court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction and that City had standing to sue for forfeiture. City brought this action in Clackamas County. Section 7(7) provides that the forfeiture action
“shall be commenced and tried:
“(a) In the case of real property, in the circuit court in a county in which the property is situated; or
“(b) In all other cases, in the circuit or district court of the county in which the property was seized or the county in which any part of the prohibited conduct took place.”
Claimant contends that Section 7(7) is jurisdictional and requires that the forfeiture action against defendant property had to be commenced in the county in which it was seized. Here, that was Washington County. City argues that claimant confuses jurisdiction with venue, and that claimant waived any challenge to venue.
Section 7(7) requires only that “any part” of the prohibited conduct is to have occurred in the county where the action is brought. Prohibited conduct includes the delivery of controlled substances. The trial court found that the res was the proceeds from the sale of drugs obtained from a dealer in Wilsonville and that claimant traveled through Clackamas and Multnomah counties while transporting the drug to a party in Vancouver, Washington. We do not agree with claimant that that is an insufficient “connection” to Clackamas County so as to preclude the action being brought in Clackamas County.
Claimant also argues that City did not have “standing” to bring this action because there is no connection between defendant currency and City, “except that [City] has seized defendant and wishes to keep it.” He argues that the lack of nexus means that there is no justiciable controversy between the parties. However, under the forfeiture statutes, the “forfeiting agency” is the party proceeding against the seized property. The forfeiting agency is not required to be the same agency that seized the property.6 The evidence [527]*527showed that the Lake Oswego and Tigard Police Departments had an interagency agreement to investigate narcotics violations jointly. City is the political subdivision that accepted the seized property for forfeiture and is processing the forfeiture case. Section 2(5). Under the statute, thus, there is a justiciable controversy between the res and City.
We turn to claimant’s constitutional challenges. He first argues that the forfeiture proceeding violated the constitutional prohibitions against being placed twice in jeopardy for the same conduct.7 The double jeopardy guarantee
“has been said to consist of three separate constitutional protections. It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments for the same offense.” North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 US 711, 717, 89 S Ct 2072, 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969), overruled on other grounds Alabama v. Smith, 490 US 794, 109 S Ct 2201, 104 L Ed 2d 865 (1989) (footnotes omitted).
Claimant’s argument appears to be directed to the third of these protections — multiple punishments. Relying primarily on United States v. Halper, 490 US 435, 448, 109 S Ct 1892, 104 L Ed 2d 487 (1989), he cites the holding:
“ [A] civil sanction that cannot fairly be said solely to serve a remedial purpose, but rather can only be explained as also serving either retributive or deterrent purposes, is punishment, as we have come to understand the term. We therefore hold that under the Double Jeopardy Clause a defendant who already has been punished in a criminal prosecution may not be subjected to an additional civil sanction to the extent that the second sanction may not fairly be [528]*528characterized as remedial, but only as a deterrent or retribution.” (Citation omitted; emphasis supplied.)
However, here, there is no issue of multiple punishments. Although claimant states that “he was convicted and punished for the same conduct that assertedly [gave] rise to the forfeiture here,” we reversed claimant’s conviction and remanded for a new trial.8 The record does not show that there were any subsequent criminal proceedings based on the events of May 11.
The concurrence would not reach the issue of what effect, if any, the reversal of claimant’s conviction for possession might have on the double jeopardy issue, because the forfeiture was based on claimant’s delivery of a controlled substance and claimant’s conviction was for possession of a controlled substance. The concurrence is correct that double jeopardy does not apply if the same-elements test of Blockburger v. United States, 284 US 299, 52 S Ct 180, 76 L Ed 2d 306 (1932), is not met, U.S. v. Dixon, 509 US 688, 696, 113 S Ct 2849, 125 L Ed 2d 556 (1993), and that possession and delivery have distinct elements. Dixon may also answer claimant’s argument that double jeopardy applies because the same events gave rise to both the criminal and forfeiture proceedings. In Dixon, the Supreme Court overruled its holding from Grady v. Corbin, 495 US 508, 510, 110 S Ct 2084, 109 L Ed 2d 548 (1990), that the government could not institute successive prosecutions based on the same underlying conduct.
The analysis of the concurrence could, thus, directly answer the double jeopardy issue here but for the position argued in Judge Haselton’s dissent. But see ORS 131.515(2). Double jeopardy prohibits multiple prosecutions as well as multiple punishments. It “was designed to protect an individual from being subjected to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more than once for an alleged offense.” Green v. United States, 355 US 184, 187, 78 S Ct 221, 2 L Ed 2d 199 (1957). In U.S. v. $405,089.23 U.S. Currency, 33 F3d 1210 [529]*529(9th Cir 1994), amended on denial of reh’g 56 F3d 41 (9th Cir 1995), cert granted U.S. v. Ursery,_US_, 116 S Ct 762, 133 L Ed 2d 707 (1996), the court considered double jeopardy in the framework of a second proceeding. The government brought criminal and forfeiture proceedings at about the same time, and the defendants were convicted in the criminal case. The forfeiture proceeding continued, and the government filed a motion for summary judgment, relying, in part, on the criminal convictions. The Ninth Circuit noted that double jeopardy, “at its most fundamental level * * * protects an accused against being forced to defend himself against repeated attempts to exact one or more punishments for the same offense.” Id. at 1215. It rejected the government’s contention that the forfeiture proceeding, which was “based on precisely the same conduct addressed in the claimants’ criminal case,” id. at 1216, was separate from the criminal proceeding. It also held that the “entire scope,” id. at 1220, of the forfeiture statute had to be considered to determine whether the forfeiture constituted “punishment.” When the statute was so considered, the court held that it did:
“Austin [v. U.S., 509 US 602, 113 S Ct 2801, 125 L Ed 2d 488 (1993),] thus makes clear that at least three principles are relevant to determining whether a forfeiture constitutes ‘punishment.’ First, because of ‘the historical understanding of forfeiture as punishment,’ there is a strong presumption that any forfeiture statute does not serve solely a remedial purpose. Second, where such a statute focuses on the culpability of the property owner by exempting innocent owners or lienholders, it is likely that the enactment serves at least in part to deter and punish guilty conduct. Finally, where Congress has tied forfeiture directly to the commission of specified offenses, it is reasonable to presume that the forfeiture is at least partially intended as an additional deterrent to or punishment for those violations of law.” Id. at 1221 (citation omitted).
The court held that, because the government was attempting to exact punishment in a separate proceeding from the claimant’s criminal trials, the forfeiture action was barred by double jeopardy. Id. at 1222. The Act here also ties forfeiture to specified offenses and exempts innocent owners. If we accepted the reasoning of the Ninth Circuit, as urged by [530]*530Judge Haselton in his dissent, double jeopardy would apply to bar the forfeiture proceeding.
In U.S. v. Sherrett, 877 F Supp 519 (D Or 1995), the court considered whether double jeopardy barred a criminal prosecution that followed an administrative forfeiture. The defendants argued that the indictment in the criminal prosecution covered the same criminal conduct for which they were punished in the forfeiture. The government conceded that some of the counts were barred but argued that some were not because they required elements of proof that were not at issue in the civil proceedings.
The court’s analysis was made in the light of Dixon and $405,089.23 U.S. Currency. The court stated that determination of whether defendants were being subjected to double jeopardy “depends on a comparison of the forfeiture allegations and the criminal charges.” Id. at 523. The court first considered the complaints and supporting affidavits in the forfeiture cases in order to identify the underlying criminal conduct. Id. at 525. It then compared the forfeiture offenses with the criminal charges, one of which was conspiracy. Id. The court noted that all of the forfeiture cases were brought under 21 USC § 881(a)(6), which authorizes forfeiture of assets used or intended to be used in violating certain statutes. The court concluded that prosecution of the criminal conspiracy charge was barred by double jeopardy:
“A conspiracy charge can, under certain circumstances, support the forfeiture of property under § 881(a)(6). This was made plain in $405,089.23, where the panel ruled that forfeiture of the defendants’ property under 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6), following their conviction on conspiracy charges, violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. Similar circumstances are present here. The affidavits * * * depict a far-reaching conspiracy among the defendants!.] Presumably, the government could have premised its forfeiture cases on a single offense!.] Instead, the government’s pleadings reflect a more inclusive prosecutorial approach!.] As a result, a substantial portion of the government’s criminal case against defendants was brought to bear in the forfeiture proceedings, including the allegations of conspiracy. A [531]*531review of the forfeiture complaints and supporting documentation compels the conclusion that the conspiracy charge * * * served as a basis for the forfeitures.
“The government maintains that the offense of conspiracy requires proof of an illegal agreement, an element not required to establish a basis for civil forfeiture. It therefore concludes that conspiracy and forfeiture must be treated as separate offenses under Blockburger/Dixon. As a matter of law the government’s argument is foreclosed by $405,089.23. In addition, it cannot be squared with the facts at hand. As I have stated, the government’s forfeiture pleadings clearly make a case for conspiracy. If the government were to offer proof of the allegations contained in the affidavits * * * at trial, there is little question that the evidence would support a conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 846. It is immaterial that the government could have constructed its forfeiture cases in a manner that omitted the allegations of conspiracy. It did not do so.” Id. at 527 (footnotes omitted).
If we accept the reasoning of $405,089.23 U.S. Currency, as urged by Judge Haselton, the forfeiture proceeding here would be barred by double jeopardy. Under the Oregon forfeiture provisions, the prohibited conduct that authorizes forfeiture includes violation of “any provisions of ORS 475.005 to 475.285 and 475.805 to 475.999 when the conduct constitutes either a felony or misdemeanor[.]” Section 2(11). Here, the forfeiture complaint sought forfeiture either on the ground of claimant’s possession of heroin or delivery of heroin, “in violation of ORS 475.992.” However, because claimant had already been convicted of possession of a controlled substance in violation of ORS 475.992, Mituniewicz, 125 Or App at 43, the argument that the delivery charge has different elements than the possession charge is foreclosed by $405,089.23 U.S. Currency. City’s pleadings in the forfeiture proceeding allege claimant’s violation of ORS 475.992 as one ground for the forfeiture, and, as in Sherrett, it is immaterial that City could have constructed the forfeiture case to omit that allegation.
However, that result does not follow when the effect of the reversal of defendant’s conviction is addressed. Double jeopardy does not preclude the government from retrying a defendant whose conviction is set aside because of an error in [532]*532the proceedings. United States v. Tateo, 377 US 463, 465, 84 S Ct 1587, 12 L Ed 2d 448 (1964); cf. Burks v. United States, 437 US 1, 98 S Ct 2141, 57 L Ed 2d 1 (1978) (double jeopardy bars retrial of reversal based on evidentiary insufficiency). There are no limitations whatsoever on the power to retry a defendant who has succeeded in getting his first conviction set aside. Pearce, 395 US at 720;9 see also Green, 355 US at 189 (a defendant can be tried a second time for an offense when his prior conviction for that same offense has been set aside on appeal). A reversal and remand of a criminal conviction vitiates the jeopardy appurtenant to the first trial. State v. Holmes, 22 Or App 23, 29, 537 P2d 566 (1975); see also State v. Unsworth, 240 Or 453, 461, 402 P2d 507 (1965), cert den 382 US 1014 (1966).
In his dissent, Judge Haselton concludes that, irrespective of the result of claimant’s appeal of his criminal conviction, jeopardy attached when the jury was impaneled in the criminal trial, and, therefore, double jeopardy precluded prosecuting the forfeiture. His dissent relies on the protection against multiple prosecutions for the same offense afforded by the Double Jeopardy Clause and finds “persuasive” the reasoning of the Ninth Circuit in $405,089.23 U.S. Currency. 140 Or App at 545.
[533]*533The protection against multiple punishments historically has been viewed as protecting against a second criminal trial and possible conviction.10 The Ninth Circuit meshed the protection against multiple punishments with the protection against multiple proceedings when it concluded that, under its reading of Austin and Halper, if a forfeiture statute constitutes “punishment,” double jeopardy requires that “a criminal prosecution and a forfeiture action based on the same offense must now be brought in the same proceeding— that is, the same indictment[.]” $405,089.23 U.S. Currency, 33 F3d at 1222.
Although not so stated, the Ninth Circuit’s analysis views the forfeiture proceeding as a separate criminal proceeding leading to multiple punishment. That is also the logical conclusion of the dissent’s position, which objects, as did the Ninth Circuit, to claimant’s being required to respond on separate procedural fronts. However, traditionally, having to respond to a complaint for civil forfeiture has not, by itself, triggered double jeopardy protections against multiple proceedings. We are not persuaded, as are Judge Haselton and the Ninth Circuit, that Austin and Halper, which were decided under the multiple punishment prong of the double jeopardy analysis, preclude the government from prosecuting a separate civil forfeiture proceeding.11
Be that as it may, in $405,089.23 U.S. Currency, there was no issue regarding double jeopardy implications when a conviction has been reversed. In his dissent, Judge Haselton apparently finds reversal irrelevant because jeopardy from the criminal prosecution continued at the time of the forfeiture proceeding. That dissent does not explain, however, the effect of the reversal. It states that jeopardy cannot be “somehow retroactively annulled,” 140 Or App at 544, but [534]*534nonetheless recognizes that the reversal of claimant’s conviction here means that he can be retried. It also acknowledges that, in that situation, the state might be able to elect to abandon a criminal prosecution and “for the first time, pursue forfeiture.”12 Id. at 544 n 2. We fail to see how those further proceedings could occur unless the jeopardy from the criminal proceeding has been “retroactively annulled.” Judge Haselton’s holding also would leave claimant subject to yet further proceedings of either a criminal trial or a second forfeiture, thereby defeating the dissent’s desire to shield him from multiple prosecutions. In short, the jeopardy from the criminal prosecution here was vitiated, claimant has not received multiple punishments for the same offense, and the dissent does not answer why the forfeiture judgment here must be reversed.
Claimant next contends that the Act violates the Sixth Amendment and Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution by depriving claimant of the protections due a defendant in a criminal prosecution. He acknowledges that the legislature is free to define and enforce obligatory conduct by other than criminal law, limited only by the state and federal constitutions. Brown v. Multnomah County Dist. Ct., 280 Or 95, 100, 570 P2d 52 (1977). He argues, however, that applying the indicia used to determine whether a proceeding is a criminal prosecution as set out in Brown13 demonstrates that the Act is a criminal proceeding. He argues that, “[if! civil forfeiture is punishment for purposes of the Eighth Amendment [under Austin], it must be punishment for purposes of the Sixth Amendment, and, as such, must be accompanied by the entire panoply of rights guaranteed a defendant in a criminal case.”
Before Austin, the Oregon Supreme Court had discussed what rights were required in a forfeiture proceeding. In State v. Curran, 291 Or 119, 628 P2d 1198 (1981), the [535]*535defendant had been convicted of unlawful possession of cocaine. ORS 167.247(2)14 allowed forfeiture on the conviction of a person discovered in the act of transporting controlled substances, even though transportation of a controlled substance was not, itself, a crime. The state sought forfeiture of a motor vehicle allegedly belonging to the defendant. 291 Or at 129-30. The defendant argued that the in rem forfeiture proceeding was criminal. On appeal,
“ [he] has argued that the absence of any procedure for effectuating forfeiture in the Code of Criminal Procedure makes the proceedings actually used a nullity. The premise for that position is that forfeiture is a criminal proceeding.
‡ * íjí ‡
“Defendant has argued that despite their designation as civil actions, forfeiture proceedings should be subject to the Code of Criminal Procedure because a forfeiture is not truly civil but is like a fine and is an additional penalty for the charge. In support of this proposition he cites United States v. U.S. Coin and Currency, [401 US 715, 91 S Ct 1041, 28 L Ed 2d 434 (1971)]. The precise language from U.S. Coin reads:
“ ‘But, as Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616, 634 (1886), makes clear, “proceedings instituted for the purpose of declaring the forfeiture of a man’s property by reason of offenses committed by him, though they may be civil in form, are in their nature criminal.” ’ (Emphasis ours.)
“401 US at 718. What U.S. Coin makes clear is that while the effect of a forfeiture may be criminal in nature, the form of the forfeiture proceeding is essentially civil. This is consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s continued disinclination to apply the full panoply of criminal procedural safeguards to forfeiture proceedings.” Id. at 127-28 (emphasis in original; footnotes omitted).
[536]*536That disinclination of the United States Supreme Court continued in Austin. The court noted that the text of the Eighth Amendment is not limited to criminal cases, 509 US at 608, and the court formulated the question before it, not as whether the forfeiture was civil or criminal but as whether it was punishment. Id. at 610. Although the court held that forfeiture was punishment and subject to the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, it did not conclude that result required the full panoply of criminal protections urged by claimant. Rather, consistent with its earlier holdings, it held that the constitutional protections that it has held to apply to civil forfeiture proceedings adhere, in general, to the distinction in the Bill of Rights between provisions that are limited to criminal proceedings and provisions that are not. Id. at 608 n 4.
In Curran, the Oregon Supreme Court also recognized the punitive nature of forfeiture but held that the forfeiture proceeding was not one in a “criminal action,” 291 Or at 121 n 3, and rejected the defendant’s position that the forfeiture proceedings were a “nullity’ for want of a procedure prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure. Id. at 130. The court agreed with the defendant that he had a right to a jury trial when “issues of fact germane to the forfeiture were not resolved in the underlying criminal action.” Id. at 133. That right, however, was under Article I, section 17, which guarantees a right to jury trial in civil cases.15
[537]*537Although Curran was decided after Brown and the court did not discuss the Brown indicia, it does not necessarily follow that those indicia cannot apply to this statutory in rem forfeiture.16 However, there is an important distinction between the challenged enactment in Brown and an in rem forfeiture. In Brown, the court was considering the legislative attempt to decriminalize a first offense for driving under the influence of intoxicants. Although a traffic offense is “largely a 20th-century phenomenon,” 280 Or at 103, nonetheless the offense previously had been viewed as criminal. Claimant’s contention here is the opposite: He argues that a proceeding with a long history of being viewed as civil is criminal. See State v. 1920 Studebaker Touring Car, et al, 120 Or 254, 251 P 701 (1927); Walter J. Van Eck, The New Oregon Civil Forfeiture Law, 26 Will L Rev 449 (1990).
Claimant contends that, because the “type of offenses” covered by the Act — drug possession and sale — are unquestionably criminal, the Act “merely seeks to impose punishment without proving the conduct beyond a reasonable doubt or in conjunction with the other rights due a defendant in a criminal prosecution.” However, in rem forfeitures have traditionally reached property even when the owner of the property was free of wrongdoing. See 1920 Studebaker Touring Car; Van Eck, 26 Will L Rev at 453. The Curran court acknowledged the “punitive significance” inherent in a forfeiture proceeding but rejected the argument that, therefore, the proceeding was criminal. Claimant has not demonstrated how the punitive significance of the Act here differs from the punitive significance recognized by the Curran court so as to make this proceeding criminal.
In passing, claimant mentions the Brown factor of “collateral consequences” but makes no argument as to how [538]*538the Act has that effect. He concedes that “arrest and detention” are not applicable in the forfeiture proceeding itself. The only argument as to the applicability in the Act of the “penalty” factor of Brown is that, by authorizing forfeiture “without dollar limit of any kind,” the penalty factor “weighs in favor” of finding the statute a criminal regulation.
Under the Act, the forfeited property must be related to the prohibited conduct, and a lack of a dollar limit on that property is not different from other in rent enactments, including ORS 167.247(2), which the Curran court considered. Although much of the property that may be forfeited under the Act is potentially of large value, see Section 3, traditionally civil forfeitures could result in harsh penalties. State v. Foley, 125 Or App 423, 428, 865 P2d 465 (1993). A harsh penalty is consistent with the traditional purpose of forfeiture not only to punish criminal activity but also to make it unprofitable. Curran, 291 Or at 127. We conclude that the statute’s authorizing of a penalty without dollar limit is not, in itself, a sufficient basis from which to conclude that the proceeding is criminal.17 Claimant has not shown that the Act is a criminal proceeding that requires the full panoply of constitutional criminal protections.18
Affirmed.